考博英語閱讀

考博英語閱讀理解若干篇篇章與問題

Passage1

Thephysicaldistributionofproductshastwoprimaryaspects:transportationandstorage.Both

aspectsarehighlydevelopedandspecializedphasesofmarketing.Thecostsofbothtrans-porting

andstoringarebuiltintothepricesofproducts.Transportationcanbebytruck,rail-

way,ship,orbarge.Forsomeitems,suchasexoticplantsandflowers,orwhenrapiddeliveryis

essential,airfreightmaybeused.

Storage,orwarehousing,isanecessaryfunctionbecauseproductionandconsumptionof

goodsrarelymatch:itemsgenerallyarenotsoldasquicklyastheyaremade.Inventoriesbuildup,

bothinwarehousesandatretailestablishments,beforethefoodsaresold.Thetransporta-tion

functionisinvolvedinbringinggoodstoawarehouseandtakingthemfromittoretailstores.

Storageperformstheserviceofstabilizingmarketprice.If,forexample,noagricultural

productcouldbestored,allfoodwouldhavetobeputonthemarketimmediately.Thiswould,of

course,createaglutandlowerpricesdrastically.Therewouldbeanimmediatebenefitto

consumers,butinthelongruntheywouldsuffer.Farmers,becauseoflowprices,wouldbeforced

offtheland,andtheamountoffoodproducedwoulddecrease.This,inturn,wouldraiseconsumer

prices.

Warehousesforstorageareofseveraltypes.Privatewarehousesareownedbymanufactur-ers.

Publicwarehouses,inspiteoftheirname,areprivatelyownedfacilities,buttheyarein-dependent

ofmanufacturerownership.General-merchandisewarehousesstoreagreatvarietyofproducts.

Cold-storagewarehousesstoreperishablegoods,especiallyfoodproducts.Grainele-vatorsarea

kindofwarehouseusedtokeepwheatandothergrainsfromspoiling.Abondedwarehouseisone

thatstoresfoods,frequentlyimported,onwhichtaxesmustbepaidbeforetheyaresold.

Cigarettesandalcoholicbeveragesarecommonexamples.

Thedistributioncenterisamorerecentlydevelopedkindofwarehouse.Manylargecom-

panieshaveseveralmanufacturingplants,sometimeslocatedoutsidethecountry.Eachplantdoes

notmakeeverycompanyproductbutspecializesinoneormoreofthem.Thedistributioncenter

allowsamanufacturertobringtogetherallproductlinesinoneplace.Itspurposeistominimize

storageandtoeasetheflowofgoodsfrommanufacturerstoretailersratherthanbuildup

extensiveinventories.Itreducescostsbyspeedingupproductturnover.Verylargecorporations

willhaveseveraldistributioncentersregionallyorinternationallybased

1.Themainsubjectofthispassageis.

A)transportationandstorageB)storageofproducts

C)distributioncenterD)twomainaspectsofproductdistribution

2.Warehousingisimportantinthat_

A)inventoriesbuildupbeforethegoodsaresold

B)thepriceswillgodown

C)moregoodsareproducedthancanbeconsumed

D)thefoodhastobeputonthemarketimmediately

3.Howmanytypesofwarehousesforstoragearediscussedinthepassage?

A)3.B)4.C)6.D)7.

4.Wheremightonefindmeatandmilk?

A)Grainelevator.B)Cold-storagewarehouse.

C)Privatewarehouse.D)Bondedwarehouse.

5.WhatisNOTtrueofadistributioncenter?

A)Itisarelativelynewtypeofwarehouse.

B)Productisreplacedmorequicklyandcostsaredown.

C)Somedistributioncentersarenotbuiltinthesanecountryasthefactory

D)Itbuildsupextensiveinventoriestominimizestorage.

Passage2

Howmuchpaindoanimalsfeel?Thisisaquestionwhichhascausedendlesscontroversy.

Opponentsofbiggameshooting,forexample,arouseourpitybydescribingtileagoniesofa

badly-woundedbeastthathascrawledintoacomertodie.Incountrieswherethefox,thehareand

thedeerarehunted,animal-loverspaintharrowingpicturesofthepursuedanimalsufferingnot

onlythephysicaldistressofthechasebutthementalanguishofanticipateddeath.

