2023年華東政法大學(xué)考博英語真題

華東政法大學(xué)202３年博士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試卷第一部分基礎(chǔ)英語試題PartＩ：Gｒammar＆Ｖｏcａbulａry（15%）Dｉrｅcｔｉonｓ：ChｏosethewordoｒphraseｔhaｔbeｓｔcｏmplｅteseachsenteｎｃｅandｔhenmａrｋyoｕranｓwersonyｏurＡNSWＥRSHEEＴ1.1．Ｔｈegoｖernｏrwaｓ__＿ｂythepｕｂｌicformiｓusinｇhispoweｒfoｒpeｒｓonaｌｉnｔerestｓ. [A]ｓneaｋｅd?? [B］prａised ?［C］flaiｌed ?[D]reｂuked?2.Ｈe＿_(dá)_aｔhiswａt(yī)chbeforeheleｆtthｅoffice.?[A]ｇlanced ? [Ｂ]ｇlｉmpsｅd ?［C]gｌareｄ? [D]scribbled3.Aｒecｅｎtpollｓhoｗsthａt(yī),ｗｈilｅ8１perｃentofcoｌｌeｇestuｄentsareelｉgiblefoｒsomeｆoｒmoffｉnancialaid，only63ｐercenｔofｔheｓｅｓtudｅntsare___＿_(dá)_____sｕchaｉd.[Ａ]compｌａiniｎｇabout ? ［B］rｅcｉｐiｅｎtsoｆ［C]dｉssatisfiedwiｔh ?[Ｄ]tuｒnｅｄｄｏwｎfor4.Ｔhe__＿_(dá)landloｒｄｒeｆｕｓｅdtoreｔurnthesｅcurityｄeposit，cｌaimｉngfａlｓｅlyｔhattｈetｅnaｎthaddaｍaｇedｔheａｐartｍeｎt.［A]uｎscrｕpulous [B]resplendent?[C］divine [D]deceaｓed5.MoｂyDick,ｎｏwrｅｇardｅdaｓａgreatwoｒkofＡmerｉcanliｔｅraｔuｒe，ｗａｓvirtually_＿_(dá)_wｈｅｎitwasｆirｓtpuｂliｓhｅｄ,aｎditwasnｏtunｔilmanyｙｅarslａt(yī)erthatMelville’saｃｈieｖeｍeｎtswｅre_＿_(dá)＿.［A］reｎｏwned...ｒelｅgated???[B］noｔoｒioｕs?...juｓtified[C]haｉled..．understood? ［D]ignｏｒed...ｒecogｎized6.Herefusｅdto__＿_(dá)＿thａt(yī)hewａｓdefｅaｔed.[A]ｂｕrleｓque? [B]ｃonceiｖe [Ｃ]acｋnｏｗleｄｇe??[D]prｏｂe7.Theｐeoｐlｅｓtoｏd_____＿attｈeｂeaｕtｉfuｌpictｕre.[A]glaｒing ? [B］ｇazing? [C]peepinｇ [D]gaｓpｉng8.Tｈejudgeiscｏｍmiｔteｄtoｍａintaininｇa__＿_(dá)＿ofimpａrtiａlity．[A]stancｅ???［Ｂ］moｔto [C]pｒeｔeｎse ?［D]commoｔｉon９.Delｌｑuiｔdealiｎginｓｏuped-upversionsｏfotｈｅrcｏmpａnies’ｐroductｓ,ａndstａｒteddｅsigning,__＿_(dá)___aｎdｍarketｉnghiｓoｗn.[A］fashｉｏｎｉｎg??[B]ａｓｓeｍblｉng?[C]pruninｇ ?［D]slａｓhiｎg１0.Thisｌaw___＿_(dá)_thenumberｏｆacciｄentscａｕsｅdbyｃｈilｄrｅnｒunｎｉnｇacｒｏsstheｒoaｄｗhentｈeygetofｆthebus.[A]ｉｎtｅnｄsreducing ?? ?[Ｂ]intendｓtoberedｕced[C]isintendｅdtoreduce? ? [D]iｓinｔendedreduｃing１１．BｙtheｔｉmｅｙouarriveiｎＬｏndon，we＿＿_(dá)_＿iｎＥurｏｐｅfｏrtwoweeks.［Ａ］shaｌｌstay?[B]haｖestayed?［C]wｉllhａvｅｓｔayｅd?[D]hａvebeenstayｉng12．Wｉtｈoutfａｃtｓ,wecａnnotfoｒmawoｒtｈwhileｏpinionfoｒweｎeedｔｏｈavefacｔualｋｎowledgｅ___＿_(dá)ourtｈinｋing.［A]whicｈｔobebaｓedoｎ ［B]whiｃhｔobaｓeupｏn［C]upｏnwhicｈtobasｅ? [D］ｔoｗhichtobebased13．Ｔｈeliｔtｌemanwas____＿onｅmeｔeｒfｉftyhigh．[A]alｍoｓtmoreｔhaｎ ?[B］ｈａrｄlymorethan [Ｃ]neaｒlymoreｔhan?[D]asmuchaｓ１4.Theyｏuｎｇaｐpｌｉｃantisuｎdergreat___aｔtheｔhoughtofuｐ－ｃomiｎgjoｂinterviｅｗ．?[Ａ］cｏmprehensiｏn?[Ｂ]aｐｐreheｎｓion?[C]mｉscｏｍprehenｓｉon [D]coｎｃerｎ１５．ThｅsuｃｃessfuｌｌａｕncｈｏftｈeSpｅcialOlｙmpｉcＧameshasdeｍonstraｔeｄthat_＿＿Shａnｇhａiiswelloｎｉtswａytｏbecomeoneoｆtｈemｏstinterｎalｉzedmｅｔrｏｐolisesworｌdwiｄｅ. [A]iｍｐerｃｅptiblｙ?［B]cｏｎceivably [C]ｄeｃeiｖablｙ?[D］iｍaginaｔiｖｅly１６.Iｗｏｕldｒaｔher______troｕｂｌeanｄｈａrdshiplikethattｈan＿_(dá)＿_(dá)bｙothers.[Ａ]had…．ｔaｋecareof [B]havｅ…taｋeｎcareoｆ[Ｃ］haｄ…takencareoｆ [D］have…bｅtakeｎｃareｏf17．Onedifficulty_＿_(dá)＿_(dá)__thecomｐonｅｎtsｏfｅｃonoｍicｍｏvemeｎtslｉesinthefａcｔｔhatｔhosecompｏnentｓareｎotｃomｐleｔeｌyinｄeｐendｅnｔoｆonｅanotheｒ.?[A]ｏfisolatｉoｎ? [B]ｉｎｉsolating ［Ｃ］willisolate?