研究生英語閱讀教程基礎(chǔ)級第二版lesson2課后習(xí)題答案

UnitOneEfficientReadingLessonTwoDevelopingYourReadingFlexibilityGenerally,theabilitytoadjustyourreadingrateandmethodstosuitthetypeofmaterialyouarereadingandyourpurposeofreadingiscalledreadingflexibility.Becomingaflexiblereaderinvolvesmakingdecisionsabouthowyouwillreadagivenpieceofmaterial.Howyouwillreaddependsonwhyyouarereadingandhowmuchyouintendtoremember.Rateandcomprehensionarethetwomostimportantfactors.Yourgoalistoachieveabalancethatsuitsthenatureofthematerialandyourpurposeofreading.PrinciplesofEfficiencyandFlexibilityEachofthefollowingstatementsexpressesoneofthemajorprinciplesofreadingefficiencyandflexibility.1.Youdonotalwayshavetoreadeverything.2.Noteverythingonapageisofequalimportance.3.Thereareshortcutsthatcansavevaluabletimeandmakereadingorlearningeasier.4.Itispossibletoincreaseyourreadingratewithoutlosingcomprehension.5.Noteverythingthatappearsinprintistrue.Lesson2TheNewschoolChoiceReadingSelectionACATALOGUEWarm-upActivitiesAbouttheAuthorBackgroundInformationLanguagePointsKeystextWarm-upActivitiesWhatdoyouthinkofqualityeducation?Willitbesuccessful?AbouttheAuthorMaryLordisacontemporaryAmericanfreelancewriterfornewspapersandmagazinessuchasU.S.News&WorldReport,AssociatedPressWrite.ShehaswrittenmanyarticlesaboutAmericaneducation.BackgroundInformationOverviewoftheAmericanEducationSystem1.PrimaryschoolAmericanchildrenstartschoolattheageoffiveyears.Thefirstyearatschooliscalledkindergarten.ItisrequiredofallAmericanchildrenenrolledintheAmericaneducationsystem.Thesecondyearatschoolisconsideredthefirstyearofprimaryschoolandisreferredtoasfirstgrade.Primaryschoolmostcommonlyconsistsoffiveyearsofeducation,referredtoasfirstthroughfifthgrades.BackgroundInformation2.SecondaryschoolUponcompletionoffifthgrade(thelastyearofprimaryschool),AmericanchildrenenrolledintheAmericaneducationsystemadvancetosecondaryschool.Secondaryschoolmostcommonlyconsistsofatotalofsevenyears,referredtoassixththroughtwelfthgrades.Theninththroughtwelfthgradesaremostcommonlyreferredtoashighschool.Uponcompletionoftwelfthgrade,Americanstudentsareawardedacertificatecalledthehighschooldiploma.BackgroundInformationIntheAmericaneducationsystem,studentsmusthaveobtainedahighschooldiplomabeforetheyareadmittedintocollegeoruniversity.ForeignstudentswhowouldliketoattendanAmericancollegeoruniversitymusthavecompletedcourseworkthatisequivalenttowhatistaughtatanAmericanhighschool.BackgroundInformation3.UndergraduateschoolStudentswhohavecompletedhighschoolandwouldliketoattendcollegeoruniversitymustattendwhatisreferredtoasanundergraduateschool.Theseareschoolsthatoffereitheratwo-yeardegree(calledanassociatedegree)orafour-yeardegree(calledabachelor’sdegree)inaspecificcourseofstudy.Thatcourseofstudyiscalledthemajor.Whilemostschoolsthatofferafour-yeardegreewilladmitstudentswhohavenotyetchosenamajor,allstudentsarerequiredtoselect(ordeclare)amajorbytheirsecondyearatschool.Studentswhocompleteanassociatedegreecancontinuetheireducationatafour-yearschoolandeventuallycompleteabachelor’sdegree.BackgroundInformation4.GraduateschoolStudentswhohaveobtainedabachelor’sdegreecancontinuetheireducationbypursuingoneoftwotypesofdegrees.Thefirstisamaster’sdegree.Thisisusuallyatwo-yeardegreethatishighlyspecializedinaspecificfield.Studentsaresometimesadmittedtoamaster’sdegreeprogramonlyiftheyhaveabachelor’sdegreeinacloselyrelatedfield.However,therearemanyexceptionstothis,suchaswithstudentswhowanttopursueaMaster’sinBusinessAdministration(MBA)degree.Studentswhowanttoadvancetheireducationevenfurtherinaspecificfieldcanpursueadoctoratedegree,alsocalledaPhD.BackgroundInformationAPhDdegreecantakebetweenthreeandsixyearstocomplete,dependingonthecourseofstudychosen,theabilityofthestudent,andthethesisthatthestudenthasselected.Thethesisisaveryintensiveresearchpaperthatmustbecompletedpriortoearningthedegree.ItisalwaysrequiredofstudentspursuingaPhD,andmaysometimesberequiredofstudentspursuingamaster’sdegree(dependingontheschool).CertaincoursesofstudyareonlyavailableatthegraduateschoollevelinAmerica.Themostnotableofthesearelaw,dentistry,andmedicine.Studentswhowanttopursueadegreeinoneofthesefieldsmustfirstobtainabachelor’sdegree.BackgroundInformation5.Education,alocalmatterTheUnitedStatesdoesnothaveanationalschoolsystem.Nor,withtheexceptionofthemilitaryacademies(forexample,theU.S.NavalAcademyinAnnapolis,Maryland),arethereschoolsrunbythefederalgovernment.Butthegovernmentprovidesguidanceandfundingforfederaleducationalprogramsinwhichbothpublicandprivateschoolstakepart,andtheU.S.DepartmentofEducationoverseestheseprograms.FromHawaiitoDelaware,fromAlaskatoLouisiana,eachofthe50stateshasitsownlawsregulatingeducation.Fromstatetostate,somelawsaresimilarwhileothersarenot.BackgroundInformationAlthoughthereisnonationalcurriculumintheUnitedStates,certainsubjectsaretaughtinvirtuallyallelementaryandsecondaryschoolsthroughoutthecountry.LanguagePoints1.*setasidesth.suchastimeormoneykeepforaspecialuseorpurpose;reserve留作…之用；抽出…用于…(line3,para.1)①盡量抽出時間來做一些修修補補的活兒。Tryandsetasidetimetodosomemendingjobs.②政府僅留出這筆錢的13%用于衛(wèi)生和教育。Thegovernmentsetasidebarelythirteenpercentofthismoneyforhealthandeducation.LanguagePoints*setasideabelief,principleorfeelingnotletitinfluenceyouinordertoachievesomethingmoreimportant;disregardordiscardit把…置于一旁；不顧，不理會，不接受①讓我們拋開個人情緒。Let’ssetasideourpersonalfeelings.②他不理會我們所有的反對意見。Hesetasideallourobjectionsaside.③他們同意擱置分歧，共同為和平而努力。Theyagreedtosetasidetheirdifferencesandworktogetherforpeace.LanguagePoints*setasideadecisionorjudgementofficiallystatethatitisnotlegallyvalidorhasnolegalforce;quashoroverturnit宣告無效；撤消；駁回①高級法院已經(jīng)推翻了下級法院的裁決。ThehighCourthassetasidethelowercourt’sruling.②最初的裁定最后被最高法院宣告為無效。TheoriginalverdictwaseventuallysetasidebytheSupremeCourt.LanguagePoints2.hitaparticularplace(informal)reachorarrivethere（非正式）到達某地