Theusualanswertothesecriticismsisthatanimalsdonotsufferinthesameway,ortothe

sameextent,aswede.Manwascreatedwithadelicatenervoussystemandhasneverlosthis

acutesensitivenesstopain;animals,ontheotherhand,hadlesssensitivesystemstobeginwith

andinthecourseofmillionsofyears,havedevelopedacapacityofignoringinjuriesanddisorders

whichhumanbeingswouldfindintolerable.Forexample,adogwillcontinuetoplaywithaball

evenafteraseriousinjurytohisfoot;hemaybeunabletorunwithoutlimping,buthewillgoon

tryinglongafterahumanchildwouldhavehadtostopbecauseofthepain.Wearetold,moreover,

thatevenwhenanimalsappeartoustobesufferingacutely,thisisnotso;whatseemstoustobe

agonizedcontortionscausedbypainareinfactnomorethanmuscularcontractionsoverwhich

theyhavenocontrol.

6.Animal-loversassumethatanimals,beinghunted,wouldsufferfrom.

A)agreatdealofagonybothinbodyandinspirit

B)mentaldistressoncetheyarewounded

C)onlybodypainswithoutfeelingsad

D)crawlingintothecomertodie

7.Supportersofgameshootingmayarguethatanimals.

A)cannotcontroltheirmuscularcontractions

B)havedevelopedacapacityoffeelingnopain

C)arenotasacutelysensitiveashumanbeingstoinjuries

D)canendureallkindsofdisorders

8.Theauthorfeelssurethat.

A)animalsdon'tshowsufferingtous

B)dogsaremoreendurablethanhumanchildren

C)wecannotknowwhatanimalsfeel

D)comparinganimalswithhumanbeingsisnotappropriate

9.Whatistheauthor'sopinionaboutanimalhunting?

A)Weshouldfeelthesameasthehuntedanimalsdo.

B)Weshouldprotectandsavealltheanimals.

C)WeshouldnTcausesufferingtothem.

D)Weshouldtakecareofthemifwecan.

10.Thispassageseemsto.

A)argueforsomethingB)explainsomething

C)tellastoryD)describeanobject

Passage3

Inscience,atheoryisareasonableexplanationofobservedeventsthatarerelated.Athe-ory

ofteninvolvesanimaginarymodelthathelpsscientistspicturethewayanobservedeventcouldbe

produced.Agoodexampleofthisisfoundinthekineticmoleculartheory,inwhichgasesare

picturedasbeingmadeupofmanysmallparticlesthatareinconstantmotion.

Ausefultheory,inadditiontoexplainingpastobservations,helpstopredicteventsthathave

notasyetbeenobserved.Afteratheoryhasbeenpublicized,scientistsdesignexperi-meritstotest

thetheory.Ifobservationsconfirmthescientists*predictions,thetheoryissup-ported.If

observationsdonotconfirmthepredictions,thescientistsmustsearchfurther.Theremaybea

faultintheexperiment,orthetheorymayhavetoberevisedorrejected.

Scienceinvolvesimaginationandcreativethinkingaswellascollectinginformationand

performingexperiments.Factsbythemselvesarenotscience.AsthemathematicianJulesHenri

Poincaresaid:MScienceisbuiltwithfactsjustasahouseisbuiltwithbricks,butacollectionof

factscannotbecalledscienceanymorethanapileofbrickscanbecalledahouse.'1

Mostscientistsstartaninvestigationbyfindingoutwhatotherscientistshavelearnedabouta

particularproblem.Afterknownfactshavebeengathered,thescientistcomestothepartofthe

investigationthatrequiresconsiderableimagination.Possiblesolutionstotheproblemare

formulated.Thesepossiblesolutionsarecalledhypotheses.

Inaway,anyhypothesisisaleapintotheunknown.Itextendsthescientiststhinkingbeyondthe

knownfacts.Thescientistplansexperiments,performscalculations,andmakesob-servationsto

testhypotheses.Forwithouthypotheses,furtherinvestigationlackspurposeanddirection.When

hypothesesareconfirmed,theyareincorporatedintotheories.

11.Theword"this*'inthe3rdsentenceinparagraph1refersto.

A)agoodexampleB)animaginarymodel

C)thekineticmoleculartheoryD)anobservedevent

12.Bricksarementionedinthe3rdparagraphtoindicatehow__.

A)mathematiciansapproachscience

B)buildingahouseislikeperformingexperiments

C)scienceismorethanacollectionoffacts

D)scientificexperimentshaveledtoimprovedtechnology

13.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorreferstoahypothesisas"aleapintotheunknown"in

or-dertoshowthathypotheses.

