橡膠林鹿角靈芝循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)創(chuàng)新

////橡膠林鹿角靈芝循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)創(chuàng)新隨著社會發(fā)展和人口增加,以及國際、國內(nèi)市場天然橡膠價格的劇烈波動,海南農(nóng)墾面臨著地少人多、種植業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)單一造成的職工收入偏低的問題。利用墾區(qū)豐富的林下空間資源進(jìn)行開發(fā)和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,改變墾區(qū)單一的經(jīng)濟(jì)模式,發(fā)展林下經(jīng)濟(jì),實現(xiàn)多物種良性循環(huán)的新型產(chǎn)業(yè),對墾區(qū)有限的土地資源實現(xiàn)二次增值具有重要意義。橡膠林下種植鹿角靈芝是響應(yīng)墾區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整、土地增值、職工創(chuàng)收的政策下開展的項目。鹿角靈芝與橡膠林不爭空間、陽光、水分和養(yǎng)分,具有較高的食藥用價值,市場前景廣闊。發(fā)展芝—膠間作模式是墾區(qū)林下經(jīng)濟(jì)模式的創(chuàng)新,為國內(nèi)首創(chuàng),可以充分延伸靈芝和橡膠產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈,實現(xiàn)多物種的良性循環(huán),形成墾區(qū)特有的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式。本研究旨在通過對海南農(nóng)墾橡膠林下鹿角靈芝循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)模式分析,提出農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物(橡膠木屑)→食用菌養(yǎng)殖→菌糠綜合利用(肥料化、飼料化)循環(huán)體系,使林下種植鹿角靈芝發(fā)揮更大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和生態(tài)效益。Alongwiththesocialdevelopmentandpopulationincrease,andtheinternationalanddomesticmarketofnaturalrubberpricevolatility,facinghainanagriculturalreclamationlandlesspeopleandmoresinglecroppingstructurecausedbytheworkerincomeislow.Advantageofrichagriculturalareasofforestsspaceresourcesdevelopmentandindustrialstructureadjustment,changetheagriculturalareasofasingleeconomicmodel,undergrowthdevelopmenteconomy,realizethebenigncyclemorespeciesofnewindustries,andforChinalimitedlandresourcestorealizethesecondaryvalueisofgreatsignificance.Rubberindustrialstructureadjustmentofunderstoryplantingstaghornganodermalucidumisaresponsetothelandreclamationarea,landvalueincrementandstaffunderthepolicyofincomegenerationprojects.StaghornganodermalucidumandXiangJiaoLinspacedoesnotdispute,sunshine,waterandnutrients,hashighmedicinalvalue,foodwideprospectofmarket.Forestsofcheese-glueinterplantingmodeislandreclamationareaeconomydevelopmentmodeofinnovation,forthedomesticinitiative,canmakefullextensionofganodermalucidumandrubberindustrychain,toachievethevirtuouscircleofmorespecies,formedspecialeconomicdevelopmentmodelofagriculturalareas.Thisstudyaimstothroughtheundergrowthofhainanagriculturalreclamationrubberstaghornganodermalucidumcircularagriculturemodeanalysis,putforwardagriculturalwastewood(rubber)toediblefunguscultivation,thefunguschaffcomprehensiveutilization(fertilizer,feed)circulationsystem,makestheforestsgrowstaghornganodermalucidumplayagreatereconomicbenefitandecologicalbenefit.一、高效循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)模式A,efficientcircularagriculturemode(一)氣候和土地資源優(yōu)勢橡膠林內(nèi)溫度變化緩和、濕潤、靜風(fēng),開割膠園郁閉度達(dá)到70%以上,林下溫度在正常氣溫的1~2℃范圍波動,年平均相對濕度在83%~88%。