2023年專升本英語重點語法及句型

專升本英語重點語法一、名詞1、可數(shù)名詞CountableNoun1.1規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：①map——maps②box——boxes③story——stories1.2不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式1）以-o結(jié)尾的名詞多數(shù)加-es構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)：hero——heroes英雄cargo——cargoes貨品potato——potatoes土豆tomato——tomatoes西紅柿**某些外來詞以-o結(jié)尾，但只加-s：auto——autos汽車piano——pianos鋼琴photo——photos照片kilo——kilos公里**以-oo或元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的詞也只加-s：zoo——zoos動物園radio——radios收音機(jī)bamboo——bamboos竹子studio——studios照相館2）以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞，多數(shù)變f為v再加上-es：thief——thieves小偷knife——knives刀wife——wives妻子life——lives生命shelf——shelves架子half——halves半**但有些只加-s：belief——beliefs信念roof——roofs屋頂3）常見特殊復(fù)數(shù)形式：child——children孩子foot——feet腳，英尺goose——geese鵝ox——oxen牛tooth——teeth牙齒mouse——mice老鼠basis——bases基礎(chǔ)medium——media媒介man——men男人woman——women女人chairman——chairmen主席datum——data數(shù)據(jù)4）常見單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同：sheep綿羊deer鹿fish魚fruit水果yuan元shark鯊魚Chinese中國人Swiss瑞士人5）常見的只能用復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞：works工廠species種類crossroads十字路口means手段goods貨品clothes衣服shoes鞋thanks感謝surroundings環(huán)境politics政治學(xué)physics物理學(xué)glasses眼鏡outskirts郊區(qū)wages工資***此外一些集合名詞如：cattle，mankind，police，people，staff等總是用作復(fù)數(shù)。2、不可數(shù)名詞2.1單位詞修飾不可數(shù)名詞：apieceofbread一片面包abagofsand一袋沙abottleofbeer一瓶啤酒agameofchess一盤棋2.2度量詞修飾不可數(shù)名詞：akiloofrice一公斤大米ameterofstring一米帶子2.3常見不可數(shù)名詞：advice忠告bread面包chalk粉筆furniture家具meat肉damage損失progress進(jìn)步paper紙news新聞rice大米money錢grass草luggage行李knowledge知識sugar糖work工作food食物information信息equipment設(shè)備baggage行李3、名詞的所有格1）名詞+'s：Mary'sbook2）名詞s（復(fù)數(shù)）+'：theworkers'library特殊如：thechildren'spalace少年宮Women'sday婦女節(jié)3）如某物為兩人所共有，只需在兩個名詞后加's：MaryandJane'scar共有否則為：Mary'sandJane'scars各自4）雙重所有格：afriendofmyfather's/mine我（父親）的一位朋友（部分概念）aphotoofTom's湯姆所擁有的一張照片，但照片上的未必是他本人***名詞和數(shù)詞組成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：一個為期三天的假期①athree-weekholiday②athreeweeks'holiday③aholidayofthreeweeksDr.Joneshasafive-year-olddaughter.二、冠詞1、不定冠詞a、an：表泛指，用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，表達(dá)任何一個/類。1.1以輔音音素開頭的名詞或詞組前用a；以元音音素開頭的名詞或詞組前用anauniversityaEuropeanabookanumbrellaanhouranerror***不可數(shù)名詞用作可數(shù)名詞時，可用a/an，如：Shewasinspiredwithanewcourage.1.2常見使用不定冠詞的固定搭配：haveacold患感冒asaresult因此，結(jié)果asarule通常haveagoodtimehaveawordwith與…談話havearest休息一會inahurry匆忙地inaword總之onceinawhile偶爾takeawalk散步cometoanend結(jié)束allofasudden忽然makealiving謀生makeafire生火makeafortune發(fā)財acoupleof一對agreatdealof大量的alotof許多2、定冠詞the：表特指，意為這（些）、那（些）。1）第二次提到，或雙方都已知道的人或事物：Thereissomewaterinthecup.Thewaterishot.Closethedoor，please.（已知）2）單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，表達(dá)種類：ThetelephonewasinventedbyBell.Theearlybirdcatchestheworms.