［Ｄ]toisｏlａt(yī)e18.Iｎteresｔonshｏrｔ-termｇovernmentdebtsｏａreｄtoａnalmoｓtuｎimagｉｎａble210％,whicｈ_____ａt(yī)ｏtａlcoｌlａpｓeofinｖｅｓｔｏrconfidｅnce. [Ａ］amouｎtｓtｏ? [Ｂ]equalstｏ [C]iｓadｄｅｄuｐｔo [Ｄ]reachesto1９.It’sagｅneｒａlpraｃｔicefｏrsmallｆａｃtｏriｅsｔｏ_____moreworkersduｒiｎｇtｉmesofｐrosperｉｔy,anｄlaｙofｆsomｅwhenreceｓsionhitｓ．?[A]tａkｅin ? [B]takｅｏver ［C]tａkeｏn [D]ｔａkeup２0．To____＿＿fｒｅedｏmaｇainｓｔtｙｒａnny,ｏuｒfａt(yī)herslaiddownthesｅrules．?[A]eｎｓuｒｅ ??[B]guarantee [C］assuｒe ?［Ｄ］fulｆiｌl2１.Mｅｒｄinｅｉsheｒｏwnｗoman,withanｉdentｉtyｆromhermother＇ｓ．[A]discretｅ[Ｂ]ｄｉstincｔive[C]disｔinct［D]discreet22.Shegａvehimｂackthｅmoneｙshe'ｄstoｌenforthesakeofhｅr．?［A]cｏnｓcienｔｉoｕs[B]ｃonｓciousｎess[C]coｎscious[D]coｎscieｎce23.ＴhｅyhadtｈeaｔtemptｔoAndeｒsontotｈepresidency.?[Ａ］ｅvｏlｖe［B］elevaｔe[Ｃ]evoke[D]evｉnce24．I’mafraiｄourfｏodｓtｏckwillbｅ___beforｅｌong.?[A]puｔuｐ ［B]stayeｄup??[Ｃ］saｖeｄup? [Ｄ］ｕseduｐ?25.Mr.Moｒriｓｏｎhaｓagreaｔ___forａｎythinｇtｈatisoriｅntalaｎdeｘotｉc?[Ａ]ｖｉｓion ??[B]emotｉｏn? [C]coｎｔｒｉbution?[Ｄ]ｐaｓｓion26.Thesｕｂwａysandbuｓesｔｅndtｏbe___dｕringtｈeｒuｓhhouｒｓ. ［A]ovｅｒcroｗdｅd??[B]oveｒwｈelmed?[C]overshaｄｏweｄ [D]overｇrｏwn27.Every___hａｓｂｅｅnｔakｅntoevaｃuatetheｓtraｎdedsailorsｆroｍHurricａneＢetty.?[Ａ]plｅasｕrｅ? [Ｂ]mｅａsure? ［Ｃ]pressuｒe ?[Ｄ]ｌeｉsure２８.Wｅweｒegreaｔｌysｕrpriｓedｂythｅwａytｈingsｗｅreｄｏneｈeｒe. ［A]wｈat????[B]inwhich?? ［Ｃ]as ??［Ｄ]ｗhich2９．Ｉ＿_(dá)__＿_(dá)＿_(dá)__ｔｏcallonyou,ｂutwａspreveｎteｄfromdoingso.[A]meａnｔ [B]ｈasmeａnt ?[C]ｗasmｅanｉnｇ [D]hadmeant30．Wheｎｉｔcomes_＿_(dá)＿＿_(dá)_＿_(dá)_ｈｉsｗiｆewitｈthehoｕsewoｒｋ,Jｏhnneｖergrｕmblｅs.[Ａ]tｏhｅlp [B]aｎdhelｐs ?[C]tｏhelping ?[D]toｈaveｈelpedＰartＩＩ：ＲｅａdｉngＣompｒeｈension(20%)．Dirｅcｔiｏｎ：Ｔheｒｅarｅ2readiｎgｐassagesｉntｈispart．Eａｃhpassageisｆollowｅdｂysomｅquｅstionsorunfinishｅdstaｔemeｎts.Foreａｃhoftｈemｔhereａrefourchoicesmarｋｅd[A],[B],[Ｃ］,and[D］.YｏushoulddecidｅoｎtｈebｅstchoｉceａｎdｍarｋtｈｅｃｏｒreｓpｏndiｎgｌetｔeronｔｈeAnswerＳheet1ｗithａsinｇlelinetｈｒoｕgｈtｈeｃenteｒ.PasｓageOneQuestiｏｎs31to35arebａsedonthefollowingpaｓsａｇｅ.TheＦooｄaｎdDrugAdmｉｎiｓtｒationsaidonWedｎesdayｔhａｔitistryingtotraｃｋｄownasmanyas38６pｉgletstｈaｔmayｈaｖｅbeenｇｅnetｉcalｌyｅnｇineeredａｎdwrｏｎgｆullyｓoldｉntｏｔｈeU.S.fｏodsupply.ＴhｅfoｃusoｆｔheＦＤAｉnvｅsｔigａｔioniｓonｐigｓｒaｉsｅｄbyresｅarchｅrｓａｔtheUniｖersitｙofIllinｏisinUrbanａCｈamｐaign．Ｔheyｅngineｅredthｅａｎimaｌswｉｔhtｗogenｅs:ｏneisacowgeｎｅthatinｃreaseｓmilｋprｏductｉoninthesow;tｈeother,ａsynｔheticgene,makesthｅmiｌkｅasieｒfｏrpigletｓtｏｄigｅｓt.Ｔhｅgoａlwaｓｔorａisebｉggeｒpiｇsfａsｔer.Theｒeｈasbeenｎoｅvidenｃethateiｔhergeneｔｉcalｌyalｔerｅdplａｎtsoraniｍalsａcｔuａllytrigｇｅrｈumanｉllness,butcrｉticｓwarｎthaｔpoｔｅｎｔialsｉdeeffｅctsｒｅｍainunｋnoｗｎ．Universiｔyofficialｓsaythｅirtestｓshoｗedthepigletsweｒenotbｏrnｗithｔhｅalteredgｅnes，buｔFDAruleｓrequireｅｖenｔhｅofｆsprinｇofgｅnetｉｃallｙｅｎｇinｅeredaniｍalstobeｄeｓtrｏyedsothｅｙwon’tothefｏoｄｓｕｐｐly．TheＦDA,ｉnaqｕｉｃｋlyａrrangednewsconferenceonWedｎｅｓｄayｐromptｅｄbyｉnｑuiriesbｙUSＡTODAY,saiｄtheＵnivｅｒsityofIllinｏiswouｌdfaｃepｏｓsiblesａnctｉoｎsaｎdｆineｓforｓellingthepigletsｔoaｌivestockbrokeｒ,wｈointurnｓoldthｅmｔopｒｏcｅsｓｉｎgｐlanｔｓ.BoｔhthｅＦDＡandtheuniveｒｓityｓaytｈｅpigsthateｎｔeredtheｍarketdｏｎｏｔpｏseａrｉsktocｏnsumers．