其特有的小冀春花1張永北1史歐陽1吳振忠2(1海南省農(nóng)墾科學(xué)院海南?？?702062福建省菌草開發(fā)工程協(xié)會福建福州350002)氣候生態(tài)環(huán)境非常適合中高溫型菌種鹿角靈芝生長。目前,海南墾區(qū)擁有393萬畝膠園,開割膠園294.26萬畝,開發(fā)和利用的林下種植面積僅9.26萬畝,只占開割膠園的3%。大批閑置的膠林空間為開展食藥用菌業(yè)提供了保障。(a)climateandlandresourceadvantageofrubberforesttemperaturemoderate,humid,nowind,opentappingcrowndensityreachedmorethan70%offorestsinnormaltemperaturerangeof1~2℃temperaturefluctuations,annualaveragerelativehumiditywas83%~83%.ItsuniquesmallJiChunHuaZhangYongbei1souyang1WuZhenzhong2academyoflandreclamationofhainanprovincehaikouhainan(15702062JunCaodevelopmentengineeringassociationoffujianprovincefuzhou350002)climateecologicalenvironmentisverysuitableforhigh-temperaturetypestrainsstaghornganodermalucidumingrowth.Atpresent,with3.93millionacresofhainanlandreclamationareaplasticgarden,openatappinggardenof2.9426millionmu,developmentandutilizationofforestsonly92600muofcultivatedarea,only3%ofopengardentappingrubbertrees.Largenumberofidlerubberforestmedicinal(二)資源利用墾區(qū)每年有約10萬畝的膠園需要更新,開割膠園林下樹枝、更新橡膠木屑都可作為鹿角靈芝的栽培基質(zhì)。因地取材,經(jīng)過改良的栽培基質(zhì)既可以廢物利用、降低成本,又含有豐富的營養(yǎng)成分滿足鹿角靈芝生長需要。栽培料配方為橡膠木屑73%~75%,麥皮20%,玉米粉3%,石膏粉1%,碳酸鈣1%,石灰粉0.5%~1%,含水量為60%。培養(yǎng)料養(yǎng)分分析見表1。(2)resourceutilizationagriculturalareaseachyearabout100000acresofplasticgardenneedstobeupdated,tappinggardenunderthebranches,updatetherubberwoodshavingscanbeasastaghornganodermalucidumcultivationmatrix.Duetomaterials,improvedcultivationsubstratecanwasteutilization,reducecosts,andarerichinnutrientstosatisfystaghornganodermalucidumgrowthneeds.Cultivationmaterialforrubbersawdust73%~75%,wheatskin20%,cornflour3%,gypsum1%andcalciumcarbonate1%,lime0.5%~1%,moisturecontentof60%.PeiYangLiaonutrientanalysisareshownintable1.(三)節(jié)水高效在開割膠園膠菌間作實施節(jié)水灌溉高產(chǎn)模式,灌溉覆蓋率占膠園面積至少為50%以上,可以有效降低高溫對鹿角靈芝生長的影響,對膠園土壤的滋潤程度和效果也非常顯著。從表2可知,采用膠菌高產(chǎn)栽培模式下橡膠產(chǎn)量明顯比對照高,增產(chǎn)效果最高達(dá)到20.8%。其中4、5月增產(chǎn)效果最為明顯。此時正值海南少雨季節(jié),可以大大緩解干旱對橡膠產(chǎn)量的影響。(四)菌糠多元化利用在鹿角靈芝采收之后,有大量的菌絲體和有益菌留在菌包中,并且在菌絲生長過程中通過酶解作用產(chǎn)生多種糖類、有機酸類、酶和生物活性物質(zhì)。菌糠中含有豐富的蛋白質(zhì)、纖維素和氨基酸等。鹿角靈芝菌糠的主要營養(yǎng)成分見表3。營養(yǎng)成分含量豐富,具有很高的研究利用價值。(3)thewatersavingefficiencyintercroppingimplementingwater-savingirrigationintheopengardenrubbertappingbacteriaproductivemode,coverageofplasticgardenirrigationareaofatleast50%above,caneffectivelyreducethehightemperatureinfluenceongrowthofstaghornganodermalucidum,moistdegreeandeffectofplasticgardensoilisalsoverysignificant.Fromtable2,thebacteriaunderhigh-yieldcultivationmodelwithgluerubberyieldsignificantlyhigherthancontrol,increaseyieldupto20.8%.Amongthem4or5monthproductioneffectismostobvious.Itcomesaslittlerainseasoninhainan,cangreatlyalleviatetheimpactofthedroughtonrubberyield.(4)bacterialchaffdiversifieduseinstaghornganodermalucidumafterharvest,thereisalotofmyceliumandbeneficialbacteriainpackage,andintheprocessofhyphagrowththroughenzymolysiseffectproducesavarietyofsugars,organicacids,enzymeandbiologicalactivesubstances.Bacterialchaffisrichinprotein,aminoacidandcellulose.Staghornganodermalucidumfunguschaffofthemainnutritionalcomponentsareshownintable3.Nutrientscontentisrich,hastheveryhighresearchvalue.1.