經(jīng)濟(jì)林栽培學(xué) PPT課件 經(jīng)濟(jì)林栽培學(xué)緒論

Dr.MingzhuoHaoExploringForestry&ConservationinChinaNoTimber

ForestryinChinaInternationalEducationCollegeContentsConceptofNTF(EconomicforestorNWF)EconomicforestinChinaClassificationofNTFinChinaCultivationtechniquesTipsforyourStudyContactme一、經(jīng)濟(jì)林與經(jīng)濟(jì)林栽培學(xué)的概念1、經(jīng)濟(jì)林的概念什么是經(jīng)濟(jì)林？你知道那些經(jīng)濟(jì)林？學(xué)生林業(yè)局局長農(nóng)民藝術(shù)家他們的回答可能完全不同

林業(yè)大學(xué)林學(xué)專業(yè)的的學(xué)生必須知道的事有哪些？上這門課能學(xué)到什么？有何益處？一、經(jīng)濟(jì)林與經(jīng)濟(jì)林栽培學(xué)的概念

經(jīng)濟(jì)林的概念1998年森林法將森林分為5大林種：防護(hù)林、用材林、經(jīng)濟(jì)林、薪炭林和特種用途林。經(jīng)濟(jì)林：是以生產(chǎn)果品、食用油料、飲料、調(diào)料、工業(yè)原料和藥材為主要目的的森林。一、經(jīng)濟(jì)林與經(jīng)濟(jì)林栽培學(xué)的概念經(jīng)濟(jì)林栽培學(xué)是專門研究經(jīng)濟(jì)林培育的理論和技術(shù)的學(xué)科。核心目的：提高現(xiàn)有林分的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量使新林栽培建立在科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)掘新的經(jīng)濟(jì)林木資源經(jīng)濟(jì)林栽培學(xué)的相關(guān)課程體系基礎(chǔ)課程：樹木學(xué)、土壤學(xué)、植物學(xué)、植物生理學(xué)、種苗學(xué)、森林培育學(xué)等課程相關(guān)的實(shí)踐課程：設(shè)施栽培學(xué)、耕作學(xué)、水土保持學(xué)等課程相關(guān)的理論課程：生態(tài)學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)等課程其它經(jīng)濟(jì)林學(xué)的分支：經(jīng)濟(jì)林育種學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)林昆蟲與病理學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)林產(chǎn)品貯藏與加工等課程ConceptofNTFinChinaNonTimberForest(NTF)Non-woodforest(NWF)Economicforest(usedinChina)Non-timberproductforestCashforest(cashcrop)In1998.ForestLawofourCountrygaveadefinitiontoNonTimberForestasfollows:NTFIsfocusonthetreesthatproducefruitsornuts,oils,beverages,seasonings,rawmaterialsforindustrys,andChinesemedicines.WhatareNTFPs?Non-timberforestproducts(NTFPsorNWFPs)areplantsorplantpartsthathaveperceivedeconomicorconsumptionvaluesufficienttoencouragetheircollectionandremovalfromtheforest.Thatis,theyarethoseitemsharvestedorremovedfromtheforestlandsforprivateuseorforresale(excluding,sawtimber,poletimber,naturalgas,oil,sand,gravel,shaleandbuildingstoneallofwhicharecoveredunderothersections).Itcanalsobereferredtoasalltheresources/productsthatmaybeextractedfromforestecosystemandareutilisedwithinthehouseholdoraremarketedorhavesocial,culturalorreligioussignificance(FAO,1990).WhatareNTFPs?Theterm“Forestproduct”almostimmediatelybringstomindwoodandwood-basedproducts,butthereareequallyimportantnon-woodproductsthatareprocuredfromtheforest.Theseincludeallbotanicalandothernaturalproductsextractedfromtheforestotherthantimber.Unliketimber-basedproducts,NTFPscamefromalargevarietyofplantpartsandareformedintoadiversesetofproducts:leaves&twigsthatmaybecomponentofdecorativearrangements,fooditemssuchasfruits,fungiandjuices,woodcarvedorwovenintopiecesofartorutilitarianobjectsandroots,leavesandbarkprocessedintoherbalremediesormedicines.Liketimber,NTFPsmayfurtherbeprocessedintoconsumerorientedproducts.NTFinChinaInChina,theso-called"non-woodplantresources"inforestareasincludeleaves,bark,fruit,seed,flowersandsecretions,aswellasothernon-woodyplantsByrationalexploitationandintegratedutilizationoftheseresourcesagreatquantityoffood,clothinganddailynecessitiesareprovidedforthepeopleandremarkableeconomicvaluescanbegeneratedNTFinChinaItisoneof5foresttypes(OthersincludeTimberforest,Protectionforest,Energyforest,Specialpurposeforest)NTFplaysanimportantroleintheforestindustryinChina.TreesfallingintoNTFcategoryhavemorefunctionsintermsofmaintainingecologicalbalance,producingnumerousrelativerawindustrymaterialsandprovidingkindsoffoodswithrichnutritionforpeople’sdailylife(attractingmoreandmoretourists).Therearesomanysightseeinggardenallaroundcitys.Oneappleoneday,stayhealthy.NTFinChinaNTFisthehighlightofgrowingforestryecnonomyandthehotspotofadjustingthestructureofforestryindustry.Goodecologicalbenefits+Goodsocialbenefits+GoodecnomicbenefitsPrimaryindustry+Secondaryindustry+Thirdindustry(forforestindustry,tourism,exportationandsoon)OneyearplantingbutmultiyearharvestIn1980’s,thefirsttextbookabouthowtocultureNTFwaspublishedinChina.NTFculturehistorycanberetrievedbackto2000yearsago.AfterjoininginWTO,thehighdemandforNTFproductionhasbeenraised.Forexample:establishmentofproductionstandardizationforhighqualityfruit.Organic

