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國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)與操作
InternationalTradePracticeandOperation1Chapter8CargoInsurance
TeachingObjectives1.Discussthescopeofmarineinsurance.2.ExplainChinaInsuranceClauseandInstituteCargoClause.3.Discusstypesofinsurancedocuments.2Section1MarineInsurance
1.DefinitionMarineinsuranceisdefinedasacontractofmarineinsurancewherebytheinsurerundertakestoindemnifytheassuredinamannerandtotheextenttherebyagreed,againstmarinelosses.Marinelossisreferredtoasthespecialterm“average”.3Section1MarineInsurance
2.ScopeThescopeofmaritimeinsurancecovers:insuredperils,averageandinsuredexpenses.Perilsresultfromeitherlossofdamagefromthesealikenaturalcalamityandfortuitousaccidentsorextraneousrisks.Accordingtotheextentoftheloss,itcanbeeithertotalorpartial.Partiallosscanbeclassifiedas:generalaverageandparticularaverage.Therearemainlytwotypesofexpensesincurred:sueandlaborexpensesandsalvagecharges.4Section1MarineInsurance
PerilsLossfromtheseaExtraneousrisks
NaturalcalamityFortuitousaccidentGeneralextraneousrisksSpecialextraneousrisks5Section1MarineInsurance
AverageTotallossPartiallossExpensesActualtotallossConstructivetotallossParticularaverageGeneralaverageSueandlaborexpensesSalvagecharges6Section1MarineInsurance
CASE8-1(GreatChinaMetalIndustriesCo.Ltd.v.MalaysianInternationalShippingCorp.):In1989,fortycasesofaluminumcanbodystockincoilswereconsignedfromSydneytoKeelung,Taiwan.Therespondentissuedabillofladingdated5October1989,acknowledgingreceiptofthegoodsinapparentgoodorderandcondition.InthecourseofitspassageacrosstheGreatAustralianBight,thevesselencounteredheavyweather.Thatweatherhadbeenforecastbeforethevesselleftport.Someofthegoodsweredamaged.Issue:Shouldtherespondentberesponsibleforthedamagesofthecoils?7Section2ChinaInsuranceClausesThemostcommonlyusedtermsincargoinsuranceinChinaisChinaInsuranceClause(C.I.C.).AccordingtoC.I.C.clauses,marinecargoinsurancecanbedividedintobasiccoverageandadditionalcoverage.TherearethreestandardclausesunderC.I.Cbasiccoverage:FreefromParticularAverage(FPA),WithAverageorWithParticularAverage(WAorWPA),AllRisks.8Section2ChinaInsuranceClausesBasicCoverageAdditionalCoverageFPAWA/WPAAllRisksGeneralAdditionalCoverageSpecialAdditionalCoverage9Section2ChinaInsuranceClauses1.BasicCoverageAmongthethreeclauses,FPAisthenarrowestformofcoverage.Inadditiontoprovidingcoverageforatotallossofthegoodsresultingfromanaccidenttothevessel(duetoperilsofthesea),partiallossesresultingfromtheperilsoftheseaarerecoverableonlyifthevesselhasbeenstranded,sunk,burnedorinacollision.WPA
extendstheFPAcoveragetocoverpartiallossduetoperilsofthesea.Ifthevesselhasbeenstranded,sunkorburned,orhascollidedwithanothervessel,lossesarerecoverableinfull.10Section2ChinaInsuranceClausesAllRisksoffersthemostcomprehensivecoverage.Itcoversallrisksofphysicallossordamagefromanexternalcause,butdoesnotincludewar,strikes,riots,seizureordetention,unlessendorsedbyaspecialclauseorseparatepolicy.WarehousetoWarehouseClauseisadoptedinstipulatingthetermsofcommencementandterminationofbasicmarineinsuranceclauses.11Section2ChinaInsuranceClauses2.AdditionalCoverageApartfrombasiccoverage,theimporter/exportermayalsoprocureadditionalcoverageagainstthelossofordamagetothegoods,whichcanbedividedintogeneraladditionalcoverageandspecialadditionalcoverage.Warrisksandstrikerisksaretwomostimportantspecialadditionalcoverages.Thewarrisksonlycoverwater-bornerisks.12Section3InstituteCargoClause
DefinitionInstituteCargoClausesareasetoftermsforcargoinsurancepoliciesvoluntarilyadoptedasstandardtermsbymanyinternationalmarineinsuranceorganizationsincludingtheInstituteofLondonUnderwritersandtheAmericanInstituteofMarineUnderwriters.Therearethreetypesofcover:InstituteCargoClausesA(ICC(A))InstituteCargoClausesB(ICC(B))InstituteCargoClausesC(ICC(C))Also:InstituteCargoClauses–WarClausesInstituteCargoClauses–StrikesClausesandInstituteMaliciousDamageClause13Section3InstituteCargoClauseICC(A),ICC(B),andICC(C)canbeinsuredseparately;WarClausesandStrikesClausescanalsobeinsuredseparatelyunderspecialarrangementswiththeunderwriter.MaliciousDamageClauseisanadditionalcoveragewhichcannotbeinsuredseparately.ExceptMaliciousDamageClause,otherICCclauseshaveeightsectionsrespectively:(1)riskscovered,(2)exclusions,(3)duration,(4)claims,(5)benefitofinsurance,(6)minimizinglosses,(7)avoicanceofdelay,(8)lawandpractice.14Section3InstituteCargoClauseCase8-2
(SourceFoodTechnologyv.UnitedStatesFidelityandGuarantyCo.):SourceFoodTechnology,operatedinMinnesota,US,reliedonbeefimportingfromCanada.TheUSDepartmentofAgricultureclosedthebordertoCanadianbeefduetoMadCowdisease.SourceFoodcouldnotreceivebeefithadorderedandhadtoshutdownfacilitieswhilesearchingfordomesticsupplies.Itfiledaclaimwithitsinsurertocollectonitsbusinessinterruptioncoverage.
