【培訓課件】工程碩士研究生英語基礎教程

工程碩士研究生英語基礎教程Unit41TableofContents1.Text2.Exercise3.PartB:Grammar4.PartC2TextA:ATimeforApologies3[1]Throughouthistory,sayingsorryisnotsomethingpoliticalandreligiousleadershavefeltcomfortableabout.Someseeitasasignofweakness;forothersit'sanadmissionthattheyareliabletomakeerrors－somethingreligiousinstitutionsareparticularlycarefultoavoid.4[1]在整個歷史上，說對不起并不是讓政治和宗教領袖感覺舒服的一件事。一些人把說對不起看作是軟弱的象征；另一些人認為說對不起意味著成認自己是容易犯錯誤的-——這一點是宗教機構(gòu)特別小心加以回避的。5[2]Butaspoliticalsystemshavebecomemoresophisticated,theideathatgovernmentsorchurchesarefaultlesshasbecomeincreasinglydifficulttodefend.Theresponseofsomepeopleinpositionsofauthorityhasbeentostandupandapologizeforpastwrongs.6[2]但隨著政治體制變得更加精密復雜，政府和教會是無懈可擊的觀點已越來越難以站得住腳跟。一些身居要職的人對此的反響是站起來為過去的錯誤抱歉。7[3]Thetrendbeganinearnestin1995,whentheQueenofEnglandadmittedthattheMaoripeopleofNewZealandhadbeenshamefullytreated,whenthecountrywasaBritishcolony.Sincethen,whatstartedastrickleofapologieshasturnedintosomethingofaflood.Lastyearalone,apologieswereissuedbythreeoftheworld'smostpowerfulnations.8[3]這個潮流是從1995年才真正開始的。當時英國女王成認在新西蘭還是英國的殖民地時，新西蘭的土著毛利人曾遭到英國人的羞辱。從這以后，以涓涓細流開始的抱歉就變成了抱歉的滔滔洪水。僅去年一年，就有三個世界最權(quán)威的國家道了歉。9[3]TheUSPresident,BillClinton,apologizedformedicalexperimentswhichhisgovernmentcarriedoutonblackAmericanmeninthe1930s;theBritishPrimeMinister,TonyBlair,apologizedforBritain'sfailuretohelpvictimsoftheIrishpotatofamine,whichkilledoveramillionpeoplelastcentury;andFrenchCatholicBishopsapologizedfortheroleoftheirpredecessorsduringWorldWarII.10[3]美國總統(tǒng)比爾?克林頓為本世紀30年代美國政府在美國黑人身上進行醫(yī)學實驗而抱歉：英國首相托里?布萊爾為上一世紀英國在愛爾蘭因土豆枯萎而引發(fā)的饑荒中沒有幫助受災的饑民而抱歉，這次饑荒使一百多萬人喪生；法國天主教的主教們?yōu)樗麄兊那叭卧诙?zhàn)中的表現(xiàn)而抱歉。11[4]Butwhydoheadsofstatefeeltheneedtoapologize,andwhynow?Oneanswerhastodowiththerecent50th-anniversaryoftheendofWorldWarII.Threeyearsago,governmentsaroundtheworldwantedtomarkthishistoriceventwithsomeacts.Butthosecountrieswhichhadbeenonthewinningsidefoundthatsimplecelebrationsofvictorywerenolongerappropriate.12[4]但為什么政府首腦感覺有抱歉的必要，并且為什么現(xiàn)在才有這種感覺呢?原因之一是與最近的二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束50周年紀念有關(guān)。3年前，世界各國政府想以行動來紀念這個有歷史意義的事件。但二戰(zhàn)的戰(zhàn)勝國發(fā)現(xiàn)簡單地慶賀勝利已不再適宜。13[4]Manypoliticalleaders,likemostoftheircitizens,belongtopost-wargenerations,whonowlookontheconflictasmorethansimplythevictoryofgoodoverevil.Also,thepassingoftimehaserasedmuchofthepropagandaoftheperiod.Initsplace,recentlydeclassifieddocumentsrevealthatmanyofthevictorseitherprofited,orturnedablindeyetothesufferingsofthewar.14[4]許多政治領袖，和他們的國民一樣，屬于戰(zhàn)后的一代，他們現(xiàn)在認為那次戰(zhàn)爭并不是簡單的正義戰(zhàn)勝邪惡的戰(zhàn)爭。并且，時間的流逝抹去了很多當時的宣傳色彩。與宣傳相反，近期被銷密的文件顯示戰(zhàn)勝方的許多人不是獲得了利益，就是對戰(zhàn)爭所造成的災難視而不見。15[5]Intheevent,the50th-anniversarycelebrationsemphasizedtherecreationofharmonyandthedesirenevertorepeatthecrueltiesandsufferingofWorldWarII.Butamidthegeneralgoodwill,thefewremainingsurvivorsofcrueltiesliketheHolocaust,andmilitaryoccupation,calledfortheirpersonalsufferingtobeadmitted,andforcompensationtobepaid.16[5]結(jié)果，二戰(zhàn)50周年的慶祝活動強調(diào)了重鑄和解以及永遠不使二戰(zhàn)中的暴行和苦難重演的愿望。