productandPDO(protectionofplaceoforigin)SomeEcoLogoNTFinChinaOverthelast10years,thedevelopmentofNWFPresourceshasbeengivenhighpriorityinChina.TheareadevotedtoNWFPproductionnowtotals30millionhectaresandwillincreaseatanannualplantingrateofmorethan600,000hectares,taking17percentofourtotalforestedarea.In2010,theoutputofmainnon-woodforestproductssuchaschestnut,redjujube,walnut,teaoil,almond,hawthornandginkgo,toppedallpreviousrecords.Accordingtothereferences(HuFangmingetal.,2006),theannualoutputvalueofNWFPsexceeded200billionRMByuan,accountingforone-thirdofthetotaloutputvalueofforestryinChina.ForeignexchangeearningsfromthesaleofNWFPsreachedUS$340

million.NWFPsconstitutealargeproportionoftotalexportsofforestproductsinChina,andtheyhavebecomeessentialmeansoflivelihoodforthepeople.經(jīng)濟(jì)林在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要作用和地位是壯大農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)、引導(dǎo)群眾脫貧致富的重要途徑為人民生活提供眾多產(chǎn)品，改善人民生活水平，促進(jìn)人類健康經(jīng)濟(jì)林是新興的產(chǎn)業(yè)行業(yè)，提供了大量的就業(yè)崗位，增加了農(nóng)民收入為工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)提供產(chǎn)品和原料，促進(jìn)工農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展，是種植業(yè)中最旺盛的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長點(diǎn)增加出口創(chuàng)匯、支援國家建設(shè)綠化美化環(huán)境，改善生態(tài)條件(三效益結(jié)合最好)經(jīng)濟(jì)林產(chǎn)品種類繁多，經(jīng)加工以后可以制成油料、淀粉、香料、調(diào)味品、漆料、蠟料、膠料、樹脂、單寧、纖維和藥物等多種產(chǎn)品。提問：我們每天接觸多少經(jīng)濟(jì)林產(chǎn)品？