A)aresometimesill-conceivedB)canleadtodangerousresults

C)gobeyondavailablefactsD)requireefforttoformulate

14.Whatisamajorfunctionofhypothesesasimpliedinthelastparagraph7

A)Siftingthroughknownfacts.

B)Communicatingascientist'sthoughtstoothers.

C)Providingdirectionforscientificresearch.

D)Linkingtogetherdifferenttheories.

15.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythepassage?

A)Theoriesaresimplyimaginarymodelsofpastevents.

B)Itisbettertoreviseahypothesisthantorejectit.

C)Ascientist'smostdifficulttaskistestinghypotheses.

D)Agoodscientistneedstobecreative.

B)Educationsystemsneedtoberadicallyreformed.

C)Goingtoschoolisonlypartofhowpeoplebecomeeducated.

D)Educationinvolvesmanyyearsofprofessionaltraining.

20.Thepassageisorganizedby__

A)listinganddiscussingseveraleducationalproblems

B)contrastingthemeaningsoftworelatedconcepts

C)narratingastoryaboutexcellentteachers

D)givingexamplesofdifferentkindsofschools

Passage3

Inscience,atheoryisareasonableexplanationofobservedeventsthatarerelated.A

the-oryofteninvolvesanimaginarymodelthathelpsscientistspicturethewayanobserv

edeventcouldbeproduced.Agoodexampleofthisisfoundinthekineticmolecularthe

ory,inwhichgasesarepicturedasbeingmadeupofmanysmallparticlesthatareinco

nstantmotion.

Ausefultheory,inadditiontoexplainingpastobservations,helpstopredicteventsth

athavenotasyetbeenobserved.Afteratheoryhasbeenpublicized,scientistsdesignex

peri-meritstotestthetheory.Ifobservationsconfirmthescientists1predictions,thetheory

issup-ported.Ifobservationsdonotconfirmthepredictions,thescientistsmustsearchfur

ther.Theremaybeafaultintheexperiment,orthetheorymayhavetoberevisedorrej

ected.

Scienceinvolvesimaginationandcreativethinkingaswellascollectinginformation

andperformingexperiments.Factsbythemselvesarenotscience.AsthemathematicianJ

ulesHenriPoincaresaid:"Scienceisbuiltwithfactsjustasahouseisbuiltwithbricks,

butacollectionoffactscannotbecalledscienceanymorethanapileofbrickscanbec

ailedahouse."

Mostscientistsstartaninvestigationbyfindingoutwhatotherscientistshavelearn

edaboutaparticularproblem.Afterknownfactshavebeengathered,thescientistcomest

othepartoftheinvestigationthatrequiresconsiderableimagination.Possiblesolutionsto

theproblemare

formulated.Thesepossiblesolutionsarecalledhypotheses.

Inaway,anyhypothesisisaleapintotheunknown.Itextendsthescientist'sthinkingbe

yondtheknownfacts.Thescientistplansexperiments,performscalculations,andmakeso

b-servationstotesthypotheses.Forwithouthypotheses,furtherinvestigationlackspurpose

anddirection.Whenhypothesesareconfirmed,theyareincorporatedintotheories.

11.Theword"this"inthe3rdsentenceinparagraph1refersto.

A)agoodexampleB)animaginarymodel

C)thekineticmoleculartheoryD)anobservedevent

12.Bricksarementionedinthe3rdparagraphtoindicatehow___.

A)mathematiciansapproachscience

B)buildingahouseislikeperformingexperiments

C)scienceismorethanacollectionoffacts

D)scientificexperimentshaveledtoimprovedtechnology

13.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorreferstoahypothesisasnaleapintotheunknown"

inor-dertoshowthathypotheses.

A)aresometimesill-conceivedB)canleadtodangerousresults

C)gobeyondavailablefactsD)requireefforttoformulate

14.Whatisamajorfunctionofhypothesesasimpliedinthelastparagraph7

A)Siftingthroughknownfacts.

B)Communicatingascientiststhoughtstoothers.

C)Providingdirectionforscientificresearch.

D)Linkingtogetherdifferenttheories.

15.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythepassage?

A)Theoriesaresimplyimaginarymodelsofpastevents.

B)Itisbettertoreviseahypothesisthantorejectit.

C)Ascientist'smostdifficulttaskistestinghypotheses.

D)Agoodscientistneedstobecreative.

