2021年托福聽力模擬試題及答案(卷八)

經(jīng)典word整理文檔，僅參考，雙擊此處可刪除頁眉頁腳。本資料屬于網(wǎng)絡(luò)整理，如有侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系刪除，謝謝！2021年托福聽力模擬試題及答案（卷八）Butterfliesareamongthemostextensivelystudiedinsects—itisestimatedthat90percentoftheworld'sspecieshavescientificnames.Asaconsequence,theyareperhapsthebestgroupofinsectsforexaminingpatternsofterrestrialbioticdiversityanddistribution.Butterfliesalsohaveafavorableimagewiththegeneralpublic.Hence,theyareanexcellentgroupforcommunicatinginformationonscienceandconservationissuessuchasdiversity.Perhapstheaspectofbutterflydiversitythathasreceivedthemostattentionoverthepastcenturyisthestrikingdifferenceinspeciesrichnessbetweentropicalandtemperateregions.Forexample,in1875onebiologistpointedoutthediversityofbutterfliesintheAmazonwhenhementionedthatabout700specieswerefoundwithinanhour'swalk,whereasthetotalnumberfoundontheBritishislandsdidnotexceed66,andthewholeofEuropesupportedonly321.Thisearlycomparisonoftropicalandtemperatebutterflyrichnesshasbeenwellconfirmed.Ageneraltheoryofdiversitywouldhavetopredictnotonlythisdifferencebetweentemperateandtropicalzones,butalsopatternswithineachregion,andhowthesepatternsvaryamongdifferentanimalandplantgroups.However,forbutterflies,variationofspeciesrichnesswithintemperateortropicalregions,rathermanbetweenthem,ispoorlyunderstood.Indeed,comparisonsofnumbersofspeciesamongtheAmazonbasin,tropicalAsia,andAfricaarestillmostly"personalcommunication"citations,evenforvertebrates.Inotherwords,unlikecomparisonbetweentemperateandtropicalareas,thesepatternsarestillinthedocumentationphase.Indocumentinggeographicalvariationinbutterflydiversity,somearbitrary,practicaldecisionsaremade.Diversity,numberofspecies,andspeciesrichnessareusedsynonymously;littleisknownabouttheevennessofbutterflydistribution.TheNewWorldbutterfliesmakeupthepreponderanceofexamplesbecausetheyarethemostfamiliarspecies.Itishopedthatbyfocusingonthem,theerrorsgeneratedbyimperfectandincompletetaxonomywillbeminimized.1.Whichaspectofbutterfliesdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Theirphysicalcharacteristics(B)Theirnames(C)Theiradaptationtodifferenthabitats(D)Theirvariety2.Theword"consequence"inline2isclosestinmeaningto(A)result(B)explanation(C)analysis(D)requirement3.Butterfliesareagoodexampleforcommunicatinginformationaboutconservationissuesbecausethey(A)aresimpleinstructure(B)areviewedpositivelybypeople(C)havebeengivenscientificnames(D)arefoundmainlyintemperateclimates4.Theword"striking引人注目的"inline8isclosestinmeaningto(A)physical(B)confusing(C)noticeable(D)successful5.Theword"exceed超過"inline11isclosestinmeaningto(A)locate(B)allow(C)gobeyond(D)comecloseto6.AllofthefollowingarementionedasbeingimportantpartsofageneraltheoryofdiversityEXCEPT(A)differencesbetweentemperateandtropicalzones(B)patternsofdistributionofspeciesineachregion(C)migrationamongtemperateandtropicalzones(D)variationofpatternsofdistributionofspeciesamongdifferentanimalsandplants7.TheauthormentionstropicalAsiainlines19asanexampleofalocationwhere(A)butterflybehaviorvarieswithclimate(B)ageneraltheoryofbutterflydiversityhasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablished(C)butterfliesareaffectedbyhumanpopulations(D)documentingplantspeciesismoredifficultthandocumentingbutterflyspecies8.WhichofthefollowingisNOTwellunderstoodbybiologists?(A)Europeanbutterflyhabitats(B)Differencesinspeciesrichnessbetweentemperateandtropicalregions(C)Differencesinspeciesrichnesswithinatemperateoratropicalregion(D)Comparisonsofbehaviorpatternsofbutterfliesandcertainanimalgroups9.Theword"generated"inline26isclosestinmeaningto(A)requested(B)caused(C)assisted(D)estimatedDABCCCBCB語法小試牛刀43.IntheUnitedStates,(the)attorneygeneralisacabinet內(nèi)閣(member)incharge(with)the(administration)oftheDepartmentofJustice.