在調(diào)整林業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)中具有重要作用經(jīng)濟(jì)林是三大效益結(jié)合的最好的林種，林業(yè)的可持續(xù)健康發(fā)展離不開經(jīng)濟(jì)林。特別適合開發(fā)山區(qū)的土地資源，適合發(fā)展庭園經(jīng)濟(jì)?！叭搅环痔铩?，我國土地資源極其匱乏。1994年，林業(yè)部召開全國山區(qū)林業(yè)綜合開發(fā)和經(jīng)濟(jì)林現(xiàn)場會，國務(wù)委員陳俊生說：“山區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展優(yōu)勢在山，希望在林，突破在經(jīng)濟(jì)林。經(jīng)濟(jì)林周期短、效益高、市場競爭力強(qiáng)。全國奔小康，關(guān)鍵在農(nóng)村；農(nóng)村奔小康，難點(diǎn)在山區(qū)?！?/p>

經(jīng)濟(jì)林在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要作用和地位NTFinChinaMaincharacteristicsRichresourcesMorethan2000yearscultivationhistory,numerousproductsRapiddevelopmentofscale,culturetechniques,productprocessingPaymoreattentiontoorganic,famous,specialized,greenandPDO

productionsMultifunction(i.e.ecological,tourism…)NTFinChina我國經(jīng)濟(jì)林生產(chǎn)的特點(diǎn)種類繁多、資源豐富栽培歷史悠久、生產(chǎn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富充分利用土地、栽培形式多樣家生野生同時利用、廣開生產(chǎn)門路NTFinChina我國經(jīng)濟(jì)林生產(chǎn)發(fā)展趨勢適生區(qū)栽培規(guī)?；?、矮密化、集約化栽培品種多樣化、產(chǎn)品優(yōu)質(zhì)化綠色無公害栽培、有機(jī)產(chǎn)品栽培貯藏運(yùn)輸和加工的設(shè)備及手段現(xiàn)代化名特優(yōu)產(chǎn)品基地化產(chǎn)業(yè)化NTFinChina我國經(jīng)濟(jì)林建設(shè)發(fā)展策略對經(jīng)濟(jì)林重新認(rèn)識科學(xué)地做好區(qū)劃、規(guī)劃建設(shè)名特優(yōu)商品基地及地方品牌保護(hù)我國現(xiàn)經(jīng)國家林業(yè)局和中國經(jīng)濟(jì)林協(xié)會命名的中國名特優(yōu)經(jīng)濟(jì)林之鄉(xiāng)現(xiàn)有200多個。江蘇省現(xiàn)在有三個，泰興、邳州和豐縣。計(jì)劃：500個名特優(yōu)新經(jīng)濟(jì)林基地縣，100個經(jīng)濟(jì)林示范點(diǎn)NTFinChinaChianisvastinterritory,diversifiedinclimateandsoiltypes.NTFresourceishuge,whosedistributionisextensiveandproductkindsarenumerous.Theforestisaplantcommunitycomposedoftreesandothervegetationwhichcontainsnotonlyagreatquantityoftimberreserves,butalsoabundantnon-woodplantandanimalresources.Accordingtoincompletestatistics(ShiKunshan,2010),thereare:Over1,900speciesofwoodyplantsintheforestedareasofChinaOver340speciesofaromaticplantsMorethan120speciesofedibleplantsAbout400speciesofmedicinalplantsOver100speciesofeconomicplantsand80speciesofnectariferousplant.Accordingtotextbook(Yangjianmin,etal.,2004),thereare:Morethan1000speciesofNTF400speciesofwoodyoils200speciesofwoodyfruitsandnuts400speciesofrawindustrymaterialsClassificationofNTFinChinaClassifyingtheseproductsintolikecategoriesisanimportantfirststepofunderstandingtheNTFPsindustry.InChina,NTFspeciesaredividedinto10categoriesintermsofwhattheirproductsusedfor.(Differenttextbookshavedifferentclassificationmethods)Aboveall,NTFPscanbebroadlyclassifiedintoediblesandnon-edibles.Also,allspeciescanbedividedinto2groups:Usefruits(orseeds)UseotherpartsoftreesSomespecieshavemultiutilization(likeGingko,Chestnut,Jujubi)ThenumberofproductsavailablefromNTFPisconsideredtobestaggering.TheUnitedNationsandFood&AgriculturalOrganisationclaimedthatatleast150non-woodproductsarefoundininternationalmarkets.ClassificationofNTFinChina1FruitandNutforests(果用經(jīng)濟(jì)林)NuttreesFruittreesFoodtreesandoiltreeshavecommoncharacteristics:strongresistancetonaturaldisaster,stableyieldsandlessmanpowerinputcomparedwithagriculturalcrops.Thesekindsoftreescanbeusedtogreenthemountainsandlandscape,tobeautifytheenvironment,toconservewaterandsoil,andtoproduceavarietyofforestbyproductssuchastimber,forageandmedicinalmaterials.Therefore,broadprospectsexistinthedevelopmentandintegratedutilizationoffoodandoiltreesLet’shavealookatthemthenNutforestProvidenuts,suchas:WalnutChestnutCashewnutGingkoAlmondsPecanPineseedsFruitforestandNutforestWalnut(JuglansL.)