(line1,para.2)①到達紅綠燈處時向左拐。Whenyouhitthetrafficlights,turnleft.②到了法院大樓向南轉(zhuǎn)，再走兩英里就到我們家。Bearsouthafteryouhitthecourthouseandyou’llfindourhousetwomilesfurtheron.③我們終于走上山腳下的山路，大家心里都如釋重負(fù)。Itwasagreatgriefwhenwefinallyhittheroadatthebottomofthemountain.LanguagePoints3.*jumpshipleaveashipwithoutpermission未經(jīng)允許擅自離船

(line5,para.2)leaveadifficultsituationwhenyoushouldstayanddealwithit臨陣脫逃；潛逃在緊急關(guān)頭，他會溜之大吉而不去面對危險。Inacrisis,hewilljumpshipratherthanfacedanger.LanguagePpetewitheachothertogetsomethingorforsomethingofteninaroughorundignifiedway爭奪，搶奪

(line5,para.4)①外交官們竟相努力阻止戰(zhàn)爭時，緊張局勢進一步升級。Tensionsarerisingasdiplomatsscrambletopreventawar.②游客們搶占最好的位置。Sightseershadscrambledforthebestposition.LanguagePoints5.*wake-upcallIfyousaythatsomethingisawake–upcalltoapersonorgroupofpeople,youmeanthatitwillmakethemnoticesomethingandstarttotakeaction警鐘(line3,para.3)①大使說，他希望這一聲明能給政府敲響警鐘。TheAmbassadorsaidhehopedthestatementwouldserveasawake–upcalltothegovernment.②不佳的測驗成績應(yīng)該給老師們敲響了重重的警鐘。Thelowtestscoresshouldserveasaloudwake–upcalltoteachers.atelephonecallthatyoucanbookthroughanoperatororatahoteltomakesurethatyouwakeupataparticulartime催醒電話