答案:Càof44.(Toward)theendofhislife,JohnSingerSargent(returned)tothepaintingoflandscapesand(theuse)ofwatercolors,(of)whichhe擅長答案:Dàat(4)of+抽象名詞eg:anobjectofvalue=avaluableobject,itisofgreatvalue=itisveryvaluable其它如：ofinterest/value/importance/necessity/help/nouse,etc.7.固定詞組及搭配adv+prep=prepasidefrom,becauseof,onaccountof,accordingto,regardlessof,inspiteof,inhonorof,contraryto,onthecontrary,bymeansof,dueto,owingto,thanksto,onthebasisof,indangerof,inviewof,insteadof,inadditionto,forthesakeof,forthemostpart,inresponsetoDuringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury,theproductionoffoodandfeedcropsintheUnitedStatesroseatanextraordinarilyrapidrate.Cornproductionincreasedbyfourandahalftimes,haybyfivetimes,oatsandwheatbyseventimes.Themostcrucialfactorbehindthisphenomenalupsurgeinproductivitywasthewidespreadadoptionoflabor-savingmachinerybynorthernfarmers.By1850horse-drawnreapingmachinesthatcutgrainwerebeingintroducedintothemajorgrain-growingregionsofthecountry.Horse-poweredthreshingmachinestoseparatetheseedsfromtheplantswerealreadyingeneraluse.However,itwastheonsetoftheCivilWarin1861thatprovidedthegreatstimulusforthemechanizationofnorthernagriculture.Withmuchofthelaborforceinductedintothearmyandwithgrainpricesontherise,northernfarmersrushedtoavailthemselvesofthenewlabor-savingequipment.In1860therewereapproximately80,000reapersinthecountry;fiveyearslatertherewere350,000.Afterthecloseofthewarin1865,machinerybecameevermoreimportantinnorthernagriculture,andimprovedequipmentwascontinuallyintroduced.By1880aself-bindingreaperhadbeenperfectedthatnotonlycutthegrain,butalsogatheredthestalksandboundthemwithtwine.Threshingmachineswerealsobeingimprovedandenlarged,andafter1870theywereincreasinglypoweredbysteamenginesratherthanbyhorses.Sincesteam-poweredthreshingmachineswerecostlyitems—runningfrom$1,000to$4,000—theywereusuallyownedbycustomthresherownerswhothenworkedtheirwayfromfarmtofarmduringtheharvestseason."Combines"werealsocomingintouseonthegreatwheatranchesinCaliforniaandthePacificNorthwest.Theseponderousmachines—sometimespulledbyasmanyas40horses—reapedthegrain,threshedit,andbaggedit,allinonesimultaneousoperation.Theadoptionoflabor-savingmachineryhadaprofoundeffectuponthesaleofagriculturaloperationsinthenorthernstates—allowingfarmerstoincreasevastlytheircropacreage.Bytheendofcentury,afarmeremployingthenewmachinerycouldplantandharvesttwoandhalftimesasmuchcornasafarmerhadusinghandmethods50yearsbefore.1.WhataspectoffarmingintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturydoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Howlabor-savingmachineryincreasedcropProduction(B)WhysouthernfarmswerenotassuccessfulasSuccessfulasnorthernfarms(C)FarmingpracticesbeforetheCivilWar(D)Theincreaseinthenumberofpeoplefarming2.Theword"crucial至關(guān)重要的"inline4isclosestinmeaningto(A)obvious(B)unbelievable(C)important(D)desirable3.Thephrase"avail利用themselves"inline11isclosestinmeaningto(A)takecare(B)makeuse(C)getrid(D)domore4.Accordingtothepassage,whywastheCivilWarastimulusformechanization?(A)Thearmyneededmoregraininordertofeedthesoldiers.(B)Technologydevelopedforthewarcouldalsotheusedbyfarmers.(C)Itwashopedthatharvestingmoregrainwouldlowerthepriceofgrain.(D)Machineswereneededtoreplaceadisappearinglaborforce.5.ThepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmachineryaftertheCivilWar?(A)Manyfarmerspreferrednottousethenewmachinery.(B)Returninglaborersreplacedtheuseofmachinery.