isatraditionalcommodityofChinawhichisexportedinlargequantities.Ithaswidestdistributionarea.Thetotalareaofwalnutinthecountryisover1millionhectares,andannualoutputaveragesabout100,000tons.Chinesewalnutsaredeliciousandofgoodquality.Thecalorificvalueofwalnutnucleolusissixtimesthatofbeef.Itcontainsproteinandfatwhichareeasyabsorbedbythehumanbody.Nucleolusisalsoagoodsolventwhichcanbeusedinextractionofroseoil,violet,essentialoiloffish,andpelargonium.Itisalsovaluabletotheperfumeryindustry.TheannualexportquantityofwalnutsfromChinaisabout47,000tons,withanannualexportvalueofUS$30-50million.WalnutsareexportedmainlytoEurope,CanadaandothercountriesinAsia.FruitforestandNutforestChestnut(Castaneaspp)

isanutritious,fragrantandtastyforest-derivedfood,andanimportantexportproduct.Itgrowsin23provincessouthofLiaoningProvince,coveringatotalareaof300,000hectares.Theannualproductionofchestnutsaveragesabout33,000tons,accountingforone-tenthoftheworldtotal.Thereare51countiesthatproduceatleast250tons.TheoutputofQianxi,XinglongandZunhuacountiesinHebeiProvincetops500tonsperyearineachcounty.Chinaexports25,000tonsofchestnutsannually(mostofwhichgotoJapan),earningforeignexchangetotalingaboutUS$50millioneachyear.Veryexpensive,OnlyplantedinZhejiangandYunnanAnacardiumoccidentaleL.OnlyplantedinHainanandYunnanAlmondsMostlyplantedinXinjiangandGansuAlsocalledHappyfruitMostplantedinnortheastChinaGingko,nationaltreeFruitforestandNutforestGingko(Ginkgo)

isararespeciespeculiartoChina.Itcontainsrichstarch,fat,proteinandavarietyofvitaminsandcanbeusedasfoodandmedicine.Progesteronecanbeextractedfromthefruitsofgingko,usedtotreatcerebrovasculardisease,cerebrumfunctionalfailure,coronaryheartdisease,andanginapectoris.Oralandinjectionliquidshavealsobeenextractedfromtheleavesofgingkoinrecentyears.(richcontentofflavone&innerester)Gingkoisdistributedovermorethan20provincesinChinawithanannualoutputof5,000tons,mostofwhichisexported.TheforeignexchangeearningstopUS$7millioneachyearJiangsuisthebiggestproducingdistrictinChinaPecan