BuｔthｅinvestigaｔｉonfoｌlｏwsactionbythｅU．S.DｅpａrｔmenｔofAｇrｉcｕltureinＤecｅｍbertofinｅaTｐanyｔhatconｔａminated５00,000bushelsoｆsoybｅanswithcｏrnｔhａｔhadｂeｅnｇenｅticaｌｌｙaltｅrｅdtoproduceavaccineforpiｇs.Ｃriticssｅesuchｃａsesaｓevｉｄenceoｆtheneeｄfoｒmorｅgoveｒnmentoversｉｇhｔoｆaburgeoning(新興的)aｒｅaofscienｔifiｃｒesearcｈ.“Thisisaｓmallｉncidenｔ，butit’sｉnｃiｄeｎtｓlｉkethiｓｔhatcoulddｅｓtroｙcｏｎｓumercｏnfｉdeｎceaｎdeｘｐortcoｎfidencｅ，”saysＳｔeｐhａnieChildsofthｅGrocｅｒｙＭａｎufａctuｒeｒｓｏfAｍｅｒｉca.“WeａlreａdｙhaｖeEuｒopesｈakｙｏnbiｏtｅch.Thｅｃｏｕnｔrieｓtowｈichｗeexporｔaregｏiｎgtolｏokａｔｔhis.”TheＵniversityofIllｉnoissaysittｅsｔeｄtheＤNAoｆeｖeｒypiｇｌｅｔeｉghtｔiｍｅstomaｋesｕretｈatｔheａｎimalｈａdn’tｉｎheritｅdthegeｎeｔicｅｎgineeriｎgofiｔsmothｅr.Tｈosepｉgleｔsthatｄiｄwｅreｐutbaｃkintｏｔhesｔｕdy.Thｏsｅｔhａｔdiｄn’tｗｅresolｄtoｔhｅｐigｂrｏker.“Ａnypigthatｗasｔestｅdnegativeforthegenessinｃe199９hasbeeｎsentｏｆftomarket,”saysCｈａrlesZｕkｏｓkｉ,vicｅchancｅlｌorfoｒreseａrch.ＢutＦＤAdepｕtｙｃoｍｍissioneｒLesteｒCrａwfordsａysthatunderｔｈｅtermsoｆｔheｕnｉｖerｓity’sagrｅemeｎtwｉththｅＦＤA,theｒeseaｒcherswｅｒefoｒbiｄdeｎtoｒｅmovethｅpigletswｉthouｔFＤAapproval．“ＴｈeＵnivｅrsityoｆIｌlinoiｓfailedtocheckwiｔhFDＡtoseeｗhｅtherornoｔthｅａnｉmalｓｃｏuldbｅsoldoｎｔｈeopenmarket．Anｄtｈｅｙwerenottｏbeusedundeｒanycircｕmstaｎｃｅｆorfood.”ThｅFDＡisrespｏnsibleforreguｌaｔiｎｇandoverｓｅeiｎｇtransｇenicanｉｍalｓbecａuｓeｓｕcｈgeｎeticmａnipulａｔｉｏｎiｓconsidereｄanｕnaｐprovｅdaｎiｍaldrug.３1.Tｈｅ386piglｅtswｒoｎgfullysoldintofooｄsupplyarefrom＿_(dá)______.[Ａ]Europe[Ｂ]aｎA(yù)ｍeｒicanresearｃhorｇaｎiｚation[C]ameatｐｒocessingplant[D］aｎanｉmａlfaｒm32.Tｈｅpurposｅofthetｒanｓgenicｅｎgiｎeerinｇｒesｅarchistｏ＿＿＿_(dá)____．[A]getｐigsoflａrgersｉzeiｎａsｈｏｒtｅrtime［Ｂ]mａkesｏwｓprｏdｕcemorｅmilk［Ｃ］makｅｃowspｒodｕｃｅmｏrｅｍiｌk[D］ｍakepigsｇrowmorｅleanmeaｔ33.Ｔhｅ4thpａragｒaｐhｓｈoｗｓthattheUｎivｅrｓiｔｙofIｌｌinoｉs＿＿_(dá)____＿.［A]wａscrｉticizedbytｈeＦDＡ［B]ｉsingreattrｏuｂle［C］ｉsｒeｑｕiredbytｈeFDAtoｃaｌlbaｃkthesｏldpiglets[Ｄ]mａｙhaveｔopaythepｅnalty34.TheFDAdｅcｌarestｈatthｅwrｏngfullｙsｏldｐiglets_____＿_(dá)_.［A]ｍaｙｈavｅsｉdeｅfｆeｃtｓoｎcoｎsｕmers[B]maｙbeｈarｍｆｕｌｔoconｓumeｒs[Ｃ]areｓafetoconsumers[D]mａｙcａusehｕｍaniｌlｎess３5.Itｃａnbeinferｒedfｒoｍthispasｓaｇethat____＿_(dá)_＿．[A]alltheｏffｓprｉnｇhavetheirmｏtｈｅｒs’genｅtｉcｅngｉnｅeｒiｎg［B］partoftheｏｆｆｓprinｇｈavetheiｒmｏｔｈeｒs’geｎetiｃｅnginｅｅring[C］noneoftheoffspringｈavｅtｈｅｉｒmothers’gｅｎetｉcengineerｉng[D]ｈalfoftheoffspriｎｇhavｅｔｈeirｍotheｒs’geｎeticeｎgineeringＰａssａgeTwoQuestiｏｎs３6to40arebasedonｔｈefolｌowiｎgpassａge．ThｒeeYaｌｅUnivｅrsiｔｆeｓsorsagｒeeｄinapanｅldisｃusｓioｎtonighttｈａt(yī)theautoｍobｉleｗａswｈａt(yī)oneofthemcａlled“PubｌｉｃＨealthEnemyＮｏ.1intｈiｓcounｔrｙ.”Besidｅspolluｔiｎgｔheaｉranｄcoｎgesｔingtｈecitｉes,ｃarｓareｉnvolvedinmｏｒｅthanｈaｌfthedisabliｎｇaｃcｉdents,andthｅyｃａuseｈeartｄiｓeaｓe“ｂｅcaｕsewedoｎ’twalｋanywhｅreanymorｅ,”sａｉdDｒ.Ｈ.RichａrdWeinerｍａn,pｒofｅssoｒｏｆmｅdicｉneaｎdpublicｈｅalth.Dｒ.Weiｎeｒman’ssharpcritiｃismｏfaｕｔomobilecamｅｉnadiscussioｎofhuｍanenｖironmｅntoｎYａleRepｏrｔｓ,ａraｄiｏprogｒａmbroaｄcasｔbｙStａt(yī)iｏｎWTICinＨａrtｆoｒｄ,Ｃonｎecticut．Thepｒｏｇraｍopeｎedathｒｅe-pａrtｓerｉeson“StayingAlive.”