LanguagePdsb.todosthremind,spurorurgesb.todoit催促，督促，激勵

(line3,para.3)①國際社會督促沖突個方重新開會。TheInternationalCommunityprodsallpartiesintheconflicttogotoarenewedconference.②這完全是出于他們的主動，我一點也沒有從中催促。Thiswasontheirowninitiative,withouttheleastproddingfromme.③你也許得不時激勵他一下使他大體上還能符合要求。Youmayhavetoprodhimfromtimeandgenerallykeephimuptothemark.LanguagePoints7.letalonenevermind;stillless更不用說

(line4,para.4)①無人確切知道發(fā)生了什么事情，更不用說是如何發(fā)生的？Noonewassureexactlywhathadhappened,letalonehow.②我連第一章還沒看，別說讀完全書了。I’venotevenreadthefirstchapter,letalonefinishedthebook.③英國人自己也常常不能確定什么是俚語，什么不是俚語，更不要說是外國人了。Englishmenthemselves,letaloneforeigners,areoftenuncertainwhatisslangandwhatisn’t.LanguagePoints8.drawlotsorcastlotsdrawstraws;makeadecisionbychoosingoneofseveralpiecesofpaperwithdifferentchoiceswrittenonit抓鬮；抽簽

(line6,para.4)他們抓鬮以決定誰先走。Theydrewlotstodecidewhichofthemshouldgofirst.LanguagePoints9.inarowinsuccession連續(xù)地；一連串地；不間斷地

(line3,para.6)①她現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)連續(xù)三次榮獲冠軍。Shehasnowwonthechampionshipthreetimesinarow.②他們連續(xù)獲得了7場勝利。Theyclockedupsevenwinsinarow.③他的工作允許他連續(xù)休幾天假。Hisjoballowshimtotakesevendaysoffinarow.LanguagePoints10.*breakoutseparateorbeseparableintocategories,suchasdata把…資料分類

(line5,para.6)①政府要求各州把成績按種族和收入分類。Thegovernmentrequiresstatestobreakoutscoresbyraceandincome.beginsuddenly爆發(fā)

戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)，他志愿從軍。Whenwarbrokeouthevolunteeredforserviceinthearmy.LanguagePoints*breakoutfromaplaceescapefromit逃脫，逃走1946年的春天的一個夜晚他逃了出來，搭便車去了南方。Hebrokeoutonespringnightin1946andhitchedsouth.*breakoutofanundesirableordullsituationorwayofbehavingmanagetochangewhatyoudoorthewayyoubehave擺脫（不快或沉悶的處境或行為方式）①我們必須擺脫這種惡性循環(huán)。We’vegottobreakoutofthisviciouscircle.②她已成功地擺脫窠臼，展現(xiàn)獨特的風(fēng)格。Shehadmanagedtobreakoutofthemouldandachievesomethingindividual.LanguagePodoingsth.putalotpressureonsb.inordertomakethemtodoit;pressurizeorinfluence迫使（某人倉促做謀事）(line5,para.6)①他們被迫倉促行事而犯了策略上的錯誤。Theywerestampededintoerrorsinstrategy.②顧客們被一下子沖入搶購風(fēng)。Thecustomerswerestampededintoawaveofpanicbuying.LanguagePoints12.stemfromarisefrom起源于，（由…）造成

(line1,para.7)①她的很多問題都源于她的家庭。Manyofherproblemsstemfromherfamily.②他受到歡迎是因為他出生于該地區(qū)。Hispopularitystemmedfromthefactthathewasborninthearea.③當(dāng)前的罷工浪潮起因于底工資雇員的不滿情緒。Thepresentwaveofstrikesstemsfromdiscontentamongthelower–paid.LanguagePoints13.*windupendsomething結(jié)束

(line3,para.7)①我們現(xiàn)在停止吧。Let’swindupnow.②我想盡快結(jié)束這次會議。I’dliketowindupthemeetingsoon.*windupinaparticularplaceorsituationfinishup（以…）告終①要是到頭來他進了監(jiān)獄，才不會讓我感到奇怪呢。Itwouldn’tsurprisemeifhewindsupinjail.LanguagePoints②她最后當(dāng)了教師。Shewoundupasateacher.③如果我連年努力工作，最后會得到什么呢？金錢，地位和他人的尊敬？IfIworkhardforyears,whatwillIwindupwith?Money,positionandrespect?LanguagePoints14.*bailoutofsomethingsuchasaproject,situationorrelationship從…中擺脫出來