Caryaillinoinensis(Wangenh.)K.KochFigficuscaricaFruitforestProvidefruits,suchas:GrapeApplePeachPearNectarineKiwiLitchiGrape---RainproofCultivationHaha,DoyouknowApplepolisherAppleMostplantedinNorthChinaPearPeachloquatnectarineKiwiFruitandCherryLitchichinensisSonn菠蘿蜜Jackfruit皇帝柑Guava黃皮ClausenalansiumDragonfruit蓮霧EugeniajavanicaLamDurian；DuriozibethinusTropicalfruitemperorDoyouwanttokownhiswife?MangosteenWifeoftropicalfruitemperorLonganAverrhoacarambolaLShatianPomeloWoodyOilforestCanextractoilsfromseeds,suchas:TeaoilTungOilTreeYellowhornPistaciasinensisTallowTree油茶

TeaoilOilforestTea-oil(Camelliaoleigera)

isaspecialproductinChina,growingin15provincesoveranareaofmorethan4millionhectares.Theannualoutputofteaoilis500tons,accountingfor8.6percentoftheedibleplantoilproducedinthecountry.InHunanandJiangxiprovinces,whicharethecentralproductionareasofteaoilinChina,overhalfoftheedibleoilconsumedintheruralareasisteaoil.Theunsaturatedfattyacidcontainedinteaoilisashighas98percentandiseasilyabsorbedbythehumanbody.Integratedutilizationofteaoilanditsresiduesproducesgoodeffects.Forexample,Chinahasextractedsaponinfromteadregs,whichcanbeusedtomanufacturecleansers,detergents,foamingagentsandinsecticides.ItalsoactsasmedicinetodecreasecholesterolandpreventheartdiseaseYellowhorn文冠果OilforestYellowhorn(Xanthocerassorbifolia)

isanimportantoiltreespeciesinNortheastChina,NorthChinaandNorthwestChina.Ithasbeenintroducedandcultivatedin14provincesoveratotalareaofabout50,000hectares.Theannualoutputisabout3,750tons.Yellowhornisveryhighinlinoleicacid,thusgoodforhealth.Yellowhornalsoyieldsanimportantmaterialusedinthemanufacturingofliquidcrystalsusedincolortelevisionsandcalculators三年桐學(xué)名油桐，長得快，結(jié)果早，產(chǎn)量高，盛果期可達(dá)20年～30年。千年桐學(xué)名木油桐，因果皮有皺紋，又稱龜背桐，寓意長命百歲。千年桐比三年桐高大，有10多米，樹齡較長。油桐種子榨出的油叫桐油；木油桐種子榨出的油叫木油，質(zhì)量稍遜。ThousandyearTungOilTreeAleuritesmontanaOilforestTungOilTree(Aleuritesfordii)

isoneofthemajorindustrialoiltreespeciesinChina,occurringinthe16southernprovinces,withatotalareaofabout1.8millionhectaresplantedandanannualoutputof105,000tons(1989).TungoilhasbeenexportedbyChinaformanyyears.Theannualexportvolumeisabout12,000tonsandtheforeignexchangeearnedisaboutUS$15million.Inrecentyears,Japanhasbeenthebiggestimporteroftunaoil,accountingforabout75percentofthetotalexported.OilforestTallowTree(Sapiumsebiferum)

isanimportantwoodyoilplantinChina,foundin15provinces.Itcoversmorethan200,000hectareswithannualoutputofabout85,000tons.Theoilisextractedfromtheseedoftallowtree.Itsfatandpulpareimportantchemicalmaterialswhicharewidelyusedinsoap,waxcandles,paint,printingink,waxpaper,skin-protectinglotions,metal-paintingagentsandothers.Theleafcontainsmuchtanninwhichcanbeusedinthemanufactureofblackpigmentandpesticides.Theleafandrootcanbeusedasmedicinalmaterialsandfordetumescence,toxification,diuresisandpainrelief.Thebarkisamaterialfortanningextractsandtheflowerisanectarsource.Chinahasmadecertainachievementsintheutilizationoftallowtreefatandtheexploitationofnewwoodyoilplantsinrecentyears.Thereisasmallquantityexported,mainlytoEuropeandAmerica.Swidawilsoniana光皮樹Pistaciasinensis黃連木Cortexjatrophae、麻瘋樹、膏桐ChineseoliveSeasoningforest&aromaticforestCanproduceseasoningandperfumeessence,suchas:MountainSpicyTreeEucalyptsCamphortreeClovetreeChineseredpepperAnisetree

