新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第二版綜合教程2Unit6A篇練習(xí)答案及課文翻譯

新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第二版綜合教程2Unit6A篇練習(xí)答案及課文翻譯第1頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)WarmingUpKeyWatchtheclipofthemovieMeettheParentsandanswerthequestions.1.Doyouthinkthemenunlucky?

2.Howmanyunluckythingscanyoufindinthefilm?3.Doyoubelieveonebadleadstoanother?4.Haveyoueverrunintoanyunluckythings?第2頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)1.Doyouthinkthemenunlucky?Yes.2.Howmanyunluckythingscanyoufindinthefilm?

First,theylosttheirway.Second,theyhadthewrongmap.Third,theyranintothecop…3.Doyoubelieveonebadleadstoanother?Openanswer.4.Haveyoueverrunintoanyunluckythings?Openanswer.WarmingUp第3頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)TextCanbadluckbeexplained?第4頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Canbadluckbeexplained?1

Toastalwayslandsbuttersidedown.Italwaysrainsonbankholidays.Youneverwinthelottery,butotherpeopleyouknowseemto...Doyouevergettheimpressionthatyouwerebornunlucky?Eventhemostrationalpersoncanbeconvincedattimesthatthereisaforceouttheremakingmishapsoccurattheworstpossibletime.WeallliketobelievethatMurphy’sLawistrue(“ifitcangowrong,itwill”).Text第5頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)2

Partoftheexplanationforbadluckismathematical,butpartispsychological.Indeedthereisaverycloseconnectionbetweenpeople’sperceptionofbadluckandinterestingcoincidences.3

Forexample,takethebeliefthat“badthingsalwayshappeninthrees”(justlikebuses...!)Thispopularnotionwouldbeunlikelytostandthescrutinyofanyscientificstudy,butitmusthavesomebasisinexperience,otherwisethephrasewouldneverhaveariseninthefirstplace.Whatmightbetherationalexplanation?Text第6頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)4

Thefirstquestionis“whatisbad?”5

Somethingsareonlymarginallybad,forexamplethetrainarrivingfiveminuteslate.Someareextremelybad,suchasfailinganexamorbeingsacked.Sobadnessismuchbetterrepresentedasbeingonaspectrumratherthansomethingwhichisthereornotthere.6

Aparticulareventmayonlybeamisfortunebecauseofthecircumstancesaroundit.Thetrainarrivingfiveminuteslateisaneutraleventifyouareinnohurryandreadinganinterestingnewspaperarticlewhileyouwait.Itisbadifyouarelateforanimportantmeeting.Text第7頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)7

Whenitcomestobadthingshappeninginthrees,whatmaybemostimportantofallisthedurationandmemorabilityofthefirstevent.Takeaburstpipewhileyouareawayonholiday,forexample.Itmaytakelessthananhourtofloodthehouse,butthisonebadeventcanremainaliveandkickingformanymonths,withthecleaningupoperationandthedebatewithyourinsurersactingasconstantremindersoftheoriginalevent.Text第8頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)8

Thelongerthefirstbadeventsticksinthefrontofyourmind,themoreopportunitiesyouwillhavetoexperiencetwomorebadevents.Amonthlatersomeonebumpsthebackofyourcarandaweekafterthatyouloseyourweddingring.Themindwhichisalreadyonalowfromthefirsteventwillquicklyleaptoconnectthesubsequentmisfortunesaspartoftheseries.Itwouldn’tmatterthattherecouldbeatwo-monthtimescaleoverwhicheverythinghappened.Bythetimeyouhaverecoveredfromthewaterdamageyouareactivelylookingoutforthenextdisaster.Thetimescalehasbeenextendedaslongasisnecessarytoconfirmtheoriginalprophecy.Text第9頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)9

Aswithcoincidences,inbadluckthereisatendencytolookfortheexampleswhichconfirmthetheory,andignorethosewhichdon’t(becausetheyarelessinteresting).Singlebadeventshappenallthetime.Thataloneshouldbeenoughtodisprovethetheory.Badthingsalsocomeintwos.Butitismorelikelythatafriendwilltellyou“threebadthingshavehappenedtome,isn’tthattypical”than“onlytwobadthingshavehappenedtome,whichjustprovesthatthetheorydoesn’twork”.Afterall,thelatteristemptingfate!Text第10頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)10Thereis,however,atleastonerationalreasonwhybadeventsmightclustertogether.Itisrelatedtoprobabilityandindependence.Unluckyeventsarenotalwaysindependentofeachother.Anybodywhoismaderedundant

isboundtosuffersomedepression.Thatwilllowerthebody’sdefences,makingthepersonvulnerabletoillness,andalsomakingthemlessalertandresponsive(sotheymaybemorelikelytodropapreciousvase,forexample).Text第11頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Sowhiletheprobabilityofbeingmaderedundantonanyparticulardayandtheprobabilityofbeingsickmaybothbesmall,thechanceofbothoccurringisalmostcertainlyhigherthantheproductofthetwoprobabilities.Mapreadingmisfortunes11Somuchforthegeneralincidentsofbadluckwhichcropupinlife.Let’sgetontoaspecificonethateveryonehasencountered.Text第12頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)12