B)Educationsystemsneedtoberadicallyreformed.

C)Goingtoschoolisonlypartofhowpeoplebecomeeducated.

D)Educationinvolvesmanyyearsofprofessionaltraining.

20.Thepassageisorganizedby___

A)listinganddiscussingseveraleducationalproblems

B)contrastingthemeaningsoftworelatedconcepts

C)narratingastoryaboutexcellentteachers

D)givingexamplesofdifferentkindsofschools

Passage5

Thephrase"civildisobedience"isusuallyattributedtothenineteenth-centuryAmerican

philosopherHenryDavidThoreau.Althoughtheconceptisunquestionablymucholder(itsroots

lieinancientGreekphilosophy),thedesignationisnonethelesstelling:peopletendtocredit

Thoreau,anAmerican,withtheideabecausecivildisobedience,isahallmarkofAmericaneth-ics

andpolitics.Theclashbetweenthedictatesofindividualconscienceononehand,andthe

imperativesofcivillawontheother,formsmuchofthiscountry'shistory.Examplesrange

fromtheincidentsleadinguptotheRevolutionthroughthemanysocialprotestsofthe1960'S.

Whatconstitutesanactofcivildisobedience?First,anactofcivildisobediencerequires

aformallegalstructurethatisenforcedbythegovernment.Second,itrequiresasitstarget

aspecificlaworpolicy,ratherthantheentirelegalsystem.Thisistrueeveniftheprotester'sul-

timategoalistoalterradicallythelegalsystem;anactofcivildisobediencemustbe

directedagainstoneconcreteexampleofthatsystem'sinequities.TheAmericancivilrights

movement,forexample,firsttargeteddiscriminationonpublictransportation,thenusedits

victoriesasaspringboardtoaddressotherinjustices.Third,theactmustbedonepublicly,because

theef-fectivenessofsuchaprotestdependsonitsabilitytomobilizepublicsentimentagainstthe

protest'starget.Finally,thoseprotestingmustunderstandthepenaltiestheiractsentail—us-ually

jailing—andbewillingtoacceptthosepenalties.Thislastrequirementstrengthenstheact'seffect

onpublicopinion,sinceitservestounderscoretheinjusticeoftheprotest'starget.

21.Theword"telling"inthe2ndsentenceinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto.

A)inappropriateB)revealingC)insignificantD)challenging

22.Inthepassage,theauthormentionsthatthecivilrightsmovement.

A)focuseditsearlyeffortsonpublictransportation

B)didnotalwayspracticecivildisobedience

C)startedinnineteenthcentury

D)usedtheRevolutionof1776asitsmodel

23.Accordingtothepassage,forwhichofthefollowingreasonsshouldcivilprotestsbedone

publicly?

A)Toalterthelegalsysteminradicalway.

B)Toupholdtheimperativesofcivillaw.

C)Tostimulatepublicsupportforacause.

D)Toannouncethesuccessofapreviousactofcivildisobedience.

24.Theauthorsuggeststhatwhenprotestersgotojail.

A)ithelpsconvincethepublictosupporttheircause

B)theyusuallydosounwillingly

C)itisbecausetheirprotesthasnotgoneaccordingtoplan

D)theyarealwaysreleasedalmostimmediately

25.Inthe2ndparagraph,theauthor.

A)arguesthatcivildisobedienceisunnecessary

B)providesanextensivehistoryofcivildisobedience

C)presentsseveraldifferingviewpointsoncivildisobedience

D)definestheconceptofcivildisobedience

Passage6

IntakingupanewlifeacrosstheAtlantic,theearlyEuropeansettlersoftheUnitedStatesdid

notabandonthediversionswithwhichtheirancestorshadtraditionallyrelievedthetediumoflife.

Neithertheharshnessofexistenceonthenewcontinentnorthescatteredpopulationnorthe

disapprovaloftheclergydiscouragedthemajorityfromthepursuitofpleasure.

Cityandcountrydwellers,ofcourse,conductedthispursuitindifferentways.Farmdwellers

intheirisolationnotonlyfoundithardertolocatecompanionsinplaybutalso,thankstothe

unendingdemandsandpressuresoftheirwork,feltitnecessarytocombinefunwithpurpose.No

othersetofcoloniststooksoseriouslyanexpressionoftheperiod,"Leisureistimefordoing

somethinguseful.uInthecountrysidefarmersthereforerelievedtheburdenofthedailyroutine

withsuchdouble-purposerelaxationsashunting,fishing,andtrapping.Whenaneighborneeded

help,familiesralliedfrommilesaroundtoassistinbuildingahouseorbarn,huskingcom,

shearingsheep,orchoppingwood.Food,drink,andcelebrationafterthegroupwork

providedrelaxationandsoothedwearymuscles.