捷足先登3）世界上獨一無二的事物，以及表達(dá)江河、海洋、山脈等地理名稱：theearththeBible圣經(jīng)theUniverse宇宙theYangtzeRiver長江thesuntheLord上帝thePacificOcean太平洋theSaharaDesert撒哈拉沙漠4）限定意味較強(qiáng)的定語：thebookyouboughtyesterdaythehistoryofChina5）用于具有鑒別意義的普通名詞前，如：theplanetMercury水星theplay"KingLear"劇本《李爾王》6）其他用法：①西洋樂器前，表達(dá)演奏某種樂器：playtheviolin（piano）②某些形容詞前，使其名詞化，表達(dá)這一類人或事物：thepoor，thetrue③姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式和民族名稱前，表達(dá)全家和整個民族：theTurners，theChinese④逢十的年份前，表達(dá)幾十年代：inthe1980s⑥某些計量單位的名詞前：Applesaresoldbythepound.7）常見使用定冠詞的固定搭配：bytheway順便說一句inthefuture未來inthemorning在上午intheend最終inthemeanwhile同時inthesun在陽光下ontheaverage平均onthealert警惕onthecontrary相反ontheright在右邊ontheincrease增長onthespot當(dāng)場playthefool做傻事keepthehouse居家不外出inthedark在暗處atthecostof以…為代價3、零冠詞1）不可數(shù)名詞表達(dá)泛指時：Withoutwatermancannotlive.2）復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞表達(dá)泛指時：Teachersgenerallylikediligentstudents.3）專有名詞前一般用零冠詞：China，Asia，BeijingUniversity，HydePark（海德公園）4）其他用法：①季節(jié)名稱前：Summeriscoming.②法定節(jié)日前：NationalDayNewYear'sDay③球類運動和棋類游戲前：playfootball，playchess（bridge）下棋（打橋牌）④餐名前：Whenwilllunchbeready？5）零冠詞固定短語：atfirstatdesk（table）在辦公（吃飯）atlastonpurpose故意onfoot徒步indebt負(fù)債introuble陷入困境atnightatsea在海上athomebyaccident偶爾inbed臥床bychance恰巧inorderof以…的順序gotoschoolgotobedincommon相同的indetail具體地inhospital住院in/afterclasstakeplace發(fā)生inreturn作為回敬insightof看見onfire在燃燒makefriendswithkeepinmind記在心里三、代詞1、人稱代詞主格Iyouhe，she，itweyouthey賓格meyouhim，her，itusyouthem1.1排序一般為：第二人稱，第三人稱，第一人稱：you，heandI；you，JohnandI1.2it的用法①代事物、動物、嬰兒以及未知的人或事：Whoisthat？It'smyfriend.②用于引出非人稱句，表達(dá)天氣、時間和距離等：It'scloudytoday.③形式代詞：Itisquiterightthatyoudidthat.④引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句：Itwashisfatherthatmadehimalawyer.2、物主代詞形容詞性myyourhis，her，itsouryourtheir名詞性mineyourshis，hers，itsoursyourstheirs2.1形容詞性物主代詞屬限定詞范圍，注意避免人稱和數(shù)的誤用。2.2名詞性物主代詞可作主語、賓語和表語。Oursisasocialistcountry.Thisdictionaryismine.afriendofminenofaultofyours3、反身代詞myselfyourselfhimself，herself，itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselvesTakecareofyourself.HewasteachinghimselfEnglish.Themaninthephotoismyself.Sheherselfwasadoctor.4、指示代詞：this、that、these、those4.1關(guān)于that的固定用法：（1）Jackhelpedfinishmyworkandthatwaskindofhim.杰克幫助我完畢了任務(wù)，他（那樣做）真是太好了。（2）Hetoldmeonlypartofthestoryandthatwasthat.他只跟我講了這個故事的一部分，就那些。4.2關(guān)于that和those：（1）It'sadifferentkindofcarfromthat（kindofcar）（which）I'musedto.這種汽車和我所習(xí)慣的那種不同。（2）Thepresidentandhiswifewereamongthose（whowere）presentattheceremony.出席那個典禮有總統(tǒng)和他的夫人。5、互相代詞：eachother（兩者）和oneanother（兩者以上）（1）Thetwoparties，theDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicPartyoftenattackeachother.（2）Theboysinthisclassliketobullyoneanother.這個班上的男孩子喜歡互相打斗。6、不定代詞6.1all和both（1）前者表達(dá)兩個以上；后者表達(dá)兩個。（2）都位于行為動詞之前，be動詞后：Theyall（both）agreedwithme.Theyareall（both）quitewealthy.6.2noone和none（1）noone只用于指人，none可指人也可指物。