Youareofftovisitafriendwholivesattheotherendofthecity.Youlookuptheroadinthestreetatlas,anddiscoverthatitisrightontheedgeofthepage.Thismeansthatfindingthepreciseroutebecomesachoreofflickingbackwardsandforwardsfromonepagetothenext.Eithertheroadishalfononepageandhalfontheother,orit'sspreadacrossthefoldinthemiddleofthebook.Andifit’sanordnancesurveymap,thenyourdestinationisatjustthepointwhereyoufoldedthemapover.Text第13頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)13

Itdoesn’tseemfair.Afterallamaponlyhasatinybitof“edge”butplentyof“middle”inwhichyourdestinationcouldbesituated.Orhasit?Infactthechanceofpickingadestinationwhichisclosetotheedgeofthemapisalothigherthanyoumightexpect.Text第14頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)14

Takealookatthemapinthediagram.

Youwillhaveaproblemifyourdestinationisanywhereintheshadedareamarkedonthemap.Thisshadedareaisjust1cmintothepageallthewayaround.Itlooksinsignificant.However,theshadedareaaddsupto56cm2.Text第15頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Thatrepresents28percentoftheareaofthewholepageofthemap,whichmeansthatanyspecificpointthatyouareseekingonthismaphasa28percentchance(that'snearlyoneinthree)ofbeinginanawkwardpositionwithin1cmoftheedgeofthepage.Andifyouregardbeingwithin2cmoftheedgeofthepageasbeingawkward,thechanceofill-fortuneclimbsto52percent.Inotherwords,youmightexpectthismisfortunetooccuronalmosteveryotherjourney.Text第16頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)15

Asinmostbadluckstories,youforgetaboutthenumberoftimestheroaddoesn’tlandawkwardlyandrememberthetimesitdoes,andinthiscasethechanceofabadresultissohighthatbeforelongyouareboundtobecursingyourmisfortune,orthemap’sprinter,orboth.This,incidentally,iswhymanymodernroadmapsallowsignificantoverlapsbetweenadjacentmappages.Inagoodroadatlas,atleast30percentofthepageisduplicated

elsewhere.Text第17頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)ThelightsarealwaysredwhenI’minahurry16

Oneofthebestexamplesofselectivememorywhereanunfaircomparisonismadebetweengoodandbadisintherelativefrequencyofredandgreenlightsonajourney.Foronce,theperceptionof“IalwaysseemtogetredlightswhenI’minahurry”istrueandverifiable.Tosimplifythesituation,thinkofatrafficlightasbeingliketossingacoin,witha50percentchanceofbeingred,and50percentofbeinggreen.(Infactmosttrafficlightsspendmoretimeonred.)Ifyouencountersixtrafficlightsonajourney,thenyouarenomorelikelytoescapearedlightthanyouaretotosssixconsecutiveheads,thechanceofwhichis1in64.Text第18頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)17

Redlightscomeupjustasoftenwhenthedriverisnotinahurry;it’sjustthatthedisadvantageoftheredlightisconsiderablylessiftimeisnotcritical.Thefalsepartoftheperceptionisthatredlightshappenmorethangreenlights.Thereasonforthisissimplythatadriverhasmoretimetothinkaboutaredlightthanagreenlight,becausewhilethelatterisgoneinseconds–andindeedisanexperiencenodifferentfromjustdrivingalongtheopenroad–theredlightforcesachangeofbehaviour,amomentofexertion

andstress,andthenadeprivationoffreedomforaminuteorso.Redlightsstickinthemind,whilegreenlightsareinstantlyforgotten.Text■第19頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Text生活中的倒霉事能解釋嗎？1

每次吐司掉到地上總是抹了黃油的那一面貼地。每逢公假日必定下雨。你買彩票從來(lái)沒(méi)中過(guò)大獎(jiǎng),但是你認(rèn)識(shí)的人里似乎有人……你有沒(méi)有覺得自己生來(lái)就是個(gè)倒霉蛋？即使是最理智的人有時(shí)候也會(huì)對(duì)此深信不疑，認(rèn)為冥冥之中有一種力量讓他們?cè)谧钤愀獾臅r(shí)期里災(zāi)禍連連。我們都愿意相信墨菲定律是對(duì)的（“該出錯(cuò)的，終將出錯(cuò)”）。第20頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Text2

人之所以走背運(yùn)，部分是概率的問(wèn)題,部分是心理上的問(wèn)題。的確，人們對(duì)背運(yùn)的感知和一些有意思的巧合之間有著緊密的聯(lián)系。3