“Fｏrtｈefirsttimｅinhumａｎhiｓｔoｒy,thｅproblｅmoｆmａｎ’ssurvivaｌｈasｔｏdｏｗitｈhiｓｃontｒｏｌofman-madedａnｇers,”Ｄr.Wｅinermansaｉd.“Beforethiｓ，theproblemhaｄbeenthｅcontrｏｌofnaturaldaｎgers.”Relatiｎgmａnｙofthesedangerｓofｔheautoｍｏbile，AｒtｈurＷ.Galｓｔon,aｐrofeｓｓorofｂｉology,saｉditwaspｏssiｂleｔomａkｅakeroｓenｅ－burnｉngcａrthaｔwoｕlｄ“l(fā)essｅnsｍogbｙaｖeｒylarｇefaｃtｏr．”BｕthｅexｐreｓsｅddｏubttｈaｔAmerｉｃanswerewillingｔoｇiｖeｕpmovｉnｇabｏｕttｈｅcｏｕｎtｒysideat９0milesanhourinalaｒgeｖehiｃle.“Americaseemsweｄdedtotｈeｍoｔorcar-everyfamiｌｙhａstohaｖeatｌeasttｗo,andoneｈasｔｏbeaｃonverｔibleｗith300horsｅpoｗer，”ＰrofｅssｏrGalstｏnｃｏntｉｎｕｅd．“Ｉsｔhiｓthｅwａyofliｆeｔhaｔweｃhoosebecａｕsewecｈｅrisｈｔhｅsevaｌueｓ?”FｏrPaulＢ.Sｅａrs,pｒofessoｒofcoｎsｅｒｖatｉon,paｒtｏｆｔheblameliesｗith“asocietｙthatrｅｇardｓprofitaｓasupｒemevａlｕｅ,ｕndｅrtheｆalseｉｄｅathａt(yī)ａnythinｇｔｈａt(yī)’ｓtｅcｈnicallｙpｏssiｂleis,ｔheｒefｏｒe,eｔhicａｌlyjｕstiｆied.”PｒofeｓsorSearsａlsoｃalledtheｃｏuntｒy’sdepｅndeｎｃeoｎitsｍｏderｎautｏmobile“l(fā)oｕｓyeconomiｃs”bｅcauｓeofｔhｅｌaｒgehorsｅpoweｒｕsｅｄsimplｙ“moｖｉnｇoｎｅpersontowｏｒk.”ＢuｔheａｇreｅdthａｔAｍericaｎｓhavepaｉntedthemseｌvesiｎｔoacoｒnｅｒbyallowｉｎgｔｈenationａｌeconomyｔobecomesoreliａntonｔhｅauｔomobileinｄustry.ＡｃcorｄinｇtoDｒ.Wｅinerｍａｎ,ａuｔomｏbｉlｅs,nｏtｔｈｅfactｏrｉｅｓ,arerespoｎsｉblefortwｏ-tｈiｒdsoｆthesmogiｎＡｍeｒicancｉtｉes,ａndtheｓmoｇｐｒesentsthｅposｓｉbilityofawholeｎeｗkindofｅpｉdemｉc,ｎｏtduｅtooｎｅｇerm,ｂutduｅｔｏｐolｌｕteｄｅnｖiｒｏnｍent.“Witｈｉnanｏｔheｒfivetｏteｎyeａrｓ,it’spｏｓsｉbletoｈaｖeａnepｉdeｍicｏfｌｕngcaｎcｅrｉnaｃiｔylikeＬosＡngｅles.Thisisanewphｅnomenonｉnｈeaｌｔｈｃoｎｃern,”hesaid.Tｈesｏlutiｏｎ,hｅcｏｎtｉnueｄ,is“ｎottofｉnｄalｅｓsｄangerouｓｆuｅl,butadｉｆfereｎtsystｅmｏｆinneｒ－ciｔytranｓportation．Ｂecａuseofｔhｅｉnｃreasiｎguｓeoｆｃars，puｂｌiｃｔｒａnspｏrtationhａｓbｅｅｎaｌlｏweｄｔoｗitｈeranddegenerate,sothａｔｉｆyoucaｎ’tｗalktowhereyｏuwanｔtoｇo，youｈavetohaveａcarinmｏstcities,”heaｓserｔed．This,inturn,Dｒ.Weinermaｎcontｅndｅd,isresponsiｂleｆortｈｅ“arterｉosｃｌｅrｏｓｉｓ”ｏfpｕblｉcｒｏads,forthebｌighｔoｆtheｉｎnerｃityａndforｔhemiddlｅ－clasｓmovｅmenttoｔheｓuburｂｓ.３6.Thｅmainｉdｅａofthisarｔｉcleisｔhat_______.[A］Amｅriｃansaｒｅｔooattachedtotheircaｒs.［Ｂ]Ａmｅｒiｃancarsruntｏoｆastａnｄｃｏnsｕmetooｍuchfuel.［C]ｔheautｏmobileiｎｄustryhascａusedallthistohapｐen.[D]ａｕｔomobilesendaｎgｅrｂoththeｅｎｖironｍentａndｐｅｏpｌe．37.Iｎparagｒａpｈ2,ＰrｏfessoｒGａlｓtｏniｍｐliｅsｔhat______＿.[A］peｏpleaｒeｍｏrｅinterｅstｅdiｎfastａutomobilesｔhaｎiｎtheiｒhealth.［B]ｋｅrosene-burｎｉngcarswouldpolｌutetheｅnvironmentmoreseriouslｙtｈaｎgasoliｎe-burniｎgenginｅｓdo.[C]Amerｉcaｎsfeｅlmorｅcloseｌyｃonnecｔedtｏtheircaｒsｔｈanｔothｅeｎvｉroｎｍeｎt．［D]itｉsnｏtrightforeveryfａmilytｏhaveatｌeasttwoｃars.38.Ｉnparaｇraph３，PｒofessｏrSeａrsimpliesｔhat＿_(dá)_____.[A］technｏlogyiｓalwaｙsgoｏdfｏrｐｅople.[Ｂ]technoloｇyisnotalwaysｇoｏdｆｏrpeopｌe．［C]finａncialproｆitｉsmorｅiｍportantthaｎteｃhnolｏgicaladｖanceｍｅnt.[D]ｔｅchnｏlogicａladvancｅｍenｔwｉｌlimｐｒｏvefｉnａｎcｉａlｐrofit.３９.IｔcanbｅinfeｒredfｒomParaｇraph5that＿＿＿_(dá)___.［A］afuｅｌleｓsdangｅrouｓthanｇasolineｍustbefounｄ．[B]peoｐleｓhoｕldgetｒidoftｈeｉrｃａｒsandtａkethｅbuｓｔowｏｒk.[C]publictraｎsportationｓhｏuldbeimｐroveｄsｏｔhaｔpeｏplｅcａnbeｃomｅlesｓｄｅpenｄｅｎtupｏnｔｈeiｒｃaｒsｆoｒiｎｎer-cｉｔyｔraｎspoｒtａt(yī)ｉon．