Themosteagerlyanticipatedsocialeventsweretheruralparties.Hundredsofmen,women,

andchildrenattendedfromfarandnear.Themenboughtortradedfarmanimalsandacquired

neededmerchandisewhilethewomendisplayedfoodpreparedintheirkitchens,andeveryone,

includingtheyoungsters,watchedorparticipatedinavarietyofcompetitivesports,withprizes

awardedtothewinners.Theseeventstypicallyincludedhorseraces,wrestlingmatches,andfoot

races,aswellassomenonathleticeventssuchaswhistlingcompetitions.Nootheroccasionsdid

somuchtorelievetheisolationoffarmexistence.

Withtheopencountrysideeverywhereathand,citydwellersnaturallysharedinsomeof

thenjraldiversions.Favoredrecreationsincludedfishing,hunting,skating,andswimming.But

citydwellersalsodevelopedotherpleasures,whichonlycompactcommunitiesmadepossible.

26.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A)MethodsoffanningusedbyearlysettlersoftheUnitedStates.

B)HardshipsfacedbytheearlysettlersoftheUnitedStates.

C)Methodsofbuying,selling,andtradingusedbyearlysettlersoftheUnitedStates.

D)WaysinwhichearlysettlersoftheUnitedStatesrelaxed.

27.WhatcanbeinferredaboutthediversionsoftheearlysettlersoftheUnitedStates?

A)TheyfollowedapatternBeguninEurope.

B)TheywereenjoyedmorefrequentlythaninEurope.

C)Theclergyorganizedthem.

D)Onlythewealthyparticipatedinthem.

28.Whichofthefollowingcanbesaidaboutthecountrydwellers'altitudetoward"thepursuit

ofpleasure"?

A)Theyfeltthatitshouldhelpkeeptheirmindsontheirwork.

B)Theyfeltthatitwasnotnecessary.

C)Theyfeltthatitshouldbeproductive.

D)Theyfeltthatitshouldnotinvolveeatinganddrinking.

29.Whatismeantbythephrase"double-puipose"inthe4thsentenceinparagraph2?

A)Veryfrequent.B)Usefulandenjoyable.

C)Extremelynecessary.D)Positiveandnegative.

30.Whatwilltheauthorprobablydiscussintheparagraphfollowingthispassage?

A)Theruraldiversionsenjoyedbybothurbanandruralpeople.

B)Leisureactivitiesofcitydwellers.

C)Buildingmethodsoftheearlysettlersinruralareas.

D)Changesinlifestylesofsettlersastheymovedtothecities.

Passage7

Forme,scientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciences,naturalsciencesor

sciencesdealingwiththenaturalworld(physicalandbiologicalsciences),andsciencesdealing

withmankind(psychology,sociology,allthesciencesofculturalachievements,everykindof

historicalknowledge).Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophy,aboutwhichwewilltalklater.In

thefirstplace,allthisispureortheoreticalknowledgethatisintrinsicandconsubstautialtoman.

Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknow

thattheworldexisted,andthattheworldwasofacertainkind,thathewasintheworldandthat

hehimselfwasofacertainkind,hewouldn'tbeaman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsof

knowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportance,becausetheyalso

contributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman.

Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogress,hemustdefendtheprimacyand

autonomyofpureknowledge.Knowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhave

immediateandforeseeablesuccess,butnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscope

isinlargepartunforeseen,exceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.LetmerecallaweN-known

example.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconic

sectionszealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeuseful,itwouldnot

havebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureof

electricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperiments,carriedonbecauseofmereintellectual

curiosity,wouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnology,withoutwhichwecanscarcely

conceiveofcontemporarylife.Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsake,be-causethehuman

spiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.But,inaddition,thefoundationforpracticalresultswould

nothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly.

31.Themostimportantadvancesmadebymankindcomefrom_.

A)technicalapplicationsB)apparentlyuselessinformation

C)thenaturalsciencesD)philosophy

32.Theword"Utopians1'inthe2ndsentenceinparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto—.