就拿“壞事成三”這種想法來(lái)說(shuō)吧（就像等公交車一樣，要么不來(lái)，要么一下來(lái)三輛?。＿@種流傳甚廣的觀念可能根本經(jīng)不起科學(xué)的檢驗(yàn)，但是它必定有一些現(xiàn)實(shí)的依據(jù),不然的話也不會(huì)有這樣的說(shuō)法了。那么，什么樣的解釋才是合理的呢？第21頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Text4

我們要考慮的第一個(gè)問(wèn)題是“什么是壞事？”5

有些事情只是稍稍有點(diǎn)不好，比如火車晚點(diǎn)五分鐘。有些事情則是糟糕透頂，比如考試不及格，或是被炒魷魚了。所以我們更應(yīng)該把事情的好壞看成是一個(gè)程度的問(wèn)題，而不是非好即壞。6

某件事情有可能因?yàn)橄嚓P(guān)的一些因素而變成了不幸的事。火車要晚點(diǎn)五分鐘，如果你邊讀著報(bào)紙上一篇有趣的文章邊等車，并不趕時(shí)間，那么這就是一件無(wú)關(guān)緊要的事。但是如果你要去參加一個(gè)重要會(huì)議，而且馬上要遲到了，那火車晚點(diǎn)就變成壞事了。第22頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Text7

談到壞事成三的問(wèn)題，其中最關(guān)鍵的因素是第一件倒霉事持續(xù)的時(shí)間有多長(zhǎng)以及給人的印象深不深。比如說(shuō)，你外出度假期間家里的水管爆裂了。也許不到一個(gè)小時(shí)你的家就變成了一片汪洋，而在接下來(lái)的幾個(gè)月中你的腦子會(huì)不停地想起這樁倒霉事，因?yàn)槟阋逊孔忧謇砀蓛?，還要和保險(xiǎn)公司就賠償問(wèn)題討價(jià)還價(jià)，這些都會(huì)讓你不斷地想起這件事。第23頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Text8

第一件倒霉事困擾你的時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)，你遇到兩件倒霉事的幾率就越大。說(shuō)不定一個(gè)月之后，有人開車追尾撞了你的車。又過(guò)了一個(gè)星期，你的結(jié)婚戒指不見了。出了第一件倒霉事，你的情緒本來(lái)就很低落，這時(shí)你會(huì)很快地把后來(lái)發(fā)生的事情聯(lián)系到一起，把它們看作是有關(guān)聯(lián)的一連串事件。即使這幾件事情的時(shí)間跨度可能長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩個(gè)月之久，那也不會(huì)改變你的看法。等你從浸水事件中平復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)的時(shí)候，你已經(jīng)在積極地等待下一個(gè)災(zāi)難的發(fā)生了。這個(gè)時(shí)間跨度已經(jīng)被拉長(zhǎng)了，直至能夠證明你之前的預(yù)言是對(duì)的。第24頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Text9

人們碰上倒霉事的時(shí)候會(huì)像遇到巧合的時(shí)候一樣，去尋找一些事例來(lái)驗(yàn)證他們先入為主的想法，而忽略掉與這種想法有出入的事情（因?yàn)槟切┦虑椴皇悄敲从腥ぃ９铝⒌牡姑故旅繒r(shí)每刻都在發(fā)生。光憑這一點(diǎn)就可以推翻“壞事成三”的理論了。壞事也可以是成雙的。但是你的朋友很可能會(huì)對(duì)你說(shuō)：“我一連碰到了三件倒霉事，可真是應(yīng)了那句俗話！”，而不是說(shuō)：“我只碰上了兩件倒霉事，這不正好證明了‘壞事成三’這個(gè)說(shuō)法不成立嗎？”畢竟，說(shuō)后一種話是要冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的！第25頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Text10

但是，至少有一個(gè)合理的解釋可以說(shuō)明為什么壞事會(huì)扎堆。這涉及到概率和獨(dú)立性的問(wèn)題。并不是所有的倒霉事都互無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)。任何一個(gè)人在被解雇之后都會(huì)心情抑郁，這會(huì)降低他們身體的抵抗力，使他們更容易得病，而身體反應(yīng)也不像以前那么警覺敏感（所以他們就更有可能遇上打碎貴重的花瓶這樣的事）。第26頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Text

因此，雖然人們?cè)谀骋惶毂徊脝T和在某一天生病的概率都很小，但是這兩件事同時(shí)發(fā)生的概率肯定要高于它們分別發(fā)生的概率。

看地圖時(shí)碰到的倒霉事11

關(guān)于日常生活中突發(fā)的普通倒霉事我們就說(shuō)到這里。下面讓我們來(lái)看一個(gè)每個(gè)人都會(huì)碰到的事情。第27頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Text12