15Section3InstituteCargoClauseThepolicystatesthattheinsurerwillpay“theactuallossofbusinessincomeyousustainduetothenecessarysuspensionofyouroperationsduringtheperiodofrestoration.Thesuspensionmustbecausedbydirectphysicallosstoproperty.”Itincludedlosses“causedbytheactionofcivilauthority.”Issue:
ShouldtheInsurerpaythelossofSourceFood?16Section4InsuranceClausesinaContractofSale
Insurancecanbearrangedbyeithertheimporter(FOB,CFRetc,butnoobligation)ortheexporterdependingonthetradetermagreed.InCIFandCIPterms,thesellerhastoprocuremarineinsuranceagainstthebuyer’sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.Ifthereisnospecificrequirementontheinsurancecoverage,thesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceonlyonminimumcover.Ifthebuyerwishestohavetheprotectionofgreatercover,hewouldeitherneedtoagreeasmuchexpresslywiththesellerortomakehisownextrainsurancearrangements.17Section4InsuranceClausesinaContractofSaleTheAssured,theInsurerandtheBrokerAninsurancecontractiscalledapolicy.Apremiumisthepricepaidtotheinsurerforinsuranceprotectionforaspecifiedperiod.Thepartiestoaninsurancepolicyaretheinsurer(theinsurancecompany)andtheassured(thepersoncoveredbythepolicy’sprovisionsortheholderofthepolicy).Theinsureristheoneassumingariskinreturnforthepaymentofapremium.
18Section4InsuranceClausesinaContractofSaleInsurancecontractsareusuallyobtainedthroughanagent,whoordinarilyworksfortheinsurancecompany,orthroughabroker,whoisordinarilyanindependentcontractor.Apersoncaninsureanythinginwhichheorshehasaninsurableinterest.Onehasaninsurableinterestinpropertywhenonewouldsustainafinanciallossfromitsdestruction.19Section4InsuranceClausesinaContractofSale2.ContentsofInsuranceContractAccordingtotheInsuranceLawofChina,aninsurancecontractshallprincipallyinclude:theinsured,theinsurer,subjectmatterinsured,insuredamount,insuredvalue,lengthoftime,coverage,premium,compensationandsoon.SampleofInsuranceContract:P16420Section4InsuranceClausesinaContractofSale3.TypesofInsurancePoliciesValuedandUnvaluedPoliciesAvaluedpolicyisapolicywhichspecifiestheagreedvaluedofthesubjectmatterinsured;Anunvaluedpolicystatesmerelythemaximumlimitofthesuminsuredandleavestheinsurablevaluetobeascertainedsubsequently.21Section4InsuranceClausesinaContractofSaleVoyage,TimeandMixedPoliciesUnderavoyagepolicythesubjectmatterisinsuredintransitfromonepointtoanother.Underatimepolicythesubjectmatterisinsuredforafixedtime.Underamixedpolicythesubjectmatterisinsuredbothforaparticularjourneyandacertainperiodoftime.22Section4InsuranceClausesinaContractofSaleFloatingPolicy,OpenCovers,BlanketPolicies,thePeriodofCoverFloatingPolicy:forregularexporterstocovershipmentsofayear.Itcannotbelodgedwithothernegotiabledocumentsforeveryshipment,soacertificateofinsurancetakesitsplace.OpenCover/CoverPolicy:validfor12months,nototalfigureforallshipments,onlyamaximumfigureforanyindividualshipment.Ablanketpolicy:alumpsumpremium,insteadofapremiumatseveralrates,shallcoverallshipments.23
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