Noneof后接的謂語可用復(fù)數(shù)也可用單數(shù)。Noonetoldusthathewasthere.Iwantsomemilkbuttherewasnoneinthehouse.Howmanyelephantsdidyouseeatthezoo?----None.Noneofthemhave（has）arrivedyet.Noneofthismoneyismine.7、some/any/no/every+（thing，one，body…）7.1everyone和everyone前者意思為"每個人"，與everybody同義，用于泛指，不可跟of短語；后者意思是每個人或物，用于特指，可跟of短語。everyoneinthevillage村子里所有的人（泛指）everyoneofthechildren這些孩子中的每一個（特指）7.2anybody，everybody和"every（each）+單數(shù)名詞"正式英語Anybodycandoitifheorshetries.平常英語iftheytryEverybodystartedwavinghisflag.theirflagsEverybodyhasarrived，hasn'the？haven'tthey***Everythingisallright，isn'sit？7.3something，anything，nothing等被形容詞修飾時，該形容詞后置：nothingwrong8、否認(rèn)1）部分否認(rèn)：當(dāng)all，both，each和every（body，thing）等表達(dá)整體意義的代詞與否認(rèn)詞連用時，一般只表達(dá)部分否認(rèn)。Allofthestudentsdidnotturnup.不是所有的學(xué)生都出席。現(xiàn)代英語常用作：Notallofthestudentsturnedup.2）所有否認(rèn)：none，noone，neither，nobody，nothing等對整體意義具有否認(rèn)作用的代詞或副詞。Noneofthestudentsturnedup.沒有一個學(xué)生出席。9、其他限定詞1）常見修飾可數(shù)名詞的限定詞：（a）few，acoupleof，both，many，manya，agreatmany，several，anumberof2）常見修飾不可數(shù)名詞的限定詞：（a）little，much，a（large）amountof，agreatdealof，abitof3）some/any/noany：非肯定句（否認(rèn)、疑問、條件句）no：否認(rèn)句some：肯定句和具有肯定意味的場合，特殊如：CanIhavesomecoffee？請求或希望得到肯定回答時。Someidiotparkedhiscaroutsidemygarage.表達(dá)某一個=acertain4）many/muchmany接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，much接不可數(shù)名詞，在肯定句中常和so和too連用Ihavemet（so）manypeoplewhoshareyourview.（So）Muchtimehasbeenwasted.**manya+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞相稱于many+復(fù)數(shù)名詞ShehasbeentoBeijingmanyatime.（manytimes）Manyanaccidenthashappenedhere.5）each/everyeach用作名詞或形容詞，every用作形容詞，后面必須跟名詞。"我們中的每個人"應(yīng)為everyoneofus或eachofus.6）both/eitherboth為兩者都…，后接復(fù)數(shù)動詞，either為兩者中任何一個，接單數(shù)動詞。兩者的否認(rèn)形式為neither.Truthmaylieonbothsides，oneitherside，oronneither（side）。7）either/anyeither為兩者中的任何一個；any為兩者以上中的任何一個。ComeonTuesdayorWednesday.EitherdayisOK.Youwillfindmeatmydeskatanyhouroftheday.***either后接end，side等詞有時可指兩個都：Therearetreesoneithersideofthestreet.=bothsides8）neither/none表達(dá)兩者都不…，用neither；表達(dá)兩者以上都不…，用none（of）。Neither接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，noneof接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。Neitherbookismine.Noneofthebooksontheshelvesbelongtome.（用復(fù)數(shù)動詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)"都不是"）**Ofallthebooksontheshelves，nonebelongstome.（用單數(shù)動詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)"沒有一本是".）9）all/whole區(qū)別：①all可接復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，whole一般接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。②語序：all用于冠詞、所有格或其他限定詞之前，whole只用于冠詞等限定詞的后面。Heateallthevegetables.Heatethewholepie.Thewholebookisinteresting.Allthechaptersareinteresting.10）another/otherThisbookistoodifficult.Showmeanotherone.Ofthethreebooksonthedesk，twoarewrittenbyDickens，theotheroneiswrittenbyMarkTwain.