你要去拜訪一個(gè)朋友，他住在城市的另一頭。你在街道地圖冊(cè)上尋找去他家的路線，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)這條路恰恰就在這頁(yè)地圖的邊上。這意味著要找到一條精確的路線，你就必須從這一頁(yè)翻到下一頁(yè)，不停地翻來(lái)翻去，很是麻煩。這條路線不是一半在這一頁(yè)一半在下一頁(yè)，就是被地圖中間的書脊夾著。如果你手里拿的是全國(guó)地形測(cè)量局的地圖，那么你的目的地可能正好就在地圖冊(cè)的折合處。第28頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Text13

這似乎很不公平。畢竟一個(gè)地圖的“邊緣”只有那么一點(diǎn)兒，而“中間”的地方那么大，你要去的地方完全可以在中間??！事實(shí)果真如此嗎？實(shí)際上，你隨便挑一個(gè)地方，它出現(xiàn)在靠近地圖邊緣的幾率比你想象的要大得多。第29頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Text14

看一看上面的地圖。

如果你的目的地在地圖上標(biāo)出的那個(gè)陰影區(qū)域里，你就遇到麻煩了。這個(gè)陰影區(qū)域離地圖四周的邊緣處只有一厘米的距離，這似乎微不足道。但是這些陰影區(qū)域的面積加起來(lái)有56平方厘米。第30頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Text差不多占了整頁(yè)地圖面積的28%，這意味著任何一個(gè)你要找的地方都有28%（差不多是三分之一）的幾率出現(xiàn)在離頁(yè)邊不到一厘米的尷尬的地方。假如你設(shè)定離頁(yè)邊兩厘米為閱讀不便的話，那你遇上壞運(yùn)氣的幾率就攀升到了52%。換句話說(shuō)，差不多每隔一次你就會(huì)碰到這樣的倒霉事。第31頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Text15

在大多數(shù)有關(guān)倒霉事的故事中，你會(huì)忘掉路線好找的次數(shù)，只記得路線不好找的次數(shù)，在這種情況下，你倒霉的幾率肯定會(huì)很高，以致于過(guò)不了多久你就又會(huì)詛咒自己的運(yùn)氣，詛咒地圖的出版商，或者兩個(gè)一起詛咒。順便說(shuō)一下，這正是現(xiàn)在許多地圖允許相鄰的兩頁(yè)有很大重合部分的原因。一份制作精良的地圖冊(cè)，每頁(yè)至少有30%的部分會(huì)在其他頁(yè)上重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。第32頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Text

我趕時(shí)間的時(shí)候總是碰上紅燈16

關(guān)于選擇性記憶，即人們對(duì)好運(yùn)氣和壞運(yùn)氣所做的不公正的比較，最好的一個(gè)例子就是路上紅綠燈的相對(duì)頻率問(wèn)題。至少有一次，“我趕時(shí)間的時(shí)候，總是碰上紅燈”這種說(shuō)法是真實(shí)可靠的。為了便于理解，我們可以把紅綠燈看作是投擲一枚硬幣，出現(xiàn)紅燈和綠燈的幾率各為50%。（事實(shí)上大多數(shù)紅綠燈，紅燈的時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)一點(diǎn)。）如果在路上碰上六個(gè)紅綠燈，全部是綠燈就和扔硬幣連續(xù)六次都是人頭朝上的概率是一樣的，為六十四分之一。第33頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Text17

司機(jī)不趕時(shí)間的時(shí)候碰到的紅燈其實(shí)和趕時(shí)間的時(shí)候一樣多；只是如果時(shí)間不緊急，紅燈帶來(lái)的不便要小得多。認(rèn)為紅燈出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)比綠燈多其實(shí)是一種錯(cuò)覺。產(chǎn)生這種錯(cuò)覺的原因很簡(jiǎn)單，因?yàn)樗緳C(jī)有更多的時(shí)間去想紅燈，而綠燈的時(shí)候，車子幾秒鐘之內(nèi)就疾馳而過(guò)了——這其實(shí)和在暢通的公路上開車沒(méi)有任何區(qū)別——而紅燈卻迫使司機(jī)改變行為，一小會(huì)兒的時(shí)間里要強(qiáng)迫自己努力一下，承受點(diǎn)壓力，還要失去一兩分鐘的自由。所以紅燈會(huì)深深地印在司機(jī)的腦海里，而綠燈轉(zhuǎn)瞬間就被拋到腦后了。第34頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)lotteryunluckymishapmathematicalcoincidencemisfortuneneutraldurationmemorablememorability

timescaleextend

prophecydisprovetemptingnotionscrutiny

marginallysack

spectruminsurerreminder

bumpleapsubsequentclusterprobabilityredundant

vulnerableresponsiveWords&Phrases第35頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)vaseencounteratlasroutechorecurseincidentallyoverlapadjacentduplicateconsiderablyexertiondeprivationflickordnancesituateinsignificantawkwardlyselective

frequencyverifiable

consecutivedisadvantage

Words&Phrases第36頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)aliveandkickingbeboundtocropupWords&PhrasesMurphy’sLaw

墨菲法則第37頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)lottery

n.[C]agamedesignedtoraisemoneybysellinglotteryticketsthatpeoplebuyhopingthattheirnumbersarechosenbychanceinthedrawsothattheywinamoneyprize抽彩給獎(jiǎng)（籌款法）e.g.