(C)Theuseoffarmmachinerycontinuedtoincrease.(D)Poor-qualitymachineryslowedthepaceofcropproduction.6.Combinesandself-bindingreapersweresimilarbecauseeach(A)couldperformmorethanonefunction(B)requiredrelativelylittlepowertooperate(C)wasutilizedmainlyinCalifornia(D)requiredtwopeopletooperate7.Theword"they"inline19refersto(A)grainstalks(B)threshingmachines(C)steamengines(D)horses8.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmostfarmersdidnotownthreshingmachinesbecause(A)farmersdidnotknowhowtousethenewmachines(B)farmershadnospacetokeepthemachines(C)thresherownerhadchancetobuythemachinesbeforefarmersdid(D)themachinesweretooexpensiveforeveryfarmertoown9.Theword"ponderous沉重的，笨重的"inline21isclosestinmeaningto(A)advanced(B)heavy(C)complex(D)rapidACBDCABDB語法小試牛刀(1)遺漏n1.+n2àn1+of+n2兩個名詞不見面例題：46.(Anumberof)thePacificIslandsarevolcanoesthathave(pushedupfrom)theoceanfloor;othersarethe(topssunken)mountain(ranges).答案:Ctopssunkenàtopsofsunken53.ChristopherPlummerisaCanadian(actor)(who)hasstarred(instage),television,andfilmproductionsonboth(sidesthe)AtlanticOcean.答案:Dsidesàsidesofthe(2)多余eg:Whenshewas(fortyyearsofold),MaryMorrisVaux(became)thefirstwoman(toclimb)MountStephen(inBritishColumbia).答案:Afortyyearsofoldfortyyearsold(3)誤用eg:acommonusewithgoldàacommonuseofgold(with有使用意義，與use重復(fù))TheendofthenineteenthcenturyandtheearlyyearsofthetwentiethcenturyweremarkedbythedevelopmentofaninternationalArtNouveaustyle,characterizedbysinuouslines,floralandvegetablemotifs,andsoftevanescentcoloration.TheArtNouveaustylewasaneclecticone,bringingtogetherelementsofJapaneseart,motifsofancientcultures,andnaturalforms.Theglassobjectsofthisstylewereelegantinoutline,althoughoftendeliberatelydistorted,withpaleoriridescentsurfaces.Afavoreddeviceofthestylewastoimitatetheiridescentsurfaceseenonancientglassthathadbeenburied.MuchoftheArtNouveauglassproducedduringtheyearsofitsgreatestpopularityhadbeengenericallytermed"artglass."Artglasswasintendedfordecorativepurposesandreliedforitseffectuponcarefullychosencolorcombinationsandinnovativetechniques.FranceproducedanumberofoutstandingexponentsoftheArtNouveaustyle;amongthemostcelebratedwasEmileGalle(1846-1904).IntheUnitedStates,LouisComfortTiffany(1843-1933)wasthemostnotedexponentofthisstyle,producingagreatvarietyofglassformsandsurfaces,whichwerewidelycopiedintheirtimeandarehighlyprizedtoday.Tiffanywasabrilliantdesigner,successfullycombiningancientEgyptian,Japanese,andPersianmotifs.TheArtNouveaustylewasamajorforceinthedecorativeartsfrom1895until1915,althoughitsinfluencecontinuedthroughoutthemid-1920's.ItwaseventuallytobeovertakenbyanewschoolofthoughtknownasFunctionalismthathadbeenpresentsincetheturnofthecentury.Atfirstrestrictedtoasmallavant-gardegroupofarchitectsanddesigners,FunctionalismemergedasthedominantinfluenceupondesignersaftertheFirstWorldWar.Thebasictenetofthemovement—thatfunctionshoulddetermineform—wasnotanewconcept.Soonadistinctaestheticcodeevolved:formshouldbesimple,surfacesplain,andanyornamentshouldbebasedongeometricrelationships.Thisnewdesignconcept,coupledwiththesharppostwarreactionstothestylesandconventionsoftheprecedingdecades,createdanentirelynewpublictastewhichcausedArtNouveautypesofglasstofalloutoffavor.Thenewtastedemandeddramaticeffectsofcontrast,starkoutlineandcomplextexturalsurfaces.1.Whatdoesparagraph1mainlydiscuss?(A)DesignelementsintheArtNouveaustyle(B)ThepopularityoftheArtNouveaustyle(C)Productiontechniquesforartglass(D)ColorcombinationstypicaloftheArtNouveaustyle2.Theword"one"inline4refersto(A)century(B)development(C)style(D)coloration3.Paragraph1mentionsthatArtNouveauglasswassometimessimilartowhichaspectofancientburiedglass?