［Ｄ]thｅonlyｓolutioｎtotｈｉsprｏblemistobuiｌdmorehｉghwaysandmorｅsｕbways.4０．Dr．Weinermanｗouｌbablyａgｒeethaｔ__＿_(dá)___，ifpuｂｌｉctrａｎsｐoｒtａt(yī)ionwereiｍpｒoveｄ.[A]ｔheｉｎneｒcｉｔymｉghtimprｏve[B］theｍiｄｄｌeｃlasswｏｕldmovｅｔothｅsｕｂｕrbs[C]publicｒｏadsｗouldgetｗorse［D]thｅrewoｕldｓtilｌbeａｎｕｒｇenｔnｅedtobuiｌｄmｏreｈigｈwａｙsPａrｔIII：EngliｓhＷｒｉtinｇ（1５％)DIRＥCTＩＯＮS:Ｆorthiｓparｔ,youaｒegoiｎｇtｏwｒiteａsｈortｅssａyｏnthetitｌe.Ｙｏuｓhｏuldｗｒiｔeaboｕt250wordｓａndwｒｉteｙouｒeｓsaｙｏntheANＳWERSＨEEＴ2．Tiｔle：Howtohandｌepｓychｏlogicａｌpressureｉnｔｏdａｙ’sｃｏｍpｅtiｔivelifeNＯTES:Ｍarkｓwｉlｌbeawaｒdedforcｏntｅnｔ,organｉｚatioｎ，grａｍｍaｒandappropｒiaｔenｅss.Faｉｌｕretofｏｌlowtｈeinsｔructionmａyｒesｕltiｎaｌoｓsofmａrks.第二部分專業(yè)英語試題PaｒtI.ReaｄｉngｃomｐｒｅhensiｏnTherearealtogeｔhｅr1２ｓｅctiｏnｓ.Pｌeasechｏｏsefｒoｍtheｉｔemsgivenｕnｄerｅaｃhquesｔionｔheｂestｏneａsyouranswer.2marｋsforeachquｅstionwithatotａlｏf40mａrks.Notｅ:Ｙoushouldanswerquesｔionsto5secｔionsｏnlｙ，onｅｏfｗｈiｃｈsｈｏuldbｅthesｅｃtiｏncorrespｏndingtｏthｅmajoryoｕarｅappｌyiｎｇforaｎdtheotheｒ４ｓectionscaｎbｅselectedatyｏurwiｌl.每名考生最多回答5節(jié)下的選擇題，其中必須有一節(jié)與考生所報(bào)專業(yè)相應(yīng)，其余4節(jié)考生可以任選。JuｒispｒuｄeｎcｅItisprａcticallyimpoｓsiｂlｅtoimaginｅｃｏnstｉｔｕtｉｏnallawwiｔhｏutｄisｓent.ThｅｖeryfirsｔoｐｉnioniｎtheChaｒtereｒａ—thePaｔriaｔionＲｅference—wasｍａrkｅdｂyit.Dissｅntispoweｒfulanｄｅvoｃａｔive,ｅveｎmyｔhic；ｉtsｕgｇｅstｓrｏadsｎotｔａkenａnｄpaｒalleluniｖeｒses.Iｔｅvokesafuｎdameｎtaｌａnd,sometｉｍes,ｕnsettｌingcontiｎgenｃyaboutｌaｗ.Iｔcａnｂeｐrｏblematic，ｄisｒｕptｉngeasyundersｔandiｎgsofhowtoacouｒｔ“gｅｔsitright”aｎd,thuｓ,ｄａmａgｉｎgｔoａcoｕrt’slｅgitimacy.Yｅt,dissenthasｐosiｔiveaspectｓ,ｔoｏ.Itｃaｎ:beｔteraｒｔicuｌatenormsandunderｓtanｄiｎgsｕnderlｙingkeydeｃiｓioｎ-ruleｓ;pｒovideacouｎternarrａt(yī)iｖeｔｏｐrevａilｉngorｔhoｄoxｙ;ｌaythｅｆoｕnｄａt(yī)ｉonforfuｔuredｅｖelｏpmeｎtｏfｌaw;prｏｖidｅaneｃessaryouｔlｅtｆｏｒdisagreemeｎｔthatotherwisemiｇｈtconstraｉnanｄfruｓtratｅjudｉciａlactｏｒｓ;andevenseｃuｒeｂrｏaderａcceｐｔanceｏfamａjoriｔydｅcｉｓｉoｎbｙsｈｏｗingthatiｔｉsａpｒｏductofdｅlｉberation.Inthｉｓpaper,Ipresenｔanotheｒｐossｉble“upｓｉｄｅ”todｉｓｓenｔthａt(yī)fｏcusｅsｏｎtheiｓｓueinＱuebeｃ(ＡtｔorneyGenerａl)v.A:eｑuality．Fｉrｓt,ＩcaｎvasｓtwｏwaystｈatｄｉssentmanifeｓtsiｎChaｒterjurispｒｕdencｅ:oｎe(funcｔiｏnal)reｌａt(yī)ｉngtotｈejｕdicｉａrｙ’ｓappropriatｅｒｏleiｎcｏnｓtｉｔutioｎaldｉsputeｓ;anｄｔｈeoｔhｅr（princｉplｅd)relａｔinｇtoｔheidentiｆication,ｓcopeorａpplicatioｎoｆrｕlesaｎｄｎorms.Theｔｗｏmodelｓaｒeｒichlｙｒｅprｅsentｅdinequalityjurisｐrudencｅ.IｎｔheSuｐrｅmｅCourt’sｆirstＳectｉｏn１5case,Andｒewｓv.LawSｏcｉetyoｆＢｒiｔｉshCｏｌｕｍｂia,theCoｕrｔdｉvidｅdovertｈefｕnｃｔionａｌquestionofhoｗcloｓelytｈｅCourｔshoｕｌdｓcｒuｔiｎiｚelegislateddｉffｅrence.Insｕｂsequentcaｓes,tｈeＣｏuｒtｈａsstruｇgledtｏrｅachconseｎsｕsonｔｈｅｍｅａniｎgoｆeqｕａliｔyitsｅｌf—anissｕeofｐｒｉnｃiple.Tｈefactｔhaｔeｑｕａlityｊｕｒisｐｒudencehaｓbeenｃｈarａcteｒｉzedｂyｃhronｉcdisagrｅemeｎtmｉghｔａｐｐearunfortunａt(yī)ｅ．Ｂutmyreviｅｗofsｅction15cａselawsuggesｔstｈat,vidｉnｇthespaceｔofullyfleshouｔpｏｉntsofdisagｒeemｅnｔ,diｓｓenthasｃoｎｔrｉbutｅdtoriｃheｒａｃｃountｓofｅqｕalｉｔｙ．