1.Shewonamillionpoundsinthelottery.她中彩得了100萬(wàn)英鎊。2.It’sfuntodaydreamaboutwinningthelotteryormarryingawealthyprinceorprincessandmagicallyseeingourfinancialproblemsdisappear.這是有趣的白日夢(mèng)，中了彩票或是跟一個(gè)富有的王子或公主結(jié)婚，然后神奇地看到我們的財(cái)務(wù)問(wèn)題消失。Words&Phrases第38頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)unlucky

a.

1.

ifyouareunlucky,sth.badhappenstoyou,orsth.gooddoesnothappen,esp.bychance（尤指偶然發(fā)生的情形）不幸的，倒霉的，運(yùn)氣不好的e.g.Shewasunluckytocatchacoldonthefirstdayofherholiday.她太倒霉了，休假第一天就感冒了。2.usedfordescribingsth.thatisbelievedtomakebadthingshappen不吉利的e.g.13issupposedtobeanunluckynumber.

13是個(gè)大家認(rèn)為不吉利的數(shù)字。Antonym:lucky

Synonym:unfortunateWords&Phrases第39頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)mishap

n.[C,U]

aminormistakeoraccident

小錯(cuò)誤；小事故e.g.

1.Hundredsofchildrenendupinhospitalaftersomepreventablemishap.數(shù)以百計(jì)的兒童因發(fā)生了本可避免的小事故而住進(jìn)醫(yī)院。2.ThismishapremindedmeofatrafficaccidentIonceexperienced.這次小事故使我聯(lián)想起我過(guò)去經(jīng)歷的一次交通事故。Words&Phrases第40頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)mathematical

a.relatingtoorinvolvingmathematics數(shù)學(xué)的e.g.

1.Einsteinwasamathematicalgenius.愛因斯坦是數(shù)學(xué)天才。2.Mathematicallawsgoverntheuniverse.

數(shù)學(xué)規(guī)律統(tǒng)治著整個(gè)宇宙。Wordfamily:mathematicsn.數(shù)學(xué)

mathematiciann.數(shù)學(xué)家Words&Phrases第41頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)coincidence

n.

1.

[C,U]asituationinwhichseparatethingshappenbychanceatthesametimeorinthesameway巧合e.g.Byanunfortunatecoincidence,theirhousewasburgledonthedayhelosthisjob.不幸的是，在他丟了工作的那天，他們家又偏巧遭人偷竊。2.[sing,U](fml)asituationinwhichideasoropinionsarethesame

（想法或意見的）一致，相符e.g.Isthereanycoincidencebetweenhisopinionsandyourown?

他的意見與你自己的意見有沒(méi)有一致之處?

Words&Phrases第42頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)notion

n.

[C]anideaorunderstandingofsth.概念；感知e.g.

1.Weeachhaveanotionofjustwhatkindofpersonwe’dliketobe.我們每個(gè)人都對(duì)自己想要做個(gè)什么樣的人有各自的想法。2.Thepopularnotionthatolderpeopleneedlesssleepthanyoungeradultsisamyth.(CET4-2011-06)通常認(rèn)為年紀(jì)大些的人比年輕些的人睡眠更少，這個(gè)想法實(shí)際是錯(cuò)誤的。Wordfamily:notionala.

Words&Phrases第43頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)scrutiny

n.[U]carefulexaminationofsb.orsth.

仔細(xì)檢查e.g.

1.Aclosescrutinywillrevealthelinesatthecornersofhereyes.仔細(xì)端詳會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)她眼角的皺紋。2.Itissafeassumptionthatthequalityofproducts

willbeunderseverescrutinybygovernmentsintheyearstocome.完全可以肯定，在今后數(shù)年中，產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量將會(huì)受到政府的嚴(yán)格檢查。Words&Phrases第44頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Wordfamily:scrutinizevt.

toexaminesb.orsth.

verycarefully仔細(xì)檢查，認(rèn)真查看，詳審e.g.

1.Sheleanedforwardtoscrutinizetheirfaces.她身子前傾，仔細(xì)查看他們的臉。2.Tomaintainalowsodiumdiet,youneedtoscrutinizethe“NutritionalInformation”boxesonfoodcartons.

要保持低鈉飲食，你需要仔細(xì)查看食品包裝盒上“營(yíng)養(yǎng)信息”的內(nèi)容。Words&Phrases第45頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)marginally

ad.byonlyaverysmallamount

少量地e.g.

1.Thisyear’sprofitsweremarginallyhigherthanlastyear’s.