Fruitofcubeblitseatree山蒼子MountainSpicyTreeSeasoningforest&aromaticforestMountainSpicyTree(Litseacubeba)

isanimportantaromaticoilplantwidelydistributedinalmostallprovinces.Mostpartsoftheplant,includingtheroot,stem,leaf,barkandfruit,containaromaticoil.Especiallyusefulisthefruit,fromwhicharomaticoil(cubebaoil)canbeobtainedaftersimpledistillation.Itsoilcontainslemonaldehyde,aromadendrolandterpene.Itcanbeuseddirectlyasfragrantmaterialsinsodadrinksandbeer,andindirectlyforperfume,medicine,plastics,syntheticrubber,printingandfood.Ithasbeenprovedthatcubebaoilcanremovethecarcinogenicsubstancesfromgrain.Aconsiderablebenefithasbeenobtainedfromthesecondaryprocessingofcubeba.Forexample,theYiyangChemicalFactory,HunanProvinceshasproducedavarietyofproductsfromnucleolusoilwithanannualoutputvalueof8.5millionyuan.Asthecontentofnucleolusoilissimilartothatofcoconutoil,ithasbeenusedinHunantoreplacethelatter.Thishassavedalargeamountofforeignexchange.BestforcuringSAS桉樹EucalyptusSeasoningforest&aromaticforestEucalypts

wereintroducedintoChinamorethanahundredyearsago.Nowtheyarecultivatedonover670,000hectaresdistributedover16provinces.Theoutputofeucalyptoil,whichcanbeextractedfromtheleavesisabout3,000tonsforanaverageyear,ofwhichone-thirdisexported,mainlytoFranceandGermany.Eucalyptoilismainlyusedinmedicine,perfumeryandindustrialproduction.Atpresent,goodeconomicbenefitshavebeenachievedinmanyeucalyptoil-producingfactoriesinChina.Forexample,theannualoutputofessentialoilintheKunmingPerfumeFactory,YunnanProvince,isabout500tons,includingthe"Yilan"Brandwhichcontains80percenteucalyptoilandenjoyshighprestigeintheinternationalmarkets.

Eucalyptuscitriodora

oilproducedintheBaihuaPerfumeFactory,Guangzhou,aswellaspurecitronellal,citronellolandrhodinolextractedfromcrudeoilintheFuzhouPerfumeFactory,andtheZhangzhouPerfumeFactoryhavebeenputonthemarket,resultinginhigheconomicbenefits樟樹CamphorCamphorballcanprotectcloths丁香SyzygiumaromaticumClovetree玫瑰茉莉Rose&JasmineCassiabark花椒ChineseredpepperBeverageforestCanproducebeverages,suchas:SeabuckthornEmblicCocoChineseteaCoffeeHippophaerhomnoides(seabuckthorn)Emblic(Yuganzi)BeverageforestSeabuckthorn(Hippophaerhomnoides)