肥料化菌糠發(fā)酵作為肥料已經(jīng)使用在蔬菜、水稻、臍橙等試驗上,可以明顯改良土壤,提高品質(zhì)和產(chǎn)量。本研究利用鹿角靈芝菌糠與牛糞等進(jìn)行堆漚發(fā)酵,施入橡膠肥穴作為有機肥使用。鹿角靈芝采收后第二年冬春干旱季節(jié)的土壤檢測數(shù)據(jù)表明,土壤腐殖質(zhì)、有機質(zhì)、有效氮、有效磷和有效鉀比對照土壤高,菌糠回田可以有效培肥土壤。1.Thebacteriafertilizerbranfermentationasfertilizerhavebeenusedinexperiments,suchasvegetables,rice,navelorange,cansignificantlyimprovesoil,increasethequalityandyield.Thisstudyusedstaghornganodermalucidumfunguschaffrettingpilefermentationwithcowdungandsoon,intotherubberfertilizerpointusedasorganicfertilizer.Staghornganodermalucidumafterharvestedinthesecondyear,thewinterandspringdroughtsoiltestingdatashowsthatthehumussoil,organicmatter,effectivenitrogen,effectivephosphorusandpotassiumishigherthanreferencesoileffectively,bacterialchaffbackfieldcaneffectivelyimprovingsoilfertility.2.飼料化出芝結(jié)束后的培養(yǎng)料,纖維素由38.39%下降到23.3%,下降了39.3%;粗蛋白由5.44%提高到11.4%,粗脂肪由0.40%提高到4.7%(見表1和表3)。同時干料中仍有50%的菌絲體殘留在菌糠中,并且菌糠通氣性好,易保溫、保濕,為利用菌糠作飼料原料提供了科學(xué)依據(jù)。對菌糠進(jìn)行挑選、粉碎、配料并接種發(fā)酵菌劑,按一定的生產(chǎn)工藝處理,就制成了菌糠飼料。本研究對80日齡的育肥豬進(jìn)行了20天的試喂試驗,菌糠的配比為10%。結(jié)果表明,采用靈芝菌糠喂飼的豬平均增重0.88公斤/天,個體生命活力旺盛,得病少。菌渣作為飼料或添加劑可取代麥麩、豆粕等常規(guī)飼料,具有一定安全性;能降低生產(chǎn)成本,有效緩解飼糧不足的矛盾,有廣闊的發(fā)展前景。對于不同動物、最佳添加量、最佳配比使用的效果等方面有待進(jìn)一步研究確定。2.ThefeedischangedafterthecheesePeiYangLiao,cellulosefrom38.39%to38.39%,down39.3%;Crudeproteinincreasedfrom5.44%to11.4%,crudefatincreasedfrom0.40%to4.7%(seetable1andtable3).Atthesametime,thereisstill50%ofmyceliuminthedryresidueinbacterialchaff,andbacterialchaffgoodairpermeability,heatpreservation,moisture,asthefunguschaffisusedasthefeedmaterialprovidesascientificbasis.Toselectedbacterialchaff,pulverizing,mixingandinoculationfermentationbacteriumagent,accordingtocertainproductionprocess,ismadeoffunguschaffforage.Thisstudywascarriedouton80daysofagepigtry20daysoffeedingexperiment,theratioofbacterialchaffwas10%.Resultsshowthattheganodermalucidumfunguschafffeedingpigsgainedanaverageof0.88kg/day,individuallifevigorvigorous,gotsickless.Mushroomresidueasfeedoradditivescanreplaceconventionalfeedwheatbranandsoybeanmeal,haveacertainsecurity;Canreducetheproductioncost,effectivelyrelievethecontradictionsofthefoddershortage,therearebroadprospectsfordevelopment.Optimalformulafordifferentanimals,thebestcontent,useeffectneedsfurtherresearchtodetermine.二、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新Second,thetechnicalinnovation(一)種植環(huán)境創(chuàng)新高郁閉度的開割膠園林下種植鹿角靈芝的林下經(jīng)濟(jì)模式創(chuàng)新,突破了傳統(tǒng)林下經(jīng)濟(jì)模式難以突破的發(fā)展界限。起重機配件傳統(tǒng)林下經(jīng)濟(jì)模式,只能在郁閉度低于0.4的幼齡膠園種植,而林下種植鹿角靈芝的新模式,可以在郁閉度0.6以上的開割膠園種植,給海南熱區(qū)林下經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展拓展了巨大空間。開割膠園林下成功試種鹿角靈芝是熱區(qū)林下經(jīng)濟(jì)的新突破,有望成為熱區(qū)林下經(jīng)濟(jì)新的發(fā)展方向。(a)plantingenvironmentinnovationunderthehighcanopydensityontappinggardenplantingforestsofstaghornganodermalucidumeconomicmodelinnovation,undergrowthbreaksthroughthetraditionaleconomicmodelisdifficulttobreakthroughthedevelopmentoftheboundaries.Undergrowthtraditionaleconomicmodel,canonlybeyoungrubbergardenplantingcanopydensityislowerthan0.4,andthenewmodeofunderstoryplantingstaghornganodermalucidum,canopengardentappingrubbertreesplantedincrowndensity0.6above,totheeconomicdevelopmentofhainantropicalforestsexpandthehugespace.Opentappingstaghornganodermalucidumgardensuccessfullytestedisanewbreakthrough,tropicalforestseconomyisexpectedtobecomenewhotspotforestseconomydevelopmentdirection.(二)栽培技術(shù)創(chuàng)新本研究開展“室內(nèi)培菌,林下出菇”、“菌袋覆土起垅”、“菌床加棚蓋膜”和“節(jié)水灌溉”等鹿角靈芝栽培技術(shù)模式,HDPE防水板是一套應(yīng)對海南氣候氣溫高低多變的實際情況采取的組合措施和栽培技術(shù)創(chuàng)新。對于超過36℃高溫天氣,可以較好地克服菌絲培育階段燒菌和林下出菇階段減產(chǎn)的難題,確保了鹿角靈芝在海南膠園林下能夠順利生產(chǎn)。(2)cultivationandinnovationofthisstudyistoconduct"indoorbacteriaculture,placesinthemushroom","thefungusbagcoveringridging","thefungusbedandcanopycoverfilm"and"water-savingirrigation"staghornganodermalucidumcultivationtechniquessuchasmodel,isaresponsetotheactualsituationofhainanclimatetemperaturehighandlowchangeablecombinationmeasuresandcultivationtechniqueinnovation.Formorethan36℃hightemperatureweather,canbetterovercomethemyceliumcultivationstageandburningforestsmushroomspresentstageproductionproblems,ensurethestaghornganodermalucidumcansmoothproductioninhainanrubbergardens.(三)培養(yǎng)料配方改良首次采用海南當(dāng)?shù)刭Y源改進(jìn)鹿角靈芝培養(yǎng)料配方。原料就地取材,充分利用橡膠林資源,以開割膠園樹枝、更新橡膠木屑等原料,成功配制了鹿角靈芝的培育基料。PeiYangLiaoformula(3)forthefirsttimeusingthehainanlocalresourcestoimprovestaghornganodermalucidumPeiYangLiaoformula.Rawmateriallocalmaterials,makingfulluseofXiangJiaoLinresourcestoopengardenbranchtappingrubbertrees,update,rubberrawmaterialssuchaswoodchips,asuccessfulpreparationofstaghornganodermalucidumcultivationbase.(四)產(chǎn)品優(yōu)勢通過栽培料配方改進(jìn)和栽培技術(shù)完善等綜合因素,該研究獲得鹿角靈芝產(chǎn)品有效成分含量分析見表5。破壁靈芝孢子粉雖靈芝多糖低于菌草鹿角靈芝(2.3%),但其靈芝多糖(1.52%)和三萜酸(1.0%)含量,均高于國內(nèi)野生赤芝、段木赤芝和草粉赤芝,也高于松杉靈芝、中芝及其原產(chǎn)地的日本赤芝。(4)productsuperioritythroughcultivationmaterialformulatoimproveandperfectcombinationofcultivationtechnology,theresearchforstaghornganodermalucidumproductseffectivecomponentcontentanalysisareshownintable5.AlthoughtheganodermalucidumpolysaccharidebelowJunCaostaghornganodermalucidum(2.3%),buttheganodermalucidumpolysaccharide(1.52%)andcontentoftriterpenoidacid(1.0%)werehigherthandomesticwildincluded,DuanMuincludedandtoppingsincluded,ishigherthanthatofthedevelopmentsinganodermalucidum,cheeseanditscountryoforiginJapanincluded.三、展望與建議Three,prospectsandSuggestions該項目在菌糠的再回收及合理化利用方面,對用作燃料和作為食用菌栽培原料再利用等未作研究。靈芝的培養(yǎng)料以木屑、麥皮、玉米粉等為主要原料,曬干后可以作為燃料。泰山奇石鹿角靈芝菌糠含有豐富的養(yǎng)分,用作食藥用菌再生產(chǎn)配料可以節(jié)省成本,提高產(chǎn)量,但對于菌種、配方選擇都要進(jìn)一步研究。研究表明,