今年的利潤(rùn)比去年稍微高些。2.Theteamthatismarginallyaheadismoreafraidtomakemistakes,andlesswillingtotakerisks.

稍微領(lǐng)先的球隊(duì)更怕犯錯(cuò)，更不愿冒險(xiǎn)。Wordfamily:marginn.

marginala.Words&Phrases第46頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)sack

1.

vt.

(BrE

infml)totellsb.thattheycannolongerworkattheirjob

解雇；開除e.g.

1.Hewassackedforpettythieving.他因小偷小摸遭到了解雇。2.Hesackedhissolicitorafteranargumentovercost.發(fā)生關(guān)于費(fèi)用的爭(zhēng)論后，他解雇了他的律師。2.

n.

(the~)

asituationinwhichthemanagementofacompanyendssb.’sjob解雇；開除e.g.They’veneveractuallygivenanyonethesack.他們從未真的辭退過(guò)什么人。Words&Phrases第47頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)spectrum

n.[sing]thewholerangeofideas,qualities,situationsetc.thatarepossible系列；范圍；幅度e.g.

1.There’sawidespectrumofopinionsonthisproblem.對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的看法眾說(shuō)紛紜。2.Hehasawidespectrumofinterests.他有廣泛的興趣愛好。3.Thecoursescoverthefullspectrumoflevels.這些課程從初級(jí)到高級(jí)，各個(gè)水平的都有。Words&Phrases第48頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)misfortune

n.badluck厄運(yùn)；不幸e.g.1.Thehurricanewasagreatmisfortuneformanypeopleinthearea.颶風(fēng)給這一地區(qū)許多人帶來(lái)很大災(zāi)難。2.Hehadthemisfortunetobreakhisleftarm.他不幸把左胳臂折斷了。Antonym:fortuneWords&Phrases第49頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)neutral

a.notshowingstrongfeelingsoropinionsinthewayyouspeakorbehave（言辭或行為）不帶強(qiáng)烈感情色彩的，觀點(diǎn)不鮮明的e.g.1.Hervoiceremainedneutralasshespoke.她說(shuō)話時(shí)的聲音不帶感情色彩。2.“Iknowyou,”hesaidflatly,matter-of-fact,neutralintone.“我認(rèn)識(shí)你?！彼降卣f(shuō)道，就事論事，不帶任何感情。Wordfamily:neutrality

n.Words&Phrases第50頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)duration

n.[C,U](fml)

theperiodoftimeduringwhichsth.continuestohappenorexist

持續(xù)期間e.g.1.Thedurationoftheexaminationisthreehours.

考試時(shí)間為三個(gè)小時(shí)。2.Wetookfourtrains,andtheoveralldurationofthejourneywas72hours.我們乘坐了4次火車，整個(gè)旅程歷時(shí)72小時(shí)。Wordfamily:durable

a.

Words&Phrases第51頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)memorable

a.worthrememberingoreasytoremember,becauseofbeingspecialinsomeway值得紀(jì)念的；容易記住的；難忘的e.g.1.Thealbumcontainsmanymemorablesongs.

這張唱片中收錄了許多令人難忘的歌曲。2.Theveteransoldierhasfoughtmanymemorablebattles.

這個(gè)老兵參加過(guò)許多難忘的戰(zhàn)斗。Wordfamily:memoryn.memorize

v.

Seealso:memorabilityWords&Phrases第52頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)memorability

n.[U]thequalityorstateofbeing

memorable值得記憶；忘不了；易記得e.g.1.Continuouschangeresultsinlackofmemorability.連續(xù)的變化導(dǎo)致沒(méi)有值得記憶的事情。2.Brandingcreatesmemorability,butitalsoestablishespreferences,habits,andloyalties.

品牌塑造既創(chuàng)造了容易記住的品牌，也建立了消費(fèi)者的偏好、習(xí)慣和忠誠(chéng)。Wordfamily:

memorable

a.

Words&Phrases第53頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)insurer

n.[C]apersonorcompanythatsellsinsurance

承保人；保險(xiǎn)公司e.g.1.Hesubmittedaclaimtotheinsurer.

他向保險(xiǎn)公司提出索賠。2.Thefullcostofstormdamagewillbepaidbytheinsurer.

暴風(fēng)雨所造成的全部損失將由保險(xiǎn)公司理賠。Wordfamily:

insure

v.

e.g.Itiswisetoinsureyourpropertyagainststormdamage.

為防風(fēng)暴損毀而給財(cái)產(chǎn)保險(xiǎn)是明智的。Words&Phrases第54頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)reminder

n.[C](usu.sing)1.sth.thatremindsyouofsth.thathappenedinthepast提醒記憶之物e.g.Theseruinsareaneloquentreminderofthehorrorsofwar.這些廢墟形象地提醒人們不要忘記戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的恐怖。2.aletterornotethatremindsyouofsth.thatyouneedtodoorneedtoremember（提醒人記住某事的）提示信件；提示便條e.g.Ifthecustomerdoesn’tpay,wesendareminderwitharedstickeronit.