isawildshrubgrowingin20provincesinNorthChina,NortheastChinaandNorthwestChina,coveringanareaofover1millionhectares.Inthepast,Seabuckthornwasmainlyusedtoestablishsoilandwaterconservationforestsandfuelwoodforests.Theexploitationandutilizationofthisrareresourcedatesfromonlythemid-1980s,buthasdevelopedrapidly,producingremarkableeconomicandsocialbenefits.Seabuckthorncontainsrichnutritionalandmedicinalqualities.Seabuckthornjuiceisahealthydrink,andSeabuckthornwineisanti-pyreticandgoodforthemind.Theoilreducesradiation,fatigue,andbloodfat,andstrengthensvitality.In1990,therewereover150SeabuckthornprocessingfactoriesinChina,withanannualproductioncapacityofabout150,000tons.ThevarietyofproductsmadefromSeabuckthornhasevolvedfromtheoriginalcrudejuiceandsoftdrinks,toover200finishedproductsin8differentcategories,includingsoftdrinks,food,wine,daily-usechemicals,medicine,healthprotection,forageandadditives.Over50productshavewonhighawardsatnationalandprovinciallevels.TheproductsofSeabuckthornproducedbyHualinSeabuckthornFactory,ShanxiProvince,areofparticularlyhighquality.ThisfactoryisthemostadvancedandbiggestofitskindinChinaandhasproductionlineswithadvancedtechnologyusingahighdegreeofautomation.Greatbenefitswillresultfromtheexploitationofseabuckthorn.Fifteentonsofjuicecanbeobtainedfrom1hectareofwildSeabuckthornforest,yieldinganetprofitof10,000yuan.TheSeabuckthornBeverageFactoryofYouyuCounty,ShanxiProvince,hasanannualproductioncapacityof4,000tons,withoutputof1,640tonsofcondensedSeabuckthornjuice,powderandlightsparklingwine,valuedat5millionyuan.ThetotalvalueofSeabuckthornproductsinthe7provincesinmiddleandupperreachesoftheChangjiangRiverexceeded100millionyuanin1988.Inrecentyears,jointventureshavebeensetupbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates,JapanandSwitzerlandtodevelopSeabuckthornproducts.樺樹BirchBeverageforestBirchJuice

isapopularsoftdrinkinChina.Chinahasabundantbirchresources,with34speciescoveringatotalareaof10millionhectares.TheseresourcesaremainlydistributedinNorth,Northeast,NorthwestandSouthwestChina,includingHeilogjiangProvince(1.5millionhectares),InnerMongoliaAutonomousRegion(3.96millionhectares)andJilinProvince(290,000hectares).Thedrinkmadefrombirchjuiceiswidelyenjoyedbyconsumers.GoodqualitybirchjuicesoftdrinkproducedbytheChifengForestResearchInstitute,InnerMongolia,incooperationwithNingchengCountyTinFactory,hasbeendisplayedandsoldinmanynationalexhibitions.Aseriesofproductssuchasbirchsyrup,birchcola,birchhoneypeach,andothersproducedbytheForestDrinkFactoryofDailingForestryBureau,HeilongjiangProvince,representsanannualvalueof2.94millionyuan.Morethanahundredpeoplehavebeenemployedsinceproductionbeganin1986.TheForestResearchInstituteofKoreaAutonomousPrefectureandWangqingForestryBureau,JilinProvince,incollaborationwithresearchorganizations,havetrial-produced"SenhuaChampagne,""Senhuabao"and"BirchHawDrink."ThesebirchproductsarealsoexportedtoSouthKoreaandHongKong.2700yearsoldteatreeBlackCurrant紅醋栗BeverageforestBlackCurrant(Ribesnigrum)

isaperennialberryshrubwhosefruitsarerichinnutrientsandavarietyofvitamins,organicacids,traceelementssugar,andothers.Blackcurrantcanbeprocessedintowine,fructose,fruitjuiceandjam.Asoneofthemajornon-woodforestproductsinHeilongjiangProvince,thecultivationareaofblackcurrantcovers14,000hectaressupplyingmorethan70processingfactories."Huanle"Brandhigh-gradebeverage,jointlyproducedbyAchengBlackCurrantProductsFactory,HeilongjiangProvince,andafactoryinChengde,HebeiProvince,wasassignedtoproduceforstatebanquetsbytheStateCouncilin1985,andhaswonbroadacceptanceininternationalmarkets.ChinesebayberryMyricarubru.楊梅椰子CoconutCaulisAcanthopanacisSenticosiCocoa可可Tropicever–greenplant,canmakechocolate.可可是一種熱帶常綠植物，故鄉(xiāng)在拉丁美洲，知道嗎？你喜歡吃的巧克力就是它的種子做成的。ChinesemedicineforestCanproducemedicines.Suchas:EucommiaulmoidesOfficinalmagnoliaGoldencypress(Chinesecorktree)CommonMacrocarpium