但在這些普遍的良好愿望中，還有在二戰(zhàn)中經(jīng)受過如大屠殺暴行和軍事占領暴行的極少數(shù)幸存者要求成認他們的個人傷害，并要求加以賠償；17[6]Twogroups－JewishsurvivorsoftheHolocaustandKoreanwomenwhowereforcedintoprostitutionbytheJapanesearmy－h(huán)avebothreceivedapologies.However,neithergroupisentirelysatisfiedwiththeresult.18[6]有兩局部人——大屠殺中幸存的猶太人和被日本軍隊強征為軍妓的朝鮮婦女都被致歉了。然而，對這一結(jié)果他們都不完全滿意。19[7]ButtherenewedinvestigationofcrimescommittedduringWorldWarIIisonlyonereasonfortheapologyphenomenon.Othergovernments,notablytheUS,havealsorealizedthatiftheywanttodemandhighstandardsofmoralbehaviourfromothernations,theycanonlydosoiftheyadmittheirownpastwrongs.20[7]重新審視二戰(zhàn)期間犯下的罪行只是抱歉現(xiàn)象的原因之一。其他一些政府，尤其是美國，也已意識到如果他們想要求其他國家有高標準的道德行為，他們只有成認自己過去的錯誤，才能做到這一點。21[7]PresidentClintonhasrespondedbymakingpublicapologiestoUScitizens,who,asrecentlyasthe1950s,wereusedasguinea-pigsinsecretexperimentsinvolvingradiationandsexuallytransmitteddiseases.HeisalsoexpectedtomakeaformalapologytothedescendantsofslavesintheUS.22[7]克林頓總統(tǒng)對此已作出了反響，他對近在本世紀50年代進行的一次涉及輻射和性病傳染的秘密實驗中被用做實驗對象的美國公民公開致歉。人們也期望他對美國奴隸的后裔作出正式的抱歉。23[8]Butit'snotjustasenseofconscience,nordemandsfrompressuregroups,whichliesbehindtheseapologies.Awell-timedapologycandoalottopromoteaheadofstate'spublicimage－inthe90s,caringandsympatheticleadersarebettervotewinnersthanproudanddeterminedones.24[8]支撐這些抱歉的并不僅僅是良心的發(fā)現(xiàn)，也不僅僅是壓力群體的要求。一個恰逢時候的抱歉對抬高首腦人物的公眾形象是很有幫助的。在90年代，體貼和富于情感的領袖人物要比驕傲和武斷的領袖人物贏得更多的選票。25[9]However,playingthepublic-relationsgamewithapologiesisdangerous,assomepoliticianshavefoundtotheircost.TheSwissgovernmentisstilltryingtoputrightthepublic-relationsdisasterthatresultedfromtheirpartialapologyforSwitzerland'sdealingswiththeNazisinthe1930sand40s.26[9]然而，玩用抱歉來贏得公眾關(guān)系的游戲是危險的，這一點一些政治家已親身體會到了。瑞士政府仍然還在試圖擺平一場公共關(guān)系的災難，災難發(fā)生的原因在于他們對他們國家在本世紀30和40年代與納粹分子的交往所作的抱歉是不公平的。27[10]But,inBritain,TonyBlairhasgainedadifferentkindofpoliticaladvantagethroughhisapologyfortheIrishpotatofamine.HisstatementhashelpedimproverelationsbetweenthepartiesinvolvedinthedifficultpeacenegotiationsoverNorthernIreland.Heisnowthoughttobeconsideringanofficialapologyforthe1972killingofNorthernIrishCatholicsbytheBritishArmyonwhathasbecomeknownas"BloodySunday".28[10]但在英國，托里?布萊爾通過對愛爾蘭土豆饑荒的抱歉卻獲得了另一種政治上的利益。他的抱歉有助于改善在北愛爾蘭問題和平談判中陷于僵局的雙方關(guān)系。人們認為他現(xiàn)在正考慮對1972年英國軍隊在所謂“血腥星期日’’那天對北愛爾蘭天主教徒進行的屠殺作正式的抱歉。29[11]Beforeheissuesanapology,however,TonyBlairwillhavetoconsiderthepossibilitythatvictim'sfamiliesmightissueclaimsforcompensation.Thecostoffulfillingorfightingsuchclaimscouldoutweighanypoliticaladvantages.Also,becausethiseventhappenedrelativelyrecently,relationsbetweenthedifferentsidesinNorthernIrelandcouldsuffer.30[11]然而，在托里?布萊爾宣布抱歉以前，他將不得不考慮受害者家屬要求賠償?shù)目赡苄?。接受或拒絕類似的索賠要求的代價可能會大大超過任何政治上所獲取的好處。并且，由于這次事件發(fā)生的時間比較近，有關(guān)北愛爾蘭問題雙方的關(guān)系可能會受到損害。31[12]Thesepointsillustratesomeoftherisksthatleaderstakewhensayingsorryforpastwrongs.But,formostleaders,theseriskshavebeenpurelyacademic.Soacademic,infact,thatthereisaconcernthat"sorry"mightturnouttobetheeasiestwordafterall.32[12]這幾點說明了首腦人物在為過去的錯誤作抱歉時所承擔的風險。但對大多數(shù)領袖人物來說，這樣的風險是沒有實質(zhì)內(nèi)容的。事實上，這些風險是如此的空泛，以至于有一種擔憂，認為“對不起〞這個詞竟然將成為最容易說的詞。331.