如果客戶不付款，我們寄去一份上面貼有紅條的催繳單。Wordfamily:remind

v.Words&Phrases第55頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)bump

v.tohitagainststh.solidonceormanytimes（使）撞擊；（使）猛擊e.g.1.Smallboatswerebumpingagainstthewoodenpier.小船撞在木墩上。2.Joannaheardhimbumpintothetableandcurseagain.喬安娜聽見他撞到了桌子上，又罵罵咧咧的。

Words&Phrases第56頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)leap

vi.tomovesomewheresuddenlyandquickly突然而迅速地移動(dòng)e.g.1.Gordon’ssecretaryleapttoherfeetwhenshesawme.戈登的女秘書看到我時(shí)猛地站了起來(lái)。2.Ifonesheepleapsoverthedyke,alltherestwillfollow.一只羊跳過(guò)溝，其余的羊也跟著跳。Choosetheproperonetofillintheblank.Theopeningbetweentherockswasverynarrow,buttheboysmanagedto______through.(CET4-2003-12-45)A.pressB.squeezeC.stretchD.leap

Words&PhrasesB第57頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)subsequent

a.

happeningorcomingaftersth.else

隨后的；繼…之后的e.g.1.TheeventsI’mspeakingofweresubsequenttothewar.我說(shuō)的事情都是戰(zhàn)后發(fā)生的。2.Theproblemwillbediscussedatlengthinsubsequentchapters.這個(gè)問(wèn)題將在后面幾章詳細(xì)討論。Wordfamily:subsequence

n.Words&Phrases第58頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Choosetheproperonetofillintheblank.Researchshowsthatthereisno______relationshipbetweenhowmuchapersonearnsandwhetherhefeelsgoodaboutlife.(CET4-2006-06-59)A.successiveB.subsequentC.significantD.sincereWords&Phrases第59頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)timescale

n.[C]

theperiodoftimewhensth.happensorisdone

（某事發(fā)生或完成的）時(shí)間段，時(shí)標(biāo)e.g.1.Wehopethenegotiationswillbecompletedwithinasix-monthtimescale.我們希望談判在六個(gè)月內(nèi)完成。2.Thetimescaleforcompletingtheworkwouldbefairlytight.完成這項(xiàng)工作的時(shí)間相當(dāng)緊。Words&Phrases第60頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)extend

vi.tocontinueforaparticulardistanceorinaparticulardirection（距離或某一方向上）延伸，延續(xù)e.g.1.ThislicencedoesnotextendbeyondtheendofMay.該執(zhí)照過(guò)了五月底就失效了。2.Weshallhavetoextendthepaymentsoveranadditionalperiod.我們得把付款期再推延一段時(shí)間。Words&Phrases第61頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)prophecy

n.1.[C]astatementaboutafutureeventmadebysb.withreligiousormagicpowers（具有宗教力量或魔力的人的）預(yù)言e.g.Thisprophecyhasnowbeenamplyfulfilled.

這個(gè)預(yù)言今天已完全成為現(xiàn)實(shí)了。2.

[U]theabilitytoseewhatwillhappeninthefuture預(yù)知未來(lái)的能力e.g.Heseemedtohavethegiftofprophecy.他似乎有預(yù)言的天賦。Wordfamily:

prophet

n.[C]預(yù)言者，先知Words&Phrases第62頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)disprove

vt.toprovethatsth.isnotcorrectortrue

證明…不正確；證明…虛假；反駁e.g.1.Someoftheinformationistrue,someisfalse,andsomeisimpossibletoproveordisprove.這些消息有些是真的，有些是假的，有些則完全無(wú)法證實(shí)真假。2.Ouropponentstriedtomakeagreatdealofasmallmistakeinourcalculationsinordertodisproveourwholeargument.我們的對(duì)手們想利用我們計(jì)算中的一個(gè)小小失誤來(lái)反駁我們的整個(gè)論點(diǎn)。Antonym:proveWords&Phrases第63頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)tempting

a.usedfordescribingsth.thatmakesyoufeelyouwouldliketohaveitordoit誘人的；吸引人的e.g.1.ImadehimwhatIthoughtwereseveraltemptingoffers,buthewouldn’tbite.我向他提出一些自以為動(dòng)聽的建議，但他不肯上鉤。2.Wealthytouristsaretemptingtargetsforbagsnatchers.富有的游客很容易成為搶包賊的目標(biāo)。Antonym:temptv. temptationn.Words&Phrases第64頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)cluster

1.v.

toformasmallclosegroup

群集；聚集e.g.Themenclusteredtogetherroundthefireandsangsongs.人們聚集在篝火周圍唱歌。2.n.[C]agroupofthingsofthesamekindthatareveryclosetogether