BorｒoｗｉngthｅｌanｇuageofＣａssＳuｎsteiｎ,Isuggｅｓｔthaｔadividedeｑｕalitｙdeｃiｓｉoｎthａt(yī)iｓtｈｅreｓultoffailｕretｏreachagrｅemｅｎｔｏn“dｅｅｐ”issuesｉsｐreferablｅtoonethａt(yī),astｈeｐricｅｏｆuｎanｉmiｔy,rｅmａiｎs“ｓhａlｌow”．ＩｃｏncｌudethaｔｔhedeｃisionｉｎQueｂec(AtｔornｅyGeｎｅｒａl)v.Aｉsｄeeｐratherthaｎshalｌowanｄso,deｓｐiteitｓfrustratingｄivｉｓｉons，itisontheｗholeｂetterthanmaｎyoftheｕnanｉmoｕsequalitydeｃiｓionsthatprｅcedｅｄiｔ.41.ThｅａuthoｒlｉstedthefｏllｏwinｇpositiveaspectｓofdisｓentＢUＴ()(ａ)Iｔｐroｖiｄeｓaｃountｅrnａrraｔｉvetｏprevaｉlｉngorthodｏxy．(ｂ)Itcanlaythｅfoundationｆorfuｔuredevｅloｐmeｎtｏflａw.(ｃ)Itｃanprｏｖideａｎecｅssaｒyoｕtletｆｏrdisａgreemeｎｔ.(d）Itcanbｅdamagingtoacourｔ’slｅgitimacy.42.Fromthｅthｉｒdｐaragraph,oｎecａnｋｎowtｈeｆｏllowingBUT()(a）Theauthordｉscｕssｅsthecａsesinｗhiｃhtｈefunctionofdiｓsentsｉｓｏbvｉousｉntwｏwａys.(b）Thｅsｕbsequenｔcａsｅsｗｅｒedｅcidedbycｏｎｓenｓus．(c）Anｄrewｓv.LaｗSoｃieｔyofBｒitisｈCoｌuｍｂiａisａcｏnstituｔionaｌcaｓerｅlatiｎgｔoSectｉoｎ1５.(d）Ａndｒewsv．LawSocietyｏfBritiｓhＣｏｌumbiawasnｏtｄecidｅdunanimouｓly.43.Ｔheaｕｔhorthｉnｋsthａt(yī)ａｄiｖidedｅquａlitydeｃｉsioｎisprｅfｅrａbleｂeｃause()（a)ｉtｃoｎtributestoricheｒａccountsoｆequalｉtｙ．（b)ｉｔiｓdeｅp.（ｃ)ｉｔｉｓonthｅwhｏlebeｔtｅr．(d)isfrustraｔｉnglｙdiｖided.44.Wｈatiｓtheｍostsｕitａbletopiｃfortheseparagrａｐhs?（)(a)ＴhｅDisseｎtinEｑuａlityJuｒispｒudence(b)TheUpsideofＤisｓent(c)TｈeUｐsｉdeofDissentｉｎEquａliｔyＪuｒiｓprudenｃe(d)TheEquａｌityJurispｒudencｅLｅgalＨisｔｏrｙTｈｅreiｓaｌａrgelyforgoｔtenstorｙｔｏbeｔoｌdｏfU.S.legaｌimpeｒiａlisminChiｎa，deｓpitｅChina’sloｃatｉｏnfaroutsiｄeｏｆＡmｅｒｉca’sｔeｒritｏrialbordeｒs．Thestorｙ’spｒotagonistisaｒatｈerarcaｎｅsoundingleｇaldｏｃtrine,extrａt(yī)ｅrrｉtoriａlｊｕｒisdｉction．Exclｕsivetｅrrｉｔｏｒｉalｊｕｒisdicｔiｏnｉｓoneｏfｔhｅｄｅｆinｉnｇｆｅａt(yī)uresofｔｈｅsoveｒｅiｇntyｏｆtｈemｏderｎｎatioｎ-sｔaｔe．Witｈlｉmitedexceptiｏｎs,itｉｓwｈereａpｅrsonistｈatdetｅrmiｎeｓwｈatｌａwappliesｔoｈimｏrｈｅr.Ｈowevｅr，whenasｔateａsseｒtｓextratｅrｒiｔoｒｉaljurisdｉｃtioｎ,itclａiｍstｈerｉgｈtｔoapｐlyｉtｓlawｓｂeyondｔheｂｏrdeｒsoｆitｓtｅrriｔoｒy．Toantｉciｐatethestory,ｔheextraordｉnａrｙtreaｔythatlaｉdthefoｕndaｔｉonforＡmeｒicanｅxｔｒatｅrrｉtorｉalitｙwasnegotiａｔedbyCalebＣuｓｈing,ｔｈefirsｔAmericａnminｉsteｒtoChinaａsweｌlaｓａMassacｈusettscongressman,alawyer,andａfuｔureattorｎeｙgenerａloftｈeUniｔedＳtatｅs.CushinｇwascｈarｇedｂyPreｓidentJohnTylerwitｈtheprｅ-ｔexｔｕaｌｍissionofgoingtoPekinｇtｏinquiｒeａｆtertheemperor’sheaｌthandtocarrｙｏｕｔｔhepresiｄｅｎt’swishesforhｉslonｇevity.BaｃkeｄbyhisoｗｎlittleaｒｍａｄａaswellastｈｅｐresｅnceoftheＵ．S.navalforcesintheＰacific,CｕshiｎgｐersuａdeｄtheQingEｍpirｅｔoeｎterｉntoaＴreａt(yī)yoｆPeace,Amity,andComｍｅrｃewｉtｈtheUniｔedStates.ThetrｅatyｗａssignｅdoｎJｕly3，1844,intｈeｖiｌlageofWａnｇhiａiｎMacao.Ｕｎdeｒitsteｒms,ChinａwasｏｂliｇaｔedtｏallowAmeriｃanｓtｏtrａdefｒｅeｌyinＣantonaswｅllasinｆoｕrｏｔｈerpreviouslyｃlosedpｏrｔs．Moreovｅr,AmericanｓobｔainｅdtheriｇhｔofexｔratｅrｒｉtorｉａljｕrisdiｃtionｉnChina．Ｆrｏm1844unｔil194３,U.S．citizensinChｉnawｅｒefｏｒｍallysuｂｊｅｃtonｌytotheｌawsｏftheＵnｉtedStates．Sｔateddiｆferｅｎtlｙ,ｗhｅｎＡｍerｉｃansenｔeｒeｄChina,Americａnlａｗｔｒaveleｄwｉthｔheｍ,effｅctivelyattaｃhiｎｇtoｔheiｒverybｏdｉｅｓ.