liable

a.

1.易患...的;易...的[(+to)][+to-v]

Everymanisliabletoerror.

每個人都會犯錯誤。

2.會...的;【美】【口】可能的[+to-v]

Thisarticleisliabletogiveoffencetomanypeople.

這篇文章很可能觸犯許多人。

3.負有法律責任的,有義務的[(+for)][+to-v]

Theshippingcompanywillbeliablefordamage.

運輸公司將對損壞負責。Liability

n.1.傾向[U][(+to)]

myliabilitytobadcolds

我容易得重感冒2.責任,義務[U][C][(+for)][+to-v]Headmittedhisliabilityfortheaccident.他成認自己對這起事故應負責任LanguageStudy34sophisticated

a.1.老于世故的Sheisasophisticatedwoman.她是一個老于世故的女人。2.復雜的,精密的,高度開展的sophisticatedweapons

尖端武器plicatedmachine,complexproblemLanguageStudy35earnesta.1.認真的;誠摯的;熱心的[(+in/about/over)]Mrs.Whiteisearnestaboutcommunitywork.n.1.認真,誠摯[U]I‘mnotjoking;I’minearnest.

我不是開玩笑;我是認真的。inearnestadv.認真地,誠摯地LanguageStudy36issuevt.1.發(fā)行;發(fā)布Thepostofficeissuedthestampslastweek.上星期郵局發(fā)行了這些郵票。2.發(fā)給,配給[O][(+to)],核發(fā)Whoissuedthetraveldocuments?是誰核發(fā)這些旅游證件的?n.1.問題;爭論;爭議[C]Theyhavepublishedalotofnewbooksoninternationalissues.他們已經(jīng)出版了很多論述國際問題的新書。2.發(fā)行(物);一次發(fā)行量;(報刊)期號[C]There'sanarticleaboutJamaicainthisissue.在這一期里有一篇關(guān)于牙買加的文章。backissue過期的期刊LanguageStudy37Havest.todowith和。。。。有關(guān)

Ithasnothingtodowithme.這跟我無關(guān)。LanguageStudy38與宣傳相反，近期被銷密的文件顯示戰(zhàn)勝方的許多人不是獲得了利益，就是對戰(zhàn)爭所造成的災難視而不見。LanguageStudy39callfor1.需要

Thisisaproblemthatcallsforimmediatesolution.

