英語語言學(xué)試題A卷

英語語言學(xué)試題A卷I.Definethefollowinglinguisticterms:(2%10=20%)×1)duality(二層性):Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthattheunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.2)displacement(移位):Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentatthepresentofcommunication.3)phonology(音系/位學(xué)):Asubbranchoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesystemandpatternsofthespeechsoundsandhowtheyworkandconveymeaninginthesystemoflanguage.morphology(形態(tài)學(xué)):Asubbranchoflinguisticsthatisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.concord(一致關(guān)系):Therequirementthattheformsoftwoormorewordsinasyntacticrelationshipshouldagreewitheachotherintermsofsomecategories.6)endocentricconstruction(向心構(gòu)造):Aconstructionwhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalentorapproachingequivalencetooneofitsconstituents.7)hyponymy(上下義關(guān)系):Itreferstomeaninginclusiveness,thatis,thesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.8)pragmatics(語用學(xué)):Itreferstothestudyoflanguageinuse.9)illocutionaryforce(行事語力):Itreferstothespeaker’,scontextualmeaningmeaning,orextrameaning.10)erroranalysis(錯誤解析):Itisthestudyandanalysisoferrorandisconfinedtothelanguagelearner.II.Translation(0.5%20=10%)×TranslatethefollowingtermsintoChinese:(0.5%10=5%)×1)affricate塞擦音2)distinctivefeature差別特點3)parole語言4)generativegrammar生成語法5)bilingualism雙語現(xiàn)象6)felicitycondition適切/適合條件7)designfeature構(gòu)造/設(shè)計特8)denotation外延/所指9)labiodental唇齒音10)linguisticrelativity語言相對論/語言相對主義TranslatethefollowingtermsintoEnglish:(0.5%10=5%)×11)人際功能interpersonalfunction12)真值條件truthcondition13)女性語域/言womenregister14)音節(jié)區(qū)分syllabification15)構(gòu)造主義structuralism16)社會語言學(xué)sociolinguistics17)論元argument18)單元音monophthong19)連接cohesion20)比較解析contrastiveanalysisIII.Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputthecorrespondingletterA,B,CorDontheanswersheet.(1%20=20%)×1)Languageisasystemofarbitrary_________symbolsusedforhumancommunication.A.culturalB.conventionalC.decodedD.vocal2)Awordwithseveralmeaningsiscalled_________.A.anabnormalwordB.apolysemousword多義詞C.asynonymouswordD.noneoftheaboveTherearedifferenttypesofaffixesormorphemes.Theaffix“ed”intheword“l(fā)earnedis”knownasa(n)__________.A.derivationalmorphemeB.freemorphemeC.inflectionalmorpheme屈折詞素D.freeform4)Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare________innumber.A.largeB.small1C.finiteD.infinite5)“Ipickedsometulips.”__________“Ipickedsomeflowers.”.A.entails限制B.presupposesC.isinconsistentwithD.issynonymouswithY'sutteranceinthefollowingconversationexchangeviolatesthemaximof__________.Whowasthatyouwerewithlastnight?Didyouknowthatyouwerewearingoddsocks?A.qualityB.quantityC.relation關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則D.manner7)“CanIborrowyourbike?”_____“Youhaveabike.”A.issynonymouswithB.isinconsistentwithC.entailsD.presupposes8)Thestudyoflanguageatonepointoftimeisa_______study.A.synchronic共時研究B.historicC.diachronicD.descriptive9)Whichofthefollowingisatypicaltonelanguage?A.EnglishB.ChineseC.FrenchD.Alloftheabove10)Twoallophones(音位變體)ofthesamephonemearesaidtobein___________.A.phonemiccontrastB.complementarydistribution(互補散布)C.minimalpairD.noneoftheabove11)Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation(發(fā)音),thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof_________.A.palatal(腭音)B.alveolar(齒齦音)C.bilabialD.dental(齒音)12)TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby_______in1957.A.L.BloomfieldB.N.ChomskyC.F.SaussureD.M.A.K.Halliday13)Whichofthefollowingisacorrectdescriptionofreference(所指)?A.arelationshipbetweenanexpressionandotherexpressionswhichhavethesamemeaningB.thesetofallobjectswhichcanpotentiallybereferredtobyanexpressionC.arelationshipbetweenaparticularobjectintheworldandanexpressionusedinanutterancetopickoutthatobjectD.anintra-linguisticrelationshipbetweenlexicalitems14)Whatisfunctionofthesentence“Howdo?youdo’A.DirectiveB.Phatic寒暄C.InformativeD.Evocative15)Inthefollowingsounds,________isacentralvowel.A./?:/B./u/C./?/D./з/16)Whichofthefollowinglanguageshasthesyllabicwritingsystem?A.ChineseB.Japanese音節(jié)書寫系統(tǒng)C.EnglishD.French17)Whichdescriptionofthemeaningcomponentsoftheword“father”is?rightA.