英國(guó)文學(xué)ThomasHardy簡(jiǎn)介

LifeHardyisthesonofavillagebuilderinDorset,southwestofEnglandwhichusedtobeaSaxonkingdomnamesWessex,anameHardyusedproudlyinhiswriting.Hisparentsbothpaidmuchattentiontohiseducation.Hismotherwaswell-read.SheeducatedThomasuntilhewenttohisfirstschoolatageeight.第1頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第一頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。TheHardycottageinHigherBockhampton,Dorchester第2頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第二頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。However,becauseofhisfamily'ssocialposition,hecan’tgetauniversityeducation.andhisformaleducationendedattheageofsixteen..In1862,hemovedtoLondon,andstudyarchitecturethereforfiveyears.Healsowasintroducedtolanguagethereandbeganhisliterarycreation第3頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第三頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。Hardy’sworkasanarchitect第4頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第四頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。In1867,concernedabouthishealth,hereturnedtohometownanddecidedtodedicatehimselftowriting.Atfirst,hewrotepoetrythenturnedtowritingnovels.Atabout60hereturnedtopoetrywriting.第5頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第五頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。HisMajorWorksHardyhimselfdividedhisnovelsintothreegroups:1)NovelsofCharacter&Environment2)NovelsofRomances&Fantasies3)NovelsofIngenuity第6頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第六頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。1.CharacterandEnvironment

（性格與環(huán)境小說(shuō)）ThePoorManandtheLady(1867,unpublishedandlost)《窮漢與貴婦人》

UndertheGreenwoodTree(1872)《綠樹蔭下》FarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874)《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》TheMayorofCasterbridge(1886)《卡斯特橋市長(zhǎng)》Tessofthed'Urbervilles(1891)《德伯家的苔絲》JudetheObscure(1895)《無(wú)名的裘德》UndertheGreenwoodTreeTheMayorofCasterbridge(1886)

第7頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第七頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。Heexploredtragiccharactersstrugglingagainsttheirpassions&socialcircumstances&sethisfictionsinthesemi-fictionallandofWessexwherehegrewup.ThisClassisaboutpeople’spursuittohappinessandawarenessoftheirdreams,reflectingtheacuteconflictsbetweenpeopleandtheenvironmentaroundthem.FarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874)第8頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第八頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。2.RomancesandFantasies

（傳奇與幻想小說(shuō)）APairofBlueEyes(1873)《一雙藍(lán)眼睛》

TwoonaTower(1882)《塔里的兩個(gè)人》

TheWell-Beloved(1897)(firstpublishedasaserialfrom1892)《心愛的人》

第9頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第九頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。3.NovelsofIngenuity

（機(jī)巧和實(shí)驗(yàn)小說(shuō)）DesperateRemedies(1871)《鋌而走險(xiǎn)》TheHandofEthelberta(1876)《埃塞爾伯塔的婚姻》ALaodicean(1881)《冷漠的人》第10頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第十頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。TESSOFTHED'URBERVILLESTessoftheD’UrbervillesisthemostfamousnovelofHardy.ThestoryisaboutthetragicfateofTess.InthestorythepoorvillagergirlTessDurbeyfieldisseducedbythewealthyAlecD‘Uberville.Shebecomespregnantbutthechilddiesininfancy.TessfindsworkasadairymaidonafarmandfallsinlovewithAngelClare,aclergyman’sson.TheygetmarriedbutwhenTesstellsAngelaboutherpast,hehypocriticallydesertsher.TessbecomesAlec‘smistress.AngelreturnsfromBrazil,repentinghisharshness,butfindsherlivingwithAlec.TesskillsAlecindesperation,andfinallysheisarrestedandhanged.第11頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第十一頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。Thestoryrevealsthespiritofdeterministdefeatismandenforcesitsshibbolethofpredestination,andnoamountofhumaneffortcanalteritsdesignofdarkness.Tessisaparagonofinnocence.Whatsheasksforlifeissimpleenough:tobelovedandhappy.Butshedoesnotgetitbecausesheisatthemerciesoftheoddsagainsther.第12頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第十二頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。Thisnovelisamirrorforthespiritofthetime.Hardydescribeshiscriticalattitudetowardstheunjusttreatmentofwomenandhisdenunciationofthehypocrisyofthesocialstructures,themoralcodesofVictorianEngland.第13頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第十三頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。SymbolismandthemesLikeHardy’sotherworks,thisnovelalsoillustratesthe“acheofmodernism”.Hardydescribesmodernfarmmachinerywithinfernalimagery;also,atthedairy,henotesthatthemilksenttothecitymustbewatereddownbecausethetownspeoplecannotstomachwholemilk.Angel'smiddle-classfastidiousnessmakeshimrejectTesswhosenatureisasinnocentasWessexEve.WhenhepartsfromherandgoestoBrazil,thehandsomeyoungmangetssoillthatheisreducedtoa"mereyellowskeleton".Alltheseinstancesaretypicallyinterpretedasindicationsofthenegativeconsequencesofman'sseparationfromnature,bothinthecreationofdestructivemachineryandintheinabilitytorejoiceinpurenature.AcheofModernism第14頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第十四頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。Anotherimportantthemeofthenovelisthedual-sexualstandardtowhichTessfallsvictim;despitebeingatrulygoodwoman,inHardy'sview,sheisdespisedbysocietyafterlosinghervirginitybeforemarriage.However,althoughHardyclearlymeanstocriticiseVictoriannotionsoffemalepurity,thedoublestandardalsomakestheheroine'stragedypossible,andthusservesasamechanismofTess'sbroaderfate.HardyvariouslyhintsthatTessmustsuffereithertoatoneforthemisdeedsofherancestors,ortoprovidetemporaryamusementforthegods,orbecauseshepossessessomesmallbutlethalcharacterflawinheritedfromtheancientclan.Dual-sexualStandard第15頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第十五頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。Fromnumerouspagan(異教的)andneo-Biblicalreferencesmadeabouther,TesshasbeenviewedvariouslyasanEarthgoddessorasasacrificialvictim.Earlyinthenovel,sheparticipatesinafestivalforCeres,thegoddessoftheharvest,andwhensheperformsabaptismshechoosesapassagefromGenesis,thebookofcreation,overmoretraditionalNewTestamentverses.Attheend,whenTessandAngelcometoStonehenge,commonlybelievedinHardy'stimetobeapagantemple,shewillinglyliesdownonanaltar,thusfulfillingherdestinyasahumansacrifice.ReligiousSymbols第16頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第十六頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。InfluenceofThomasHardy

Thesad-sweetcadencesofVictorianself-pityarenottobefoundinHardy’spoetry,whichissterner,asthoughbracedbyalonglookattheworst.第17頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第十七頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。Itisthissternness—sometimesamountingtoruggedness—togetherwithhisverbalandemotionalintegrity,hisrefusalevertosurrendertomerepoeticfashion,hisquietlysearchingindividualaccent,thathashelpedtobringaboutthesteadyriseinHardy’spoeticreputationinrecentyears.InfluenceofThomasHardy

第18頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第十八頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。D.H.Lawrence's

StudyofThomasHardy

(1936),indicatestheimportanceofHardyforhim,Hardy’sworkisaplatformforLawrence'sowndevelopingphilosophy.Hardy'streatmentofcharacter,

helpedsignificantlyinthedevelopmentof

Lawrence’snovel.InfluenceofThomasHardy

第19頁(yè)/共23頁(yè)第十九頁(yè)，共24頁(yè)。

AcontemporaryofLawrence,

JohnCowperPowys'sfirstnovel,