A)idealistsB)Greekmathematicians

C)scientistsD)truehuman

33.Intheparagraphthefollowsthispassage,wemayexpecttheauthortodiscuss_.

A)thevalueoftechnicalresearchB)thevalueofpureresearch

C)philosophyD)unforeseendiscoveries

34.Theword"resign"inthe6thsentenceinthe2ndparagraphisclosestinmeaningto

A)dismissB)quitC)remarkD)submit

35.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis

A）"TechnicalProgress"

B）"ALittleLearningisaDangerousThing"

C）"Man'sDistinguishingCharacteristics'1

D）"TheFunctionofTheoreticalKnowledgeasComparedtoItsPracticalApplications1'

Passage8

Inmostofthehumancivilizationofwhichwehaveanyproperrecords,youthhasdrawnon

eitherartorlifeformodels,planningtoemulatetheheroesdepictedinepicsontheshadowplay

screenorthestage,orthoseknownhumanbeings,fathersorgrandfathers,chiefsorcraftsmen,

whoseeverycharacteristiccanbestudiedandimitated.Asrecentlyas1910,thiswasthe

prevailingconditionintheUnitedStates.IFhecamefromanonliteratebackground,therecent

immigrantlearnedtospeak,move,andthinklikeanAmericanbyusinghiseyesandearsonthe

laborlineandinthehomesofmoreacculturatedcousins,bywatchingschoolchildren,orby

absorbingthestandardsoftheteacher,theforeman,theclerkwhoservedhiminthestore.Forthe

literateandtheliteratechildrenofthenouliterate,therewasart—thestoryofthefrustratedartistin

theprairietown,ofthesecondgenerationbattlingwiththelimitationsofthefirst.Andatasimpler

level,thereweretheWesternandHollywoodfairytaleswhichpointedamoralbutdidnot,asa

rule,teachtablemanners.

WiththedevelopmentofthecountermovementagainstHollywood,withtheefflorescence（全

盛）ofphotography,withTime-Life-Fortunetypesofreportingandthedead-panNewYorker

mannerofdescribingthelifeofanold-clothesdealerinaforgottenstreetorofpresentingthe

“accurate","checked"detailsofthelivesofpeoplewhoseeminencegaveatleastasortoflicense

toattackthem,withthepassionfor"humandocuments11inDepressiondays-anecessary

substituteforproletarianartamongmiddleclasswriterswhoknewnothingaboutproletarians,and

middleclassreaderswhoneededtheshockofverisimilitude（真實）一anewerainAmericanlife

wasusheredin,theerainwhichyoungpeopleimitatedneitherlifenorartnorfairytale,but

insteadwerepresentedwithmodelsdrawnfromlifewithminimalbutcrucialdistortions.

Doctoredlifehistories,posedcarelessness,“candid"shotsofpeopleintheirownhomeswhich

tookhourstoarrange,picturesshotfromreallifetoscriptswrittenmonthsbeforesupplemented

bynationalpollsandsurveyswhichassuredthereaderthatthisbobbysoxer（少女）didindeed

representanationalnormoragrowingtrend-replacedtheoldermodels.

36.Thisarticleisbasedontheideathat

A)peopletodaynolongerfollowmodels

B)Peopleattachlittleimportancetowhoevertheyfollow

C)peoplegenerallypatterntheirlivesaftermodels

D)Peoplenolongerrespectheroes

37.Storiesofthesecondgenerationbattlingagainstthelimitationsofthefirstwereoften

re-sponsiblefor.

A)inspiringliterateimmigrants

B)frustratingeducatedimmigrants

C)preventingtheassimilationofimmigrants

D)instillingintoimmigrantsanantagonisticattitudetowardtheirforebears

38.ThecountermovementagainstHollywoodwasamovement

A)towardrealismB)towardfantasy

C)againsttheteachingofmoralsD)awayfromrealism

39.Theauthorattributesthechangeinattitudessince1910to

A)alogicalevolutionofideasB)widespreadmoraldecay

C)theinfluenceofthepressD)aphilosophyofplenty

40.Theword"distortions"attheendofthe2ndsentenceinparagraph2isclosestinmeaning

to.

A)presentationsB)misinterpretations

C)influencesD)limitations

Passage9

Theconflictbetweengoodandevilisacommonthemerunningthroughthegreatliterature

anddramaoftheworld,fromthetimeoftheancientGreekstoallthepresent.Theprinciplethat

conflictistheheartofdramaticactionwhenillustratedbyconcr