***other前面可帶some，any，every，many，one，his等其他限定詞。Willyoucomesomeothertime？改日Pleasewriteoneveryotherline.隔行***therestofthemoney不可數(shù)名詞therestoftheworkers可數(shù)名詞11）anumberof/thenumberof前者為：許多…，后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。后者為：…的總數(shù)，謂語用單數(shù)。Anumberofcomradeswereabsentfromthemeeting.Thenumberofcomradesabsentfromthemeetingwassurprising.12）few/afewfew表否認(rèn)，afew表數(shù)量不大，表肯定。quiteafew表相稱多，為肯定。onlyafew表否認(rèn)，同few.13）little/alittle用法同上四、介詞1、介詞短語accordingtoaheadofapartfrombymeansofbutforbecauseofduetoexceptforforthesakeofinadditiontoinsteadofinfrontofinspiteofinthenameofonbehalfofpriortowithregardtoowingto由于2、分詞介詞concerningincludingpastregarding3、介詞用法比較3.1表達(dá)時間的介詞at，on，in，after，for，since，by，till，until，during①at表達(dá)確切時間點或較短的一段時間；in表達(dá)一天中的各部分時間或較長的時間；on表達(dá)具體的某天或某天上午或下午；during表達(dá)一段時間，強(qiáng)調(diào)時間的延續(xù)。at4：30（noon，dawn，midnight……）onSunday（Oct.1……）onSaturdayafternoon（anautumnevening……）***intheafternoononSundayatChristmasin（during）1987（December，the19thcentury……）duringmymilitaryservice（thetrip）Thejobwasdoneinaweek.②Hewillbebackintwohours.Hewillbebackaftertwoo'clock.③IstayedinLondon（for）twodaysonmywaytoNewYork.since1950（then）④Bynoon，everybodyhad（willhave）arrivedthere.到中午的時候，大家都（將）到那兒了。from1985to1996⑤Hewaitedtill（until）5o'clock.Theystayeduntil（till）afterthemeeting.（肯定句中表達(dá)：直到…時候）UntilnowIknewnothingaboutit.Jackdidn'tcomehomeuntil/tillabout11.（否認(rèn)句中表達(dá)：直到…才）3.2表達(dá)地點、位置的介詞in，at，round，around，beyond，on，beneath，over，under，above，below，up，down，before，behind，between，among，amid（st）①Thecarpulledupatthegate.車停在大門口ShelivesatNo.52HazelAvenue.TheyhavearrivedinPeking.Whatisinthebox？②Heputanecklace（a）roundherneck.Heismakingatriproundtheworld.③beyond表達(dá)在…以外：Thereisavillagebeyondthehill.④on：在…（平面）上；beneath：在…（平面）下：Thereisabookonthedesk.Thesubmarinecanrunveryfastbeneaththesea.⑤over：在（垂直）上方；under：在（垂直）下方：Thereisalampoverthetable.Thepeasantsarehavingarestunderthetree.⑥above：在…上方；below：在…下方：Theplaneisflyingabovetheclouds.Thesunsankbelowthehorizon.⑦before：在…前面；after：在…后面（兩者具有動態(tài)意義）Don'tputthecartbeforethehorse.莫本末倒置。Theobjectshouldbeplacedaftertheverb.***infrontof和behind表達(dá)靜態(tài)意義的位置。Thecarwasparkedinfrontofthebuilding.Thereisagardenbehindthehouse.⑧between：在（兩者）之間：Isthereanydifferencebetweenthetwowords？among：在（兩者以上）之間：Theyvisitedthetempleamongthehills.amid（st）：在…之間（具有被不同之物包圍之意），可接復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞：Thesoldierschargedforwardamid（st）theenemybullets.3.3表達(dá)方向、方位的介詞to，in，for，at①in在…面（包含在其中）：ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.to在…部（不包含在其中）：JapanliestotheeastofChina.on兩地接壤：VietnamliesonthesouthofChina.②leave，start，depart等詞后加for，表達(dá)目的地：HewillleaveforShanghaitomorrow.3.4表達(dá)空間運動的介詞along，across，through，over，up，down，from，to，into，outof①along沿著：Theyaretakingawalkalongthestreet.across橫過：Dareyouswimacrosstheriver？