(A)Thedistortionoftheglass(B)Theappearanceoftheglasssurface(C)Theshapesoftheglassobjects(D)Thesizeoftheglassobjects4.Whatisthemainpurposeofparagraph2?(A)tocomparedifferentArtNouveaustyles(B)togiveexamplesoffamousArtNouveauartists(C)toexplainwhyArtNouveauglasswassopopularintheUnitedStates(D)toshowtheimpactArtNouveauhadonotherculturesaroundtheworld5.Theword"prized"inline16isclosestinmeaningto(A)valued(B)universal(C)uncommon(D)preserved6.Theword"overtaken"inline20isclosestinmeaningto(A)surpassed超過，超出(B)inclined(C)expressed(D)applied7.Whatdoestheauthormeanbystatingthat"functionshoulddetermineform"(lines23-24)?(A)Ausefulobjectshouldnotbeattractive.(B)Thepurposeofanobjectshouldinfluenceitsform.(C)Thedesignofanobjectisconsideredmoresignificantthanitsfunction.(D)Theformofanobjectshouldnotincludedecorativeelements.8.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatonereasonFunctionalismbecamepopularwasthatit(A)clearlydistinguishedbetweenartanddesign(B)appealedtopeoplewholikedcomplexpainteddesigns(C)reflectedacommondesiretobreakfromthepast(D)waseasilyinterpretedbythegeneralpublic9.Paragraph3supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutFunctionalism?(A)Itsdesignconceptavoidedgeometricshapes.(B)Itstartedonasmallscaleandthenspreadgradually.(C)ItwasamajorforceinthedecorativeartsbeforetheFirstWorldWar.(D)Itwasnotattractivetoarchitectsanddesigners.10.Accordingtothepassage,anobjectmadeintheArtNouveaustylewouldmostlikelyinclude(A)aflowereddesign(B)brightcolors(C)modernsymbols(D)atexturedsurfaceACBBAABCBA詞匯補充：arena場地arithmetic算術(shù)armour盔甲aromatic芳香的arsenal軍工廠arthritis關(guān)節(jié)炎artistry藝術(shù)才能asphalt瀝青assemblyline流水作業(yè)線asteroid小行星astrobleme損星坑astronaut宇航員astute敏銳的auction拍賣auditorium禮堂avalanche雪崩avand-garde先鋒aviation航空baboon狒狒baleen鯨須ballad民謠Themineralparticlesfoundinsoilrangeinsizefrommicroscopicclayparticlestolargeboulders.Themostabundantparticles—sand,silt,andclay—arethefocusofexaminationinstudiesofsoiltexture.Textureisthetermusedtodescribethecompositesizesofparticlesinasoilsample,typicallyseveralrepresentativehandfuls.Tomeasuresoiltexture,thesand,silt,andclayparticlesaresortedoutbysizeandweight.Theweightsofeachsizearethenexpressedasapercentageofthesampleweight.Inthefield,soiltexturecanbeestimatedbyextractingahandfulofsoilandsqueezingthedampsoilintothreebasicshapes;(1)cast,alumpformedbysqueezingasampleinaclenchedfist;(2)thread,apencilshapeformedbyrollingsoilbetweenthepalms;and(3)ribbon,aflatfishshapeformedbysqueezingasmallsamplebetweenthethumbandindexfinger.Thebehavioralcharacteristicsofthesoilwhenmoldedintoeachoftheseshapes,iftheycanbeformedatall,providethebasisforageneraltexturalclassification.Thebehaviorofthesoilinthehandtestisdeterminedbytheamountofclayinthesample.Clayparticlesarehighlycohesive,andwhendampened,behaveasaplastic.Thereforethehighertheclaycontentinasample,themorerefinedanddurabletheshapesintowhichitcanbemolded.Anothermethodofdeterminingsoiltextureinvolvestheuseofdevicescalledsedimentsieves,screensbuiltwithaspecifiedmeshsize.Whenthesoilisfilteredthroughagroupofsieves,eachwithadifferentmeshsize,theparticlesbecomegroupedincorrespondingsizecategories.Eachcategorycanbeweighedtomakeatexturaldetermination.Althoughsievesworkwellforsilt,sand,andlargerparticles,theyarenotappropriateforclayparticles.Clayisfartoosmalltosieveaccurately;therefore,insoilswithahighproportionofclay,thefineparticlesaremeasuredonthebasisoftheirsettlingvelocitywhensuspendedinwater.Sinceclayssettlesoslowly,theyareeasilysegregatedfromsandandsilt.Thewatercanbedrawnoffandevaporated,leavingaresidueofclay,whichcanbeweighed.