2022-2023年浙江省金華市大學英語6級大學英語六級模擬考試(含答案)

2022-2023年浙江省金華市大學英語6級大學英語六級模擬考試(含答案)學校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

TheBBCadopts"hammocking"techniqueinorderto______.

A.widenitsaudience

B.addyouthappealtoitsprograms

C.concealpublicservicethemesbeneathentertainment

D.getpeopletowatchworthystuff

2.

Boyshaveahigherriskofdevelopingheartdiseasethangirls.

A.YB.NC.NG

3.

Aftertheygetthehostages,thehostage-takersusuallydeclaretheirdemandsduringthenegotiationphase.

A.YB.NC.NG

4.

Thethirdmainstageinthelaunderingprocessiscalled______identifiedbytheinvestigators.

5.

Momentumbustersreferto______thatwillpreventyoufromcontinuingtowork.

6.

Thepassagemainlystateshowtogetwellintouchwiththetwofathers.

A.YB.NC.NG

7.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheetI.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

RichMan,PoorMan

GluersandsawyersfromthefurniturefactoriesinGalaxnearthemountainsofVirginialosttheirjobslastyearwhenAmericanretailersdecidedtheycouldfindabettersupplierinChina.AttheotherendofthefurnitureindustryRobertNardellilosthisjobthismonthwhenHomeDepotdecideditcouldfindabetterchiefexecutiveinhisdeputy.Butanylikenessendsthere.Mr.Nardelli'sexitwasasextravagantlyrewardedashisoccupationofthecornerofficehadbeen.Nexttohis$210millionseverancepay,theredundantwoodworkerspackagesweremeantothepointofprovocation(激怒).

That'sthewayitgoesallovertherichworld.Ifyoulookback20years,thetotalpayofthetypicaltopAmericanmanagerhasincreasedfromroughly40timestheaverage--thelevelforfourdecades--to110timestheaveragenow.Thesearetheglorydaysofglobalcapitalism.Themixoftechnologyandeconomicintegrationtransformingtheworldhascreatedunparalleledprosperity.Inthepastfiveyearstheworldhasseenfastergrowththanatanytimesincetheearly1970s.Havingjoinedthegloballaborforce,hundredsofmillionsofpeopleindevelopingcountrieshavewonthechancetoescapesqualor(骯臟)andpoverty.Hundredsofmillionsmorestandtojointhem.

Thatpromisestoimprovethelotofhumanityasawholeincalculably.Butintherichworldlabor'sshareofGDPhasfallentohistoriclows,whileprofitsaresoaring.AclamorisabroadthatMr.Nardelliandhisfriendsamongthetophundredth--oreventhetopthousandth--ofthepopulationareseizingthelion'sshareofglobalization'sgains.Meanwhileeveryoneelse--notjustblue-collarfactoryworkersbutalsothewideroffice--workingmiddleclass--shufflesalong,grimlywaitingforthenextroundofcost-cuts.

Fearandclothing

Signsofabacklashabound.StephenRoach,thechiefeconomistatMorganStanley,hascounted27piecesofanti-ChinalegislationinCongresssinceearly2005.TheGermanMarshallFundfoundlastyearthat,althoughmostpeoplestillsaytheyfavorfreetrade,morethanhalfofAmericanswanttoprotectdomesticcompaniesfromforeigncompetitionevenifthatslowseconomicgrowth.Inahintoflabor'spossibleresurgence,theHouseofRepresentativeshasjustvotedtoraisethefederalminimumwageforthefirsttimeinadecade.EvenJapanisalarmedaboutinequality,stagnant(不景氣的)wagesandjobsgoingtoChina.Europehastieditselfinknotstryingto"manage"tradeinChinesetextiles.

Shouldyoublameyourcomputer?

Thepaniccomesinpartfromarushtolumpalltheblameonglobalization.Technology--anevenlessresistibleforce--isalsodestroyingwhite-andblue-collartasksinapuffofautomationandmayplayabiggerroleinexplainingrisingwageinequality.Thedistinctionsbetweentechnologyandglobalizationcount,ifonlybecausepeopletendtowelcomecomputersbutcondemnforeigners(whetherascompetitorsorimmigrants).Thatmakestechnologyeasiertodefend.

Foreconomists,thedebateaboutwhethertechnologyorglobalizationisresponsibleforcapital'srewardsoutpacingthoseoflaboriscrucial,complicatedandunresolved.Oneschool,whichblamesglobalization,arguesthattherocketingprofitsandsluggishmiddlingwagesofthepastfewyearsarethelong-lastingresultsoftrade,asallthosenewdevelo

A.seemedtoberedundant

B.irritatedthem

C.satisfiedthem

D.wasclosetoMr.Nardelli's

8.

TherearediscrepanciesbetweentrendsinsurfacetemperaturesandthoseinthetroposphereintheAntarctic.

A.YB.NC.NG

9.

Theeverydayactivitiesofanofficespaceareusuallynotfixedandactuallyquiteflexible.

A.YB.NC.NG

10.

Beforeanearthquake,peopleshouldrepairdefectiveelectricalwiringandleakygasconnectionsasthesearepotential______.

11.

AnE-languagelearningsystemcalledChengoishopefultohelpchildrenlearnChineseforthissoftwarecaptures___________withstories,gamesandanimationsbasedonthe2008Olympics.

12.

ResearchhasshownthatforeigncigarettesdotastebettertoAsiansmokersthannativebrands.

A.YB.NC.NG

13.

Themeaningofmoversandshakersis_______.

14.

Bywayofconclusiontheauthoremphasizesthatindesigningadvertisements,themostimportantfactorthathastobeconsideredis

15.

Accordingtheracerules,dogsforracemusthave______.

16.

Inthesummer,thewindcurrentwillbereversedbecausethetemperatureoftheairoverthelandturnshigherthan______.

17.

BoththetechnologyWal-Martadoptedanditsfrugalcultureservethecompany'scentralgoalof______aslowaspossible.

18.

Asubstantialfiberlinkdamagedbyatrainