美國(guó)文學(xué)課件

AmericanLiteratureAmericanliteratureTheLiteratureofColonialPeriodTheLiteratureofReasonandRevolution

TheliteratureofRomanticism

TheLiteratureofRealism

TheLiteratureofThe20thcentury

1WorkingDraftTheLiteratureofColonialPeriod

2WorkingDraftHistoricalbackground?ThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinNorthAmerica?atJamestown,Virginiain1607.

In1630thepuritansestablishedtheMassachusettsBayColony.

?IndependentWar(1776-1783);thefoundationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic—theUnitedStatesofAmerica.3WorkingDraft

Puritanism:AmericanPuritansPuritanswanttomakeuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.PuritanswishtorestoresimplicitytochurchservicesandtheauthorityoftheBibletotheology.Puritanslookuponthemselvesasachosenpeople,anditfollowlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGod'swillandisnottobeaccepted.Puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.ReligiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.

4WorkingDraftTypesofwriting:

histories,travelaccounts,diaries,biographies,letters,autobiographies,sermons,andpoems.5WorkingDraftMajorwriters:CaptainJohnSmith（約翰·史密斯）

?thefirstAmericanwriter?ADescriptionofNewEngland

《新英格蘭敘事》(1616)?GeneralHistoryofVirginia《弗吉尼亞通史》（1642）

Pocahontas

6WorkingDraftWilliamBradford(1590-1657)consecratedtoamissioninwhichheregardedhimselfasaninstrumentofGod.?Attheageof18,heaccompaniedthegrouptoHollandtoescapepersecution.?13yearslaterhewasoneofthosewho,onDecember11,tookontheMayflowerandenteredPlymouthBay.?From1622untilhisdeath,Bradfordwasreelectedthirtytimedasgovernor.?Masterpiece:OfPlymouthPlantation?OneofthegreatestofcolonialAmerican,wholly7WorkingDraftAnneBradstreet(安妮·布拉德斯特里特)(1612-1672)

?thefirstAmericanwomanpoet?

?aPuritanpoet,oncecalled“TenthMuse”

?mostfamouspoems—“Contemplations”《沉思錄》

8WorkingDraftTheLiteratureofReasonandRevolutionWorkingDraft“TheAgeofReason”

“AmericanEnlightenment”

9HistoricalBackground

PoliticsdominatedtherevolutionaryphaseofAmericanwriting.

ThecrisisinAmericanlifecarriedbytheRevolutionmadeartistsself-consciousaboutAmericansubjects.

ThespirituallifeinthecoloniesduringthatperiodwasmoldedbythebourgeoisEnlightenment.10WorkingDraft2.BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790):

WorkingDraft?PoorRichard'sAlmanack?TheAutobiography11BenjaminFranklinAmericanpolitician,scientist,inventor,andeducator.

Hewasatypicalexampleoftheso-calledAmericanDream.Hehelpeddraftthe“DeclarationofIndependence”.

HeconductedthedifficultnegotiationwithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar.

HefoundedthecollegethatwastobecometheUniversityofPennsylvania.12WorkingDraft3.ThomasPaine(1737-1809):

Painewas“GreatCommonerofMankind”.HewasbornEngland.

Attheageof37,FranklinmethiminLondonandrecognizedhispeculiartalentsintheirAmericanperspective.

HewrotemanypoliticalpamphletsduringtheRevolutionaryperiod.?CommonSense

Crisis

?TheRightsofMan?TheAgeofReaso

13?TheAmericanWorkingDraft

PhilipFreneau(1752-1832)

?“PoetoftheAmericanRevolution”

?“FatherofAmericanPoetry”

?“PioneeroftheNewRomanticism”

?“Agiftedandversatilelyricpoet”

?“TheRisingGloryofAmerica”(1772)?“TheHouseofNight”(1779,1786)?“TheBritishPrisonShip”(1781)WorkingDraft?“TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans”(1781)?“TheWildHoneySuckle”(1786)?“TheIndianBuryingGround”(1788)?“TheDyingIndian:TomoChequi”

14TheliteratureofRomanticism(1820s-1860s)15WorkingDraftHistoricalBackground

Thisisaperiodofrapidgrowthandrapidexpansion

Thisisaperiodofthediscussionofsocialissues

Thisisaperiodofthepursuitofnewbelief

Thisisaperiodofthedevelopmentofeducation

Thisisaperiodofforeigninfluences

16WorkingDraftCharacteristicsofromanticism?

Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperienceandcontained“analienquality”forthesimplereasonthat“thespiritoftheplace”wasradicallynewandalien.?ThereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.Americanromanticauthorstendedmoretomoralize.ManyAmericanromanticwritingsintendedtoedifymorethantheyentertained.?The“newness”ofAmericansasanationisinconnectionwithAmericanRomanticism.?Asalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactorsatwork,Americanromanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent17WorkingDraftWhatdoes

“transcendentalism”mean?ThewordTranscendentalism,meaningthatknowledgecanbeobtainedthroughmentalprocessapartfromexperiences,wasaKantianterm,denoting,asEmersonputit,“whateverbelongstotheclassofintuitivethought.”Emersonalsosaid,Transcendentalismmeansidealism.

18WorkingDraftNewEnglandTranscendentalismImportance:?thesummitofAmericanRomanticism.Representatives:?AgroupofNewEnglanders,RalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreauandMargaretFuller,about30people,mostlyteachersandclergymen,formedaTranscendentalistClubandmetregularlytodiscussmattersofinterestandpublishedajournal,TheDial（《日晷》）toexpresstheiropinions.19WorkingDraftWashingtonIrving(1783-1859)?thefirstAmericanwriterstoearnaWorkingDraftinternationalreputation

?FatheroftheAmericanliterature

?HisTheSketchBookmarkedthebeginningofAmericanromanticism

20MajorWorksAHistoryofNewYorkTheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent.(Thisgiveshiminternationalrecognition.)TheHistoryoftheLifeandVoyagesofChristopherColumbusRipVanWinkleWorkingDraft

21JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)?America'sfirstsuccessfulpopularnovelist;thefirstborderwriter?CreatedamythaobuttheformativeperiodofAmericannation?Helpedintroducethe“western”traditionintoAmericanliteratureWorkingDraft22Majorworks

Masterpiece:TheLeatherstockingTales

ThePioneers(1823),TheLastofMohicans(1826),ThePrairie(1827),ThePathfinder(1840),The

Deerslayer(1841)23WorkingDraftTheLiteratureofRealism(1865-1918)24WorkingDraftHistoricalbackground

1TheCivilWar(1861-1865)adeterioration(惡化)ofAmericanmoralvalues2Increasingindustrializationandmechanizationextremesofwealthandpoverty3Thefrontierwasabouttoclose.peoplebegantofeelasenseofsufferingandunhappiness4InfluencedbyEuropeanliterature

WorkingDraft25TheCharacteristicsofAmericanRealismtruthfuldescriptionoflifetypicalcharacterundertypicalcircumstanceobjectiveratherthanidealized,closeobservationandinvestigationoflife——“Realisticwritersarelikescientists.”

open-ending：Lifeiscomplexandcannotbefullyunderstood.Itleavesmuchroomforreaderstothinkbythemselves.concernedwithsocialandpsychologicalproblems,revealingthefrustrationsofcharactersinanenvironmentofsordidnessanddepravity26WorkingDraftMarkTwain(1835-1910)27WorkingDraftMarkTwain'sMainWorksInnocentsAbroad(1869);

Roughingit(1872);

TheGildedAge(1873);

TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876);

TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1884);

LifeontheMississippi(1883).

28WorkingDraftStephenCrane(1871-1900)斯蒂芬·克萊恩

?Maggie:

AGirloftheStreets街頭女郎梅姬

?TheRedBadgeofCourage紅色英勇勛章

poems)?TheBlackRiders(hisfirstbookof29WorkingDraftFrankNorris(1870-1902)

?FatherofAmericanNaturalism?WorksMcTeague(1899)

Atrilogy(三部曲)：comprisingofTheOctopus(1901)ThePit(1903)TheWolf(neverwritten)

30WorkingDraftThe20thcenturyAmericanLiterature(after1914)---Now31WorkingDraft

HistoricalBackground

TheTwoWorldWarseconomicalprosperityTheU.S.Amadealotofmoney,andthereappearedaneconomicboom.thetechnologicalrevolutionhadbroughtaboutgreatchangesinthelifeoftheAmericanpeople.Afterthewar,theU.S.Ahadbecomethemostpowerfulindustrializednationintheworld32WorkingDraftImagism

apoeticmovementofEnglandandtheUnitedStates,flourishedfrom1909-1917.Itscredo,expressedinSomeImagistPoets,includedtheuseofthelanguageofcommonspeech,projectmatter,theevocationofimagesinhard,clearpoetry,andconcentration.

33WorkingDraftEzraPoundPoundandEliotbecametheearlyleadersinrestoringtopoetrytheuseofliteraryreferenceasanimaginativeinstrumentmajorworks：poetry----“TheCantos”

WorkingDraft34TheLostGenerationWhatarethemaincharacteristics?Sufferingfromthewar,losin