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Characteristicsofhighqualitysoil(B)Particlestypicallyfoundinmostsoils(C)Howahighclaycontentaffectsthetextureofsoil(D)Waystodeterminethetextureofsoil2.Theauthormentions"severalrepresentativehandfuls"inline4inordertoshow(A)therangeofsoilsamples(B)theprocessbywhichsoilisweighed(C)therequirementsforanadequatesoilsample(D)howsmallsoilparticlesareweighted3.Thephrase"sortedout"inline5isclosestinmeaningto(A)mixed(B)replaced(C)carried(D)separated4.Itcanbeinferredthatthenamesofthethreebasicshapesmentionedinparagraph2reflect(A)thewaythesoilisextracted(B)theresultsofsqueezingthesoil(C)theneedtocheckmorethanonehandful(D)thedifficultyofformingdifferentshapes5.Theword"dampened"inline14isclosestinmeaningto(A)damaged(B)stretched(C)moistened(D)examined6.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutasoilsamplewithlittleornoclayinit?(A)Itisnotveryheavy.(B)Itmaynotholditsshapewhenmolded.(C)Itsshapeisdurable(D)Itstexturecannotbeclassified7.Theword"they"inline21refersto(A)categories(B)sieves篩子(C)largerparticles(D)clayparticles顆粒8.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthesedimentsievehasanadvantageoverthehandtestindeterminingsoiltexturebecause(A)usingthesievetakeslesstime(B)thesievecanmeasureclay(C)lesstrainingisrequiredtousethesieve(D)thesieveallowsforamoreexactmeasure9.Duringtheproceduredescribedinparagraph3,whenclayparticlesareplacedintowaterthey(A)sticktothesidesofthewatercontainer(B)takesometimetosinktothebottom(C)separateintodifferentsizes(D)dissolvequickly10.Theword"fine"inline24isclosestinmeaningto(A)tiny顆粒微小的(B)many(C)excellent(D)various11.AllofthefollowingwordsaredefinedinthepassageEXCEPT(A)texture(line3)(B)ribbon(line10)(C)sedimentsieves(line18)(D)evaporated(line25)DADBCBBDBAD詞匯補充：ambidextrous兩手都善用的ameliorate改善amethyst紫晶aminacid氨苦酸ammonia氨anarrayof大量的anatomy解剖anchor錨ancillary附屬的angiotensin高血壓素annex并吞apothecary藥劑師appeal吸引力apply涂appreciable相當(dāng)可觀的arboreal棲于樹木的arcade拱形建筑物arduous艱苦的InJulyof1994,anastoundingseriesofeventstookplace.Theworldanxiouslywatchedas,everyfewhours,ahurtlingchunkofcometplungedintotheatmosphereofJupiter.Allofthetwenty-oddfragments,collectivelycalledcometShoemaker-Levy9afteritsdiscoverers,wereoncepartofthesameobject,nowdismemberedandstrungoutalongthesameorbit.Thiscometarytrain,glisteninglikeastringofpearls,hadbeenfirstglimpsedonlyafewmonthsbeforeitsfatefulimpactwithJupiter,andratherquicklyscientistshadpredictedthatthefragmentswereonacollisioncoursewiththegiantplanet.TheimpactcausedanexplosionclearlyvisiblefromEarth,abrightflamingfirethatquicklyexpandedaseachicymassincinerateditself.Wheneachfragmentslammedat60kilometerspersecondintothedenseatmosphere,itsimmensekineticenergywastransformedintoheat,producingasuperheatedfireballthatwasejectedbackthroughthetunnelthefragmenthadmadeafewsecondsearlier.TheresiduesfromtheseexplosionslefthugeblackmarksonthefaceofJupiter,someofwhichhavestretchedouttoformdarkribbons.Althoughthisimpacteventwasofconsiderablescientificimport,itespeciallypiquedpubliccuriosityandinterest.PhotographsofeachcollisionmadetheeveningtelevisionnewscastandwerepostedontheInternet.Thiswaspossiblythemostopenscientificendeavorinhistory.Thefaceofthelargestplanetinthesolarsystemwaschangedbeforeourveryeyes.Andfortheveryfirsttime,mostofhumanitycametofullyappreciatethefactthatweourselvesliveonasimilartarget,aworldsubjecttocatastrophebyrandomassaultsfromcelestialbodies.Thatrealizationwasasurprisetomany,butitshouldnothavebeen.Oneofthegreattruthsrevealedbythelastfewdecadesofplanetaryexplorationisthatcollisionsbetweenbodiesofallsizesarerelat