串，束，簇；群，組e.g.Hefoundaclusterofmushroomsintheforest.他在樹林里發(fā)現(xiàn)一簇蘑菇。Words&Phrases第65頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)probability

n.[C,U]1.acalculationofhowlikelysth.is

概率；幾率e.g.Everyeventhasaparticularprobabilityofoccurring.每個(gè)事件都有其特定的發(fā)生率。2.

ameasureofhowlikelysth.istohappen

可能性e.g.1.Withoutatransfusion,thevictim’sprobabilityofdyingwas100%.如果不輸血，患者必死無(wú)疑。2.Theprobabilitythatitwillraintodayishigh.今天下雨的可能性很大。

Wordfamily:probable

a.Words&Phrases第66頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)redundant

a.

1.(BrE)ifsb.isredundant,theyhavebeentoldtheymustleavetheirjobbecausetheyarenolongerneeded

被解雇的；被裁員的e.g.Thecompanyhaspaidoffsomeredundantemployees.公司在付清工資后解雇了一些雇員。2.

notneeded

多余的；不必要的e.g.Changesintechnologymaymeanthatonce-valuedskillsarenowredundant.技術(shù)革新也許意味著曾經(jīng)寶貴的手工技藝已經(jīng)變得多余。Words&Phrases第67頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)vulnerable

a.1.

sb.whoisvulnerableisweakoreasytohurtphysicallyormentally（身體或精神）脆弱的，易受傷的e.g.Thevirusattackstheimmunesystem,leavingyourbodyvulnerabletoinfections.

這種病毒攻擊人的免疫系統(tǒng)，使身體容易受到各種感染。2.easilydamagedbysth.negativeorharmful易遭毀壞的；易損壞的；脆弱的e.g.Thecompanyisinaneconomicallyvulnerableposition.該公司目前的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況不堪一擊。Wordfamily:vulnerability

n.[U]Words&Phrases第68頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)responsive

a.quicktoreactinthewaythatisneeded,suitable,orrightforaparticularsituation

反應(yīng)快的；靈敏的；敏感的e.g.1.PresidentRooseveltwasresponsivetotheneedsofthemillionsindistress.羅斯福總統(tǒng)對(duì)于數(shù)百萬(wàn)貧困人士的需求做出了迅速的回應(yīng)。2.Thiscar’ssteeringisn’tveryresponsive.這輛汽車的方向盤不太靈活。Wordfamily:respond

v.

response

n.

Words&Phrases第69頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)vase

n.[C]

(AmE)acontainerforcutflowers

花瓶e.g.1.Hesmashedthevaseintopieces.他把花瓶砸成碎片。2.Thevaseisofmatchlessworkmanship.這只花瓶的做工精美無(wú)比。Words&Phrases第70頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)encounter

vt.toexperienceordealwithsth.,esp.aproblem遇到，遭遇（尤指問(wèn)題）e.g.1.Weencounteredonesmallproblemduringthetrialrun.我們?cè)谠囘\(yùn)行中，遇到了一個(gè)小問(wèn)題。2.Ifyouundertaketheproject,youareboundtoencounterdifficulties.如果你承接這項(xiàng)工程的話，免不了會(huì)遇到許多困難。Words&Phrases第71頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)Choosetheproperonetofillintheblank.Weneedtocreateeducationstandardsthatprepareournextgenerationwhowillbe______withanevenmorecompetitivemarket.(CET4-2005-06-68)A.tackledB.encounteredC.dealtD.confrontedWords&Phrases第72頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)atlas

n.[C]abookofmaps

地圖冊(cè)e.g.1.Theatlaswaspublishedbyourcompany.這個(gè)地圖冊(cè)是由我們公司出版的。2.Pleasereachmetheworldatlasdownfromthebookshelf.請(qǐng)把那本世界地圖冊(cè)從書架上取下來(lái)遞給我。Words&Phrases第73頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)route

n.[C]1.

theroadsorpathsthatyouusewhenyougofromoneplacetoanother；awaythatbuses,trains,ships,orplanestravelregularly（公共汽車、火車、船或飛機(jī)所經(jīng)過(guò)的）路線，航線e.g.1.IsthereabusroutethroughtheRockies?有公共汽車穿過(guò)落基山脈嗎？2.Theytookacircuitousroutetoavoidreporters.他們繞道避開了記者。3.ItwasthequickestroutefromRometoNaples.那是從羅馬到那不勒斯最快的路線。Words&Phrases第74頁(yè)/共151頁(yè)2.

awayofdoingsth.thatproducesaparticularresult辦法；途徑，渠道e.g.1.Ifyouknowexactlywhatyouwant,thebestroutetoajobistogetspecializedtraining.(CET4-2003-09)如果你明確了解自己的意向，找到工作的最佳辦法就是接受專業(yè)的培訓(xùn)。2.Therewasnoalternativero