②through（從中間穿過）：Theydrovethroughthecity（tunnel）over越過：Theplaneflewoverthecity.③up向上方：Heranupthestairs.down向下方：Theshipissailingdowntheriver.④Hereceivedaletterfromabroad.Shestoodupandwalkedtothewindow.3.5表達(dá)工具、方法和手段的介詞with，by，in，through，on1）with表達(dá)工具，方式（抽象），也可表達(dá)材料：Woodisoftencutwithasaw.Weshouldfacethesituationwithgreatcourage.2）by表達(dá)途徑或手段：Babieslearntospeakbyimitation.Wecangetenergybyburningfuel.3）in表達(dá)方式：Canyoudotheexperimentinanotherway？Clothisoftenmeasuredinmetres.4）through表達(dá)途徑，手段，與by接近：Hebecamerichthroughhardwork.3.6表達(dá)因素的介詞becauseof，owingto，dueto（一般不位于句首），onaccountof，at，for，from，with，ofTheflightwascancelledduetothefog.Werejoicedattheirgreatachievements.Hewaspunishedforstealing.Theyaresufferingfromstarvationanddisease.Shewasredwithshame.Themandiedoflungcancer.直接因素Thesoldierdiedfromabadwound.間接因素3.7除了…：besides，except，exceptfor，but，apartfrom（意思較廣）BesidesEnglish，theyalsostudymath，physicsandchemistry.Heansweredallthequestionsexcept（but）thelastone.Yourcompositionisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.整體中除去一個細(xì)節(jié)Theenemyhadnochoicebuttosurrender.***butfor表達(dá)：要不是由于，倘若沒有，常用于虛擬語氣表達(dá)含蓄條件。3.8表達(dá)讓步的介詞inspiteof，despite，afterall，forall，withallThechildrencontinuedtoplayinthegardendespitetherain.Withallhisachievements，heremainsmodestandprudent.謙虛謹(jǐn)慎Forallhisfaults，westilllikehim.五、形容詞和副詞5.1系表結(jié)構(gòu)，應(yīng)用形容詞作表語：Thedishsmellsgood.Helooksveryserious.Shefeltbadatthenews.5.2一些形容詞與副詞同形，如：cleandirectfirmlikelyquickcloseearlyhardlongslowclearenoughhighlowstraightdeadfarkindlymuchtightdeepfastlatenearwrongwideJohndrivesveryfast.HetookafasttraintoLondon.Youmustgostraighttobed.Theteacherdrewastraightline.5.3常見以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞daily天天的lonely孤獨的lovely可愛的lively活潑的monthly每月一次的friendly和諧的kindly和藹的early早的silly愚蠢的timely及時的likely很也許的ugly丑陋的deadly致命的deathly死一般的earthly世俗的其中early，kindly，likely也可用作副詞。5.4某些形容詞與副詞只差一個詞尾，但意義卻大不相同：bad壞的badly非常practical實際的practically事實上hard堅硬hardly幾乎不large大的largely重要地late遲的，晚的lately近來like像likely很也許scarce稀少的scarcely幾乎不short短的shortly不久，不久bare光禿的barely僅僅I、形容詞****Thisisatoughtask.作定語Thistaskistough.作表語1.1常見只作表語的形容詞：asleep睡著的afraid膽怯的aware意識到的awake醒的alike相似的alone單獨的alive活著的ashamed羞愧的content滿意的glad快樂的unable不能的well健康的fond喜歡的sorry抱歉的1.2少數(shù)形容詞作表語和作定語時意義不同：作表語作定語ill生病的邪惡的hard嚴(yán)厲的努力的certain有把握的某（一）個little少的小的present出席的當(dāng)前的2.1幾個形容詞修飾名詞時的常見順序：限定詞→一般描述性形容詞→大小/形狀→年齡/新舊→色彩→國籍/地區(qū)/出處→物質(zhì)/材料→用途/類別→名詞eg.ourgreat，socialistmother我們偉大的社會主義祖國thathungry，tired，sleepy，littlematchgirl那個饑餓的、疲倦的、瞌睡的、賣火柴的小女孩2.2同類形容詞排列，較短的放在前面：akind，generous，oldman一個和藹、慷慨的老人2.3同類的形容詞之間也可用and連接：Thatisablackandwhitecat.Hewastall，darkandhandsome.3、比較：1）sleepy瞌睡的2）healthy健康的3）industrial工業(yè)的asleep睡著的healthful有益于健康的industrious勤奮的4）historic有歷史意義的5）continual頻繁的6）economic經(jīng)濟(jì)（上）的historical歷史的continuous連續(xù)不斷的economical節(jié)省的7）distinct清楚的8）respectable值得尊敬的9）everyday平常的distinctive有特色的respectful有禮貌的everyday天天（作狀語）10）allready都準(zhǔn)備好的11）popular流行的12）considerable相稱的already（副詞）已經(jīng)populous人口稠密的considerate考慮周到的13）disinterested無私的14）honorary名譽上的15）practical實用的uninterested不感愛好的honorable可尊敬的practicable可行的16）defective有缺陷的17）alone獨自的18）successful成功的deficient缺少的lonely孤獨的successive連續(xù)的19）principal重要的20）pleasant令人快樂的21）desirable中意的principle原則n.pleased快樂的desirous渴望的22）imminent緊迫的23）live活的（作定語）24）like相象的eminent著名的lively活潑的alike相象的（作表語）alive活的（作表語）likely也許的25）dead死的26）sensitive敏感的27）efficient效率高的deadly致命的sensible明智的proficient純熟的deathly死一般的sensory知覺的sufficient足夠的28）imaginable可以想象的29）invaluable無價的30）eligible合格的31）stationary靜止的imaginary想象中的valueless無價值的illegible筆跡不清的stationery文具imaginative有想象力的priceless無價的illegal非法的II、副詞1.1常見差別較大的副詞：high高高地highly高度地direct徑直地directly立刻late晚，遲lately最近pretty相本地prettily優(yōu)美地sharp忽然sharply嚴(yán)厲地short忽然shortly立即most最mostly大部分near近nearly幾乎just正好justly公正地hard努力地hardly幾乎不free免費地freely自由地1.2副詞在句中的位置quicklyenoughdoeverythingcarefully1.3插入語①Frankly，thestudentsdidn'tworkhardenoughlastterm.表態(tài)度②Theclockisold；itis，however，ingoodcondition.表邏輯關(guān)系③Theraindidn'tlastlong，astheyhadexpected.表解釋④Thataccident，Johnrecalled，occurredonasummermorning.表主次關(guān)系III、形容詞和副詞（比較）1.1肯定式原級比較：……像……那樣：as+形容詞或副詞原級+as名詞或代詞（主格）Someofthestarsmaybeaslargeasthesunandashotasthesun.1.2否認(rèn)式原級比較：……不如……那樣：notso或as+形容詞或副詞原級+as名詞或代詞（主格）Themeltingpointofcopperisnotso（或as）highasthatofiron.1.3有時，否認(rèn)式原級比較結(jié)構(gòu)不表達(dá)比較，而是表達(dá)：與其說……不如說……Heisnotso（much）unintelligentasuneducated.與其說他不聰明，不如說他未受過教育。1.4more（less）……than結(jié)構(gòu)有時表達(dá)：與其說……不如說……，用法同上。Heismorediligentthanclever.與其說他聰明，不如說他勤奮。Shewaslesshurtthanfrightened.與其說她受傷了，不如說被嚇著了。Heismuchmoreanactorthanamusician.與其說他是音樂家，不如說是演員。2.1特殊比較級和最高級形式原級比較級最高級原級比較級最高級good/wellbetterbestmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthestbad/badly/illworseworstoldelder/oldereldest/oldestlatelater/latterlatest/lastnearnearernearest/nest***elder不與than連用2.2常見充當(dāng)比較級限度狀語的詞有：much，many，far，byfar，still，even，alot，alittle，agreatdeal，threeyears，one-third，20%等。eg.Airinthecountryismuch（far…）cleanerthanthatinthecity.Heisthreeyearsolderthanhissister.Thismonth，theywillproduce20%morecoalthanlastmonth.many/farmoreopportunities可數(shù)much/farmoremoney不可數(shù)2.3表達(dá)倍數(shù)的表達(dá)方式：Thisroomisthreetimesaslargeasthatone.這個房間的大小是那個房間的三倍。Ourtradeunionmovementwouldbeathousandtimesstrongerifitwerebetterorganized.假如組織得好一些，我們的工會運動將會（比現(xiàn)在）強(qiáng)一千倍。2.4"the+more……，the+more……"表達(dá)："越……，越……"Theearlieryoustart，thesooneryouwillbeback.Themorebooksonereads，themoreknowledgeablehebecomes.2.5有時比較級也用"the+比較級+of+比較范圍（通常兩者）"結(jié)構(gòu)：Heistheclevererofthetwoboys.OfMaryandJane，whoisthesmarter？