Ｈowｄidｔheｒelaｔiｖｅlyrecentｌyｅmaｎｃipａt(yī)edworld’sleadｉngａntｉ-colｏnialpowｅrreｃoncilｅitsextraterrｉtoｒiaｌｊurisdictｉｏninChｉnawitｈChｉｅｆJusｔicｅMarshall’ｓringｉngstatｅmentin18１2，“Thejurisdictｉonoｆanaｔiｏnwithiｎｉtｓteｒritorｙisneceｓsarilyeｘclusiveanｄabsｏlute..．beingalikeｔheaｔtｒｉbuｔｅofｅveｒysoｖereｉgnａndincapaｂlｅofconfｅrrinｇexｔrateｒritｏｒialｐoｗer”?Ｉｔturnsｏutｔｈａt(yī)thefｏrｇottｅｎｃenturyofＡｍｅricａneｘtraｔerｒｉtorialjurisdictｉoninChｉnａiｓastoｒynｏｔｏnlｙaｂoｕｔChinaandtheUniteｄStatｅsbｕtalsｏofiｎｔernaｔｉoｎallａw．Thisｅssayistｈusａlsoａsｔｏryaboｕtｌaw’soperatiｏntrａnsnａｔｉｏnalｌy,ａndacaｓestuｄyofhｏｗlａｗdyｎａmicallybothｃonstitutesanｄｄecｏnstｉtutesｓoverｅiｇnｓatｂｏthnatｉonalａｎdinteｒnａｔiｏnalleveｌs.４５.Whｉｃhoneｏfｔhefolloｗinｇiｓexｔraterrｉtｏｒialｊurisdictionaｃcordinｇｔoｔｈeaｕthｏr?()（a)CｏｕntrｙAimｐosesｆineｔoitsowncitiｚenwhoviolatestｒａfficrulesinCｏｕntｒyA.(b)CouｎｔｒyＡiｍposesfｉnetoａｃitｉzｅnoｆCounｔｒyBwhoviｏlatestｒａfficrulesｉnＣoｕntryA.(ｃ)CoｕntｒyAchargescrimerｅsｐonsibｉlitytoacitｉzenofＣountryＡｗｈoｃomｍｉｔsacrｉmeｉｎCouｎtｒyB．(d)CｏｕnｔryBcｈargeｓcｒｉmｅrｅspｏnｓiｂiｌitｙtoaｃitiｚenofCoｕｎtｒｙAwｈocoｍmiｔsaｃrimeiｎCountrｙＢ．46．WｈicｈｄesｃripｔｉｏｎabｏutCalebＣuｓhｉngiｓNOTtrueaｃcordｉｎgtotｈesecoｎｄpａraｇrａph?()(a)HewasａＭaｓsａchusettscongrｅssｍan．(b)ＨewaｓthefｉｒstＡmerｉcanenvoyｔoChina.(c)Ｈeｗaｓａｌawyer．(d)HewasthｅaｔtorneｙｇeneraloftheUｎｉｔedＳｔatｅsbefoｒevisitedChina.47.Whａt(yī)ｉsNOTiｎcｌudedinthe1844Sino－Ａmｅrｉcabilaterａlｔrｅaty?()(ａ)WｈeｎA(yù)mｅricａｎsenteｒeｄChｉna,tｈeyallcａrriedUＳlaws.(b)AｍeriｃaｎsweｒｅａllowedtotｒadｅfreeｌｙinCantｏn.（c)Ａmｅriｃａnsweｒealloｗedtotｒaｄｅｆreｅlyinfoｕｒothｅrpreviouslｙcloｓedpoｒts.(ｄ)UScitizeｎsinChinａｗerenotsubjeｃttoCｈｉnesｅｌａｗs.48.TheｃontradicｔionbetweｅｎtｈeAｍｅrｉcanexｔraｔｅrrｉｔoriａlityaｎdJustｉcｅＭaｒsｈａlｌ’sｓtatｅmeｎtin18１2ｃaｎberｅconcｉleｄwｈeｎ()(a)theceｎｔｕｒyofAmｅricaｎｅxtraterritoｒｉaljｕrisdictｉonisfｏrgｏｔteｎ.（b）onｅloｏksattheissｕｅfrominternａt(yī)ｉonallｅveｌ.(c)eveｒysｏveｒeigｎｉsincaｐabｌｅofcｏnｆerrｉｎｇextraｔerritorialpower．(d）lawｄynamｉcallycｏnsｔitｕｔesａｎｄｄeconsｔiｔutｅsｓovｅｒeigns.ConｓtｉtuｔioｎaｌaｎdＡdmiｎistratｉveLａwRobｅｒtPostnoｔeｓthatthreｅiｎｔerestshaｖetｒａditioｎalｌybｅeｎａdｖancedtojusｔｉfyｃampaignfinaｎｃereform:eqｕalｉty，ａntiｄistoｒtion，aｎdtheｅlｉmｉｎaｔiｏnofcｏrrupｔｉon.Eaｃｈoftｈeseｔhｒｅｅinterestｓｉsfundamentalwithｉnasystemofｒepreｓenｔativｅgovernmｅnt.Ｅachcoｎstituentｉsentitleｄtoeqｕａlinｆｌｕenｃeｉnｔhｅselectiｏnｏｆｈerreprｅsenｔative；elecｔioｎｒｅsultｓshouｌｄtraｎsparentlｙｒｅｐreｓenｔ,ｗithoutｄisｔorｔioｎ,ｔｈeviewsoｆtｈepeople；ａndelｅctedｒepresentatｉｖeｓshouldpeｒfｏrmtheirappropriatｅroles,ｗｉthｏｕtcorrｕption．Ｎｏneofthesethreeinterｅsts，howeｖｅr,ｍaｋeｓseｎsewitｈinthediｓcursiｖedｅmocrａcｙｅｓtａｂｌｉshedandpｒotecteｄbyFirｓtAmendｍentrighｔｓ.Indｉｓｃｕrsiveｄeｍｏcracy,asdｉsｔiｎctfrｏｍdirectdemocraｃy，ｐuｂlｉcopiniｏｎisalｗａysevoｌｖinｇ;ｉtｄoeｓnｏｔｍａkｅdecｉｓiｏnsｗｉthｒｅspecttｏｗｈｉcｈｃｉｔｉzeｎscanｅxerciｓｅaneqｕａlｉnfｌuence.Iｎdiscurｓｉvｅdeｍocracy,pｕbｌicoｐinｉｏｎｉsneverｒepresenｔed,ｓothaｔthｅreｉsｎobaｓelinefroｍｗhichｄiｓtortｉoｎscａnbemeａsured．Andｔhestａｔe’sｉnterｅstｉnｐresｅrvingtｈeｒoｌemｏralityofreｐreｓenｔativesｆromcorruptｉoncanatmｏstcoｕｎtａsacｏｎsｔituｔionaｌｉnterestｔoｂeｗeighedａgainｓtFirstAmｅｎｄmenｔｉnｔeｒｅstsinprｅｓｅrvingthｅｉntｅgrｉｔyoｆself－governｍｅntthroughdiscｕｒsiｖedemｏcracy.ＩtｉsnowondeｒtｈatthｅconstiｔｕtiｏnａljurisprudｅncｅofcampaｉgnfinanｃereformhａsｂeenaｍuddlesiｎcｅthedaysofBuckleｙv.Vaｌeo.ＣitizensUnitｅdcｏncludesthatneitherequａlｉｔｙ,noｒdistoｒｔion，ｎoreliminatｉnｇcorｒｕption,cａncouｎｔascｏnsｔｉtuｔiｏｎａlｌyｃｏmpeｌlｉnｇintｅreｓtsｃaｐabｌeofjustｉfｙingｌegiｓlａt(yī)ｉonprｏhibiｔingcｏrｐｏraｔiｏｎsfｒommaｋｉngindependentcａｍpａｉgnexpenｄituresｄirｅcｔlyfromtheircorpｏｒatetreaｓurieｓ.Butinｌeaｐiｎｇtotｈisconcｌusioｎ,ＣｉtiｚeｎsＵnitedfaｉlstoengageｉｎasuｆｆiciｅntlｙdeepaｎalｙｓiｓoｆrelevanｔFｉrsｔAmendmｅnｔrｉｇhｔs.ＦｉrｓtAmenｄmentrighｔｓprotectfreedomoｆspeechｉｎordeｒｔoprｅｓerｖeｔhepossibiｌityoｆｓeｌｆ-ｇｏvernｍent.ＴhｅＦirstAmenｄmentassumesthａt(yī)ｐersonｓsｈouldbefrｅｅtｏinfluencｅtheｃontenｔoｆpuｂlicopiniｏｎanｄｔhatthｅgｏvernmentwｉｌlｂｅｒeｓｐonsivetoｐublicopinion．Ｗeassｕｍethaｔeleｃtiｏnｓwilｌenｓｕreｔhatgｏvｅrｎｍeｎtiｓresｐonsiｖｅtopｕblicｏpiniｏn.Iｆｅlectiｏnsdonotselectforreｐｒｅsｅｎtaｔiveｓwhoａｒｅaｔｔentｉｖｅtopublicopinion,hoｗever,thelｉnkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsaｎdtheｖalｕeofｓeｌｆ-governmentｗilldｉsaｐpeａr.Ifｗｅdeｎoｍiｎatethecａpacityｏｆelectiｏｎstoｓeleｃｔreprｅsentatiｖeｓwhoaｒeresponsｉvetｏpubｌicoｐiｎionasｅｌectoraliｎtegrity,leｇisｌａt(yī)ionaｉｍinｇtopresｅrveelｅctｏegｒityｓｅrｖeｓacomｐellinｇconｓtitutionaｌinｔeｒestforｐｕｒposeｓofFｉrｓtAmendmentａnaｌyｓis.CitizeｎsUnｉｔedfaiｌeｄｔoaskwhetｈerthecampaignfｉｎancelegislatioｎitｗasｃonsideriｎｇｓervedｔｈｅpurposeofmainｔaｉningelectoｒalintegritｙ.49.ＷhiｃhofthefoｌlowｉngiｓNOTａnｉnｔerｅsttojuｓｔiｆycampａｉgnfinanｃerefoｒm，acｃordinｇtoRｏbotPｏsｔ?()(a)Ｅａchpersｏnhasaｎequalｏｐpoｒtunityｔoｂeｒeｐresented.(ｂ)Tｈｅeｌｅctionｒesuｌｔshouldbｅpublisｈｅd.（c）Ｐeoｐle’sviｅwshｏuldｂeｐreｓｅｎtｅdｗｉｔhouｔａlｔｅratiｏn.(d)Tｈeelectｅdｒｅpreｓｅｎtativesｓhoulｄｐerfｏrmtheirroleswith“cleａnhanｄs”.５０．Whａt(yī)isthemajorｄiｆfereｎcｅbetwｅｅnｄiscｕrsiｖｅｄemoｃracyanddirectdemoｃracy？（)(a）Pｅopledonｏtvoteｄirｅctly．（b）Itdoesnotｍａｔterｗｈetherarepresenｔatｉvecorrupts.(c）Ｔhｅreｉsnobｅnchmarktoｍｅasuｒｅwｈethｅrpubliｃｏｐｉnioｎisdistｏｒted．(d）ThｅFirｓtAmｅndmentiｎterestsaremoreｉmporｔant.51．Ｗhａt(yī)causｅｓtheｌinkｂetweｅnFirsｔＡmｅndｍｅntriｇhｔｓａnｄｔhevaｌuｅoｆselｆ-governｍｅnｔtｏdiｓａppeａｒ?()(a)Wheｎｅlectｉonsｄｏｎotsｅleｃｔforreｐreseｎtativeｓwhoaｒeａt(yī)tenｔｉvetｏｐublｉcopｉnioｎ.(ｂ)Agovernｍenｔisrｅsｐonｓiｖｅｔoｐubliｃopiｎｉon.(c)Leｇｉｓｌatiｏｎprohiｂitscorｐorａｔiｏnｓfrommakinｇｉndepｅｎdｅｎｔｃampaigneｘpendiｔureｓdirectｌyfｒoｍｔheircorpoｒａｔetreａｓuriｅｓ.(d)Ｗｈenpｅｒsｏnsarefｒeｅtｏｉnfｌｕencethｅcontｅｎtoｆpuｂliｃopｉnion．52.WhatwasthemajorfailureofCitiｚeｎsＵｎiｔedａccordingtｏthｅauｔhｏｒ?()（a)Itsｃonclｕｓｉonｔhatnoneoftheｔｅrestsjustiｆiesthelｅgislａｔionprohｉｂitiｎgcｏrpoｒaｔｉonsfrommaｋｉngindｅpｅndｅntcａmpａｉgnexpｅnditｕｒｅｓ.（b）ItｍaｄｅｎoaｎalysisofrelevａntFiｒｓtAmｅndｍeｎtrights.(c）Itｄｉdnoｔaskwheｔｈerthｅｃａmpaiｇnfinａnｃelｅgislatioｎwａscｏrrｅｃｔ.(ｄ)Ｉｔjumpedｔｏitscｏncｌusiｏnｗithｏuｔanａｌyzingtｈelｅｇislativｅpurpose.CｒiｍｉｎalLaｗThreａt(yī)sｔonationalｓｅcuriｔyａｎｄpuｂliｃsafety,whｅｔherreaｌoｒperｃeｉｖed,resultｉｎａnatｍospｈeｒeconｄuｃivetoｔheaｂusｅｏfcivillibeｒtｉes.Hisｔｏrｙislｉtｔeredwiｔhexamples:TheAlieｎanｄSｅdiｔionActｓｏf１798，theｓuspensｉｏnofhabeas