這是個迫切需要解決的問題。

Thisjobcallsforpatience.這項工作需要耐心。Callon〔人〕1.拜訪

Ishallcallonyounextweek.

我下星期去看你。2.號召;請求

You'dbettercallonyourfriendstohelpyou.你最好請朋友來幫你。Callat〔地方〕1.到...作短暫訪問

Theycalledatmyhouseyesterday.

昨天他們到我家。2.?？?/p>

Thistraincallsatthechiefstationsonly.這班列車只?？看笳?。Calloff〔cancel〕1.取消

Whywasthefootballmatchcalledoff?足球賽為什么取消?LanguageStudy40GuineaPigs-HistoryPicturesource:

CavyMadness?19999-2003

NhanandTammyRaoFossilrecordsoftheexistenceofGuineaPigsdatebacktotheMioceneperiodover18millionyearsago.GuineaPigs(orcavies)areknownfromancienttimes.TheyoriginatedfromSouthAmerica,wheretodaytheystillliveinthewild.GuineaPigsinhabitgrasslands,rockyareas,andareasnearforests.TheIncasfarmedandselectedthemforfoodandasreligiousicons.LegendsholdthatGuineaPigsaremysticalbeingsthatcanhealthesickandassistthedying.CurrentlyinPeru,Bolivia,andEcuador,theroastedGuineaPigisatypicalfood.LongaftertheSpanishbroughtthemtoEuropeinthe16thcentury,selectivebreedingofGuineaPigsbeganinEuropeinthebeginningofthe20thcentury.TheoriginoftheGuineaPig'snameislostinhistory.

Weight:Malesare900-1000gram;femalesare700-900gram.

LanguageStudy41GuineaPigs-HistoryPicturesource:

CavyMadness?19999-2003

NhanandTammyRaoFossilrecordsoftheexistenceofGuineaPigsdatebacktotheMioceneperiodover18millionyearsago.GuineaPigs(orcavies)areknownfromancienttimes.TheyoriginatedfromSouthAmerica,wheretodaytheystillliveinthewild.GuineaPigsinhabitgrasslands,rockyareas,andareasnearforests.TheIncasfarmedandselectedthemforfoodandasreligiousicons.LegendsholdthatGuineaPigsaremysticalbeingsthatcanhealthesickandassistthedying.CurrentlyinPeru,Bolivia,andEcuador,theroastedGuineaPigisatypicalfood.LongaftertheSpanishbroughtthemtoEuropeinthe16thcentury,selectivebreedingofGuineaPigsbeganinEuropeinthebeginningofthe20thcentury.TheoriginoftheGuineaPig'snameislostinhistory.

Weight:Malesare900-1000gram;femalesare700-900gram.

LanguageStudy42outweighvt.1.比...重2.比...更重要(或更有價值等)Theadvantagesoftheplanoutweighitsdisadvantages.這一方案的好處超過了它的不利方面。Outrun,outwork,outgrow,outflow,outsmartLanguageStudy43turnouttobe(后接名詞或形容詞)結(jié)果是...;原來是...;證明是...Heturnedouttobeathief.LanguageStudy44EXERCISESI.ReadingComprehensionII.GettingInformationIII.VocabularyAndStructureA