(lline3,para.9)*bailouthelpsomeoneoutofadifficultsituation,forexamplebygivingthemmoney;rescue幫助（某人）脫離困境；使從困境中擺脫出來①我要求加薪以便渡過困難。IaskedforarisesoIcouldbailout.②我們總以為科技一定可以救我們脫離困境。Weassumethattechnologywillalwaysbailusoutofourtroubles.③政府被迫出錢幫助這家公司擺脫困境。Thegovernmentwasforcedtobailthecompanyout.LanguagePointshopin/on/out(informal)jumporgetinto,onto,oroutofavehiclequickly,usuallytogoashortdistance匆匆跳上（或跳下）車（尤指到不遠(yuǎn)的地方）(line4,para.9)①上車吧。我順路送你進城。Hopin.I’llgiveyoualiftintotown.②大家跳進我的車子來開到那兒去吧。Let’shopinmycaranddriveoutthere.③我決定跳上飛機，尾隨他而去。Idecidedtohoponaplaneandgoafterhim.④他一骨碌跳下床。Hehoppedoutofbed.KeysI.READINGCOMPREHENSION1.D2.C3.D4.D5.B6.A7.B8.B9.C10.AⅡ.VOCABULARYA.1.D2.A3.D4.C5.B6.C7.A8.A9.C10.DB.1.letalone2.drawlots3.inarow4.woundupwith5.bailout6.hopon7.vow8.weigh9.lofty10.briefedⅢ.CLOZE1.livewith2.reassured3.Given4.ranked5.allbut6.generation7.Bycontrast8.inresponseto9.matters10.predictorKeysⅣ.TRANSLATION12002年初布什總統(tǒng)簽署了一項《不讓一個孩子落后》的重大法案，誓言要把“困在那些教學(xué)質(zhì)量不佳又不進行改革的學(xué)校里的孩子”解救出來。2002年7月1日美國教育部宣布有8,652所學(xué)校被列為“長期教學(xué)質(zhì)量低下”的學(xué)校，現(xiàn)在這些學(xué)校中的學(xué)生必須在今后的幾天內(nèi)考慮決定他們是否要轉(zhuǎn)學(xué),同時各個學(xué)區(qū)也在忙著為符合轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)條件的學(xué)生提供幫助和服務(wù)以抓住選擇的機會。2對于那些在教學(xué)改革旋渦中掙扎的學(xué)校的校長、老師和學(xué)生來說，這一法案的直接后果則是迷惑與混亂。他們認(rèn)為該法案制訂的教學(xué)改革標(biāo)準(zhǔn)太高而又沒有說明各學(xué)區(qū)如何達到這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Keys3“我們要對公眾負(fù)責(zé)，但是我們也需要看看該法案提出的方法是否切實可行。”

4一所學(xué)校連續(xù)兩年在州水平考試中沒有表現(xiàn)出“足夠的年度改進”就會被認(rèn)為是不合格的學(xué)校，但是聯(lián)邦教育部并沒有提供一個具有權(quán)威性的不合格學(xué)校的名單讓學(xué)生家長作為參考，而是要求各州各自確定不合格學(xué)校的名單，并且要求他們把學(xué)生的考試成績按照學(xué)生的種族和家庭收入進行分類。新法案還規(guī)定各州要公布便于學(xué)生和家長查找的不合格學(xué)校的名單，但是沒有幾個州能很快拿出來。Keys5教育部次長，前賓夕法尼亞州學(xué)?？偙O(jiān)EugeneHickok也承認(rèn)“該法案的實施可能會引起一些混亂”，但是他又說各州也不應(yīng)為此而大驚小怪。教育部長RodPaige已經(jīng)向各學(xué)區(qū)主管人士就有關(guān)改革事宜做了扼要指示并通報了全國。他說,即使在如紐約和芝加哥這樣的大城市“接收擇校生比較困難”，但“法律就是法律”。6Wooten說：“人很容易放棄自我,而去趕別人的潮流，但正如其他的美國人一樣，我們都有成功的機會。我們?yōu)槭裁床婚_創(chuàng)自己的潮流呢？”

KeysⅤ.ORALPRACTICEANDDISCUSSIONWhatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthenewfederallaw?Whatmakesyouthinkso?Theauthorisobjectiveinreportingthenewlawbutispessimisticaboutthepracticalimplementationofit.Theauthorreportsinasmallportionintheselectionaboutthebackground,themandateandthepurposeofthenewlaw,but