[+human,+adult,-male]B.[+human,-adult,+male]C.[–human,+adult,-male]D.[+human,+adult,+male]詞的意義成分18)Oncethenotionof________wastakenintoconsideration,semanticsspilledintopragmatics.A.meaningB.contextC.formD.content219)BlackEnglishhasanumberofdistinctivefeaturesinitsphonological,morphologicalandsyntacticsystemswhichare_______.A.rule-governedB.systematicC.arbitraryD.bothAandB20)“Hotdog”withthefirstsyllablestressedmeans_________.A.anoverheatedanimalB.akindoffoodC.abarkingdogD.adeaddogIV.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse:(1%15=15%)×F1)Animalcallsystemsarenotgeneticallytransmitted.F2)AccordingtoN.Chomsky,“competence”istheactualrealizationofhisknowledgeinutterance.F3)Asyllablewithoutacoda(結(jié)尾)isaclosedsyllable.F4)Parole(語言)referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.F5)Phonologyisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesentencespatternsofalanguage.F6)Languagesdifferintheirselectionofcontrastivesounds.F7)TheEnglishspellingexactlyrepresentsitspronunciation.F8)Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.T9)Accordingtosemantictriangle,thereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreferent,i.e.betweenawordandathingitrefersto.T10)Areferringexpressioncanbeusedtorefertononexistentthings.F11)Allthegrammaticallywell-formedsentencesaresemanticallywell-formed.T12)Pragmaticsstudiestheaspectofmeaningthatisnotaccountedforbysemantics.F13)Anillocutionaryactistheconsequenceoforthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.T14)Socialdialects,orsociolects,arevarietiesoflanguageusedbypeoplebelongingtoparticularsocialclasses.F15)Thestructuraltestsfocusonthecommunicativeandlinguisticcompetence.V.Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%10=10%)×1)Thethreebranchesofphoneticsarelabeledasarticulatoryphonetics,auditoryphoneticsandacousticphoneticsrespectively.2)Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting(Onegeneralprinciple(原則)oflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writinggiveslanguagenewscope(范疇)andusesthatspeechdoesnothave.)Syntax_studiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Constituentanalysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.5)Thenoun“tear”andtheverbomograph“tear”are(同形h異義詞)6)H.Sweetmadeadistinctionbetweennarrowandbroadtranscription.7)Linguisticsfoundthatitwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.8)Interchangeabilitymeansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerandareceiverofmessages.3Languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatternandsimilaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative,thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldwillbe.ThishasoftenbeencalledtheSapir-Whorfhypothesis(假定)Speechacttheoryisanimportanttheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage.VI.Thefollowingtwosentencesareambiguousintheirmeanings.Giveyourunderstandingofthedifferentmeaningsofeachsentence.(2.5%2=5%)×Flyingairplanescanbeverydangerous.Theairplanethatisflyingcanbeverydangerous.Theactofflyingtheairplanecanbeverydangerous.Theboysawthemanwiththetelescope.Theboysawthemanwhohadatelescope.Usingthetelescope,theboysawtheman.VII.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.(4%×5=20%)1)Whatfunctionsdoeslanguagehave?Givesomeexamples.Languagefunctionsincludeinformativefunction(信息功能),interpersonalfunction(人際功能),performativefunction(施為功能),motivefunction(感情功能),phaticcommunion(寒暄功能),recreationalfunction(娛樂功能)andmetalingualfunction(元語言功能).Examples:2)Statethedifferencesbetweenthesentencemeaningandutterancemeaning.Themeaningofasentenceisabstractandde-contextualized,whilethemeaningofanutteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.Utterancemeaningisbasedonsentencemeaning;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.3)WhyisSaussurehailedasthefatherofmodernlinguistics?Saussurewasthefatherofmodernlinguisticsandhewasthefirsttonoticethecomplexitiesoflanguage.Hebelievedthatlanguageisasystemofsigns.Tocommunicateideas,signsmustbepartofasystemofsigns,calledconventions(常例).Heheldthatthesignistheunionofthesignifier(表示物)andthesignified(被表示物).Hemadecleartheobjectofstudyforlinguisticsasascience.Hisideasonthearbitrarynatureofsign(符號的隨意性),ontherelationalnatur