B

CIV.TranslationA

B

CGrammarEx.1Ex.245READINGCOMPREHENSION1-5:CDCBA46GETTINGINFORMATIONOMITTED47VOCABULARYANDSTRUCTURE:Aapologyliableauthorityfaminepredecessorerasegenerationsufferingcompensationinvestigationphenomenondisaster48VOCABULARYANDSTRUCTURE:Bissuedcelebratewasapologizingappropriatesupplicatedsufferingacademicconsciencewassympathetichistoric49VOCABULARYANDSTRUCTURE:Cresultedfromturnedintoturnedouttobeinearnestbelongtoturnablindeyetolookon…ascarriedoutfindtomycostintheevent50Translation:A1.這個潮流是從1995年才真正開始的。當時英國女王成認在新西蘭還是英國的殖民地時，新西蘭的土著毛利人曾遭到英國人的羞辱。2.許多政治領袖，和他們的國民一樣，屬于戰(zhàn)后的一代，他們現(xiàn)在認為那次戰(zhàn)爭并不是簡單的正義戰(zhàn)勝邪惡的戰(zhàn)爭。3.支撐這些抱歉的并不僅僅是良心的發(fā)現(xiàn)，也不僅僅是壓力群體的要求。4.瑞士政府仍然還在試圖擺平一場公共關(guān)系的災難，災難發(fā)生的原因在于他們對他們國家在本世紀30和40年代與納粹分子的交往所作的抱歉是不公平的。5.事實上，這些風險是如此的空泛，以至于有一種擔憂，認為“對不起〞這個詞竟然將成為最容易說的詞。51Translation:Btoturnablindeyetothesufferingsofthewar.the50thanniversarycelebrationtomakepublicapologiestoawell-timedapologytopromoteaheadofstate’spublicimage.toputrightthepublic-relationsdisaster.tosaysorryforpastwrongs.recentlydeclassifieddocuments.toadmitone’sownpastwrongs.topaycompensationforwardamage.52Translation:CWehopethattheJapanesegovernmentwouldmakeaformalapologytotheChinesepeoplefortheircrueltiescommittedduringWorldWarII.Itturnedoutthattwotravelershadbeenkilled.Peoplenowlookonatelevisionsetasanessentialfacilityforlife.Theheadofstatewhoturnsablindeyetothepeople’ssufferingswillnotgainsupportfromthem.Thebraveyoungmanriskedhislifeintryingtosavethechildfromthelake.53PartCLifeandTimesofBillClinton54[1]BetweentheendoftheSecondWorldWarandtheearlysixties,ababyboomoccurredintheU.S.,andpeoplebornduringthatperiodwereknownasthe“babyboomers.〞BillClintonisnodoubtatypicalrepresentativeofthatgeneration.Likethe1992generalelections,thepresidentialelectionof1997wasnotmerelyaskirmishbetweentwopoliticalpartiesbutalsoagenerationwarbetweenthe“babyboomers〞andtheG.I.generationrepresentedbyBushandDole.Clinton’striumphsignaledashiftofU.S.politicalpowerfromtheoldergenerationtotheyoungerone,andreflectsdevelopmentsoffarreachingsignificanceintoday’sAmericanpolitics.55[1]56[2]WilliamJeffersonClintonwasbornonAugust19,1946,inthemountaincityofHope,Arkansas.InEnglish,“Hope〞means“xiwang.〞NowonderthatlateronClinton’ssupportersoftencalledhim“themanfromthecityofhope.〞57[2]58[3]ThefamilycircumstancesofClinton’schildhoodyearswereveryunfortunate.Clinton’sownfatherdiedinatrafficaccident3monthsbeforeClintonwasborn.Hisstepfather,RogerClinton,wasahabitualdrunkard,whichcauseddiscordinthefamily.SuchanexperiencehelpedClintonbecomeamanwhoknewhisownmind,hadself-restraintandself-control,andwasadeptatcompetition.Self-reliant,diligentandhardworking,Clintongainedagoodeducation.Inthefallof1964,heenrolledinGeorgetownUniversityinWashingtonD.C.,andmajoredininternationalpolitics.Aftergraduation,hewonthefamousRhodesscholarshipandpursuedadvancedstudiesfor2yearsinEngland’sOxfordUniversity.In1971heenteredYaleUniversity’slawcollegeandobtainedadoctorateinlawtwoyearslater.Duringhisuniversitydays,Clintonactivelyparticipatedinthestudents’movementagainsttheVietnamWar,avoidedarmyenlistment,andtookatriptoMoscow