Chineseyew黃柏AmurCorktreeBark

Goldencypress山茱萸CommonMacrocarpium

MedicineforestCommonMacrocarpium(Macrocarpiumofficinalis)

occursinmanyprovinces,includingZhejiang,Anhui,Henan,Shandong,Shanxi,ShaanxiandSichuan.Itsfruitcontainsglucoside,organicacids,vitaminA,sugarandminerals.Itisgoodfortheliverandkidneys,goodforthestomachandeyes,diuresis,andthebloodandforreducingbloodpressure.Thecountry'sannualoutputfluctuatesbetween600and900tons.Undernormalmanagement,theoutputoffreshfruitis30to50kilogramsperhectare,valuedat230to300yuan.Asof1987,thetotalareaplantedreached1,333hectares,withanannualoutputof160tons,producinganincomeof82millionyuan枸杞MatrimonyvineLyciumchinensis美登木Maytenushookeri紅豆杉Taxuschinensis

Chineseyew三尖杉Cephalotaxusfortunei金銀花HoneysuckleFlosLonicerae五味子ChineseNorthmagnoliavinefruitMedicineforestSomespeciescanproducenatureinsecticides,suchas:MeliaazedarachSichuanNeemSchimasuperbaChineseashGingko苦楝Chinaberry,NeemMeliaazedarachSichuanNeem木荷SchimasuperbaGoodfire-resistanttreespecies木材色白質(zhì)軟，可作家具及火柴桿等。葉有毒，能殺蟲，含水楊酸、內(nèi)酯、酚性成分；種子含脂肪油。種子繁殖，當(dāng)年播種出芽率較高。可作核桃砧木。ChineseashRawindustrymaterialsforestCanproducerawindustrymaterials,like:LacquertreeRubber,Gum,RosinKatusCyatheaspinulosaSmoketreeRawindustrymaterialsforestRawLacquer

ismadefromtheleafliquidofthelacquertree

(Toxicodendronvernicifluum)

andhasstrongabsorptiveandanti-corrosivequalities.Inadditiontocoatingmaterialsusedwidelyforbuildingconstructionitcanalsobewidelyusedindefence,machinery,petroleum,andthechemicalindustries,mining,brewing,shipbuilding,artsandcrafts,andprintinganddyeing.ThelacquertreeisdistributedoverthefiveprovincesofShaanxi,Guizhou,Hubei,YunnanandHunan,coveringanareaofabout500,000hectares.Theannualoutputofrawlacqueris2,750tons.RawlacquerisatraditionalexportofChina.Between1980and1986,theannualexportsofrawlacqueraveraged300tons.Japan,HongKong,MacaoandtheUnitedKingdomarethemainimportingcountries.ForeignexchangeearnedisaboutUS$4millionperyear.橡膠和樹脂Rubber,Gum,RosinRawindustrymaterialsforestRosinandTurpentine

areimportantearnersofforeignexchangeforChina.Theannualoutputofrosinandturpentineare400,000tonsand46,000tons,respectively.Theannualexportofrosinisabout200,000tons,whichrepresents40to50percentofthetotaltradeofrosinthroughouttheworld.TheforeignexchangeearnedforChinafromrosinisaboutUS$100millionayear.Over550,000tonsofresinareproducedinSouthChinaeachyear,whichhascreated300,000jobsandincreasedpersonalincomeby2,000yuanperpersonperyearonaverage.Secondaryprocessingofrosinproducesaddedvalueandbenefits.TheCentral-SouthForestryCollege,incooperationwithShaoyangForestChemicalFactory,forexample,earns10,000yuanprofitpertonforketoneproducedfromrosin.TheDequingForestChemicalFactory,GuangdongProvince,producesafulllineofsecondaryproductsmadefromrosinincludinghigh-qualityrosin,turpentine,andsyntheticcamphor.ExportsearnUS$3.6millioninforeignexchangeeachyear.栲樹KatusCanmakecolourant桫欏CyatheaspinulosaCanmakecolourant黃櫨Smoketree，CotinuscoggygriaCanmakecolourant青檀BarkscanmakepaperWingcelt