2.6notmorethan和nomorethan的區(qū)別notmorethan：不超過，不及；nomorethan：轉(zhuǎn)義為只但是，僅僅。=onlyTherearenotmorethan500studentsinthisschool.這個學(xué)校的學(xué)生不超過五百。Therearenomorethan500studentsinthisschool.這個學(xué)校里的學(xué)生只有五百。類似的尚有：notlessthan不少于nolessthan有……之多notbetterthan不比……好nobetterthan同樣的不好3.1有些形容詞及其-ly副詞由于自身意義的因素，不可用于比較級，也不能被其他限度副詞如very等修飾。absolute絕對的sole唯一的eternal永恒的total總的first第一的ultimate最終的true真實的unique獨特的wrong錯誤的final最終的correct對的的last最后的only僅有的perfect完美的primary首要的unanimous一致的3.2少數(shù)以-or結(jié)尾具有比較意義的形容詞，后面規(guī)定接to來引導(dǎo)比較對象。常見的有：inferior劣等的junior年幼的superior優(yōu)越的senior年長的六、動詞1、動詞分類（一）：連系動詞、實義動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞。1.1常用的連系動詞有：appearbebecomecomefallfeelgetgogrowkeeplieremainrestrunsmellsoundstandstaytastelook1.2實義動詞有及物動詞和不及物動詞之分1.3助動詞無實際意義，只起語法作用：Doyoureadnewspapereveryday？Thejobwillbefinishedsoon.1.4情態(tài)動詞不能單獨作謂語，增長謂語的情態(tài)、語氣等色彩。2、動詞種類（二）2.1界線性動詞（不能與表達(dá)連續(xù)一段時間的狀語連用），如：catchcomediefindgivejoinkillloseleavemarryrealize2.2非界線性動詞（所表達(dá)的動作或狀態(tài)可以一直進(jìn)行下去）①動態(tài)動詞：live，sit，stand，study，talk，work，write等②狀態(tài)動詞：be，belong，consist，exist，feel，hate，have，hope，love，want等3、常跟雙賓語的動詞有：askbringbuychoosedodenyfetchgetgivegranthandleavelendmakeofferorderpaypasspromisesellsendshowtaketeachtellwrite常見動詞搭配：1、動詞+介詞：listento聽amountto等于longfor渴望callon號召operateon為……動手術(shù)consistof由……組成resistin堅持accountfor解釋lookat看carefor照顧objectto反對sendfor派人去請relyon依靠dependon依靠standfor代表laughat嘲笑waitfor等待lookinto調(diào)查applyfor申請believein信仰playwith玩comeacross碰見gothrough通過2、動詞+副詞：giveup放棄carryout執(zhí)行l(wèi)ookup查找pointout指出bringup撫養(yǎng)findout查明handin上交makeout認(rèn)出thinkover考慮puton穿wipeout消滅pickup揀起throwaway拋棄setup建立takeoff脫掉turndown拒絕giveaway暴露handout分發(fā)calloff取消turnoff關(guān)掉knockoff停工standup起立breakdown出毛病lookout小心takeoff起飛runout耗盡catchup趕上givein讓步growup長大hangaround逗留passaway去世showoff炫耀dropout退出getup起床goon繼續(xù)3、動詞+副詞+介詞：cutdownon減少getalongwith與…相處runoutof用光lookupto尊敬datebackto追溯getthroughwith完畢keepupwith跟上makeupfor補償comedownwith患病sitinon旁聽doawaywith拋棄lookforwardto盼望putupwith忍受standupto反對lookdownupon瞧不起4、動詞+名詞+介詞catchsightof看見findfaultwith挑…毛病keepaneyeon照看makefunof取笑makefriendswith與…交友payattentionto注意shakehandswith與…握手takeadvantageof運用takepartin參與getridof擺脫giveriseto引起losesightof看不見makeuseof運用takecareof照料throwlighton闡明putastopto結(jié)束七、時態(tài)時態(tài)：一般進(jìn)行完畢完畢進(jìn)行時間be+現(xiàn)在分詞have+過去分詞havebeen+現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在worksworkisam+workingarehashave+workedhashave+beenworking過去workedwaswere+workinghadworkedhadbeenworking將來willshall+workwillshall+beworkingwillshall+haveworkedwillshall+havebeenworking過去將來wouldshould+workwouldshould+beworkingwouldshould+haveworkedwouldshould+havebeenworking1、一般現(xiàn)在時1.1表習(xí)慣性動作；人或事物的特性或狀態(tài)；客觀真理等Everyoneisinhighspirits.Lighttravelsmorequicklythansound.1.2用于時間和條件狀語從句，代替一般將來時Ifitisfinetomorrow，wewillgoonapicnic.Whenyoucomenexttime，bringmesomemagazines.1.3與具有"出發(fā)，到達(dá)"含義的動詞連用，表達(dá)按計劃將要發(fā)生的動作ThedelegationarrivesinBeijingthisafternoon.Thereisanewfilmtonight.2、一般過去時（表達(dá)過去某時間的動作或狀態(tài)）Thechildrenwentoutjustnow.Shediedtenyearsago.Ilostmywalletatthetheatre.3、一般將來時3.1will/shalldo：Nextmonth，mysisterwillbenineteen.Ishall/willreturnyouthebooktomorrow.3.2begoingtodo：Thewallisgoingtobepaintedgreen.Itisgoingtorain.3.3betodo表達(dá)按計劃要發(fā)生的事：Wearetomeetattheschoolgate.3.4beabouttodo即將（正要）做某事：Autumnharvestisabouttostart.4、一般過去將來時Hesaidthathewouldgetmarriedsoon.Iaskedhimwhenhewouldcomehereagain.5、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時5.1表達(dá)說話時，或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作或發(fā)生的情況。Theyaremakinganexperimentnow.5.2計劃即將發(fā)生，如go，come，leave，arrive：HeiscomingherenextweekandisstayinghereuntilAugust.6、過去進(jìn)行時Weweretalkingaboutyouamomentago.Iwasplayingthepianowhenshecamein.7、將來進(jìn)行時Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow？Ibelievehe'llbecomingsoon.8、現(xiàn)在完畢時8.1過去發(fā)生但對現(xiàn)在有影響的動作，常跟時間狀語already，yet，never，before，recently，just，ever，once連用。IhavebeentoPekingmanytimes.Theyhavealreadypublishedtheresultsoftheirexperiments.8.2從過去某時間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（也許還要繼續(xù)下去）的動作，常跟時間狀語since，fortwoyears，sofar，inrecentyears等（使用延續(xù)性動詞）Hehaslivedheresince1984.IhavestudiedEnglishfortwoyears.1）他參軍已有十年了。①Hehasbeenanarmymanfortenyears.②Itis（hasbeen）tenyearssincehejoinedthearmy.③Hejoinedthearmytenyearsago.2）Itis（hasbeen）…since：Itis（hasbeen）alongtimesincetheylastmeteachother.3）Thisisthefirst（second）timethat…：ThisisthesecondtimethatIhavebrokenacupthisyear.9、過去完畢時JohnhadlearnedsomeChinesebeforehecametoChina.Hefoundthebookthathehadlost.Bytheendoflastyear，Ihadworkedinthiscollegefortenyears.***nosooner………than，hardly（scarcely）……when（before）Wehadnosoonerreachedhomethanitbegantorain.Nosoonerhadwereachedhomethanitbegantorain.Hehadhardlyenteredtheofficewhen（before）thephonerang.10、現(xiàn)在完畢進(jìn)行時（常跟forhours，sincethismorning等表達(dá)一段時間的狀語連用）TheyhavebeenwatchingTVfortwohours.Hehasbeenworkingonthisessaysincethismorning.11、時態(tài)呼應(yīng)特殊規(guī)則Keplerprovedthatthesunisthecenterofthesolarsystem.客觀真理Ididn'tgototheballbecauseIamnotfondofdancing.意義需要被動語態(tài)一般時態(tài)進(jìn)行時態(tài)完畢時態(tài)現(xiàn)在amiswrittenareamisbeinggivenarehasbeenwrittenhave過去waswerewrittenwaswerebeinggivenhadbeenwritten將來shallwillbewrittenshallwillhavebeenwritten過去將來shouldwouldbewrittenshouldwouldhavebeenwritten***有些動詞表達(dá)狀態(tài)或關(guān)系，通常不用于被動語態(tài)：cost花費fit適合have有hold容納lack缺少own占有possess擁有resemble像suit適合last連續(xù)Theboyresembleshisfather.Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.***少數(shù)短語動詞通常只用被動語態(tài)：①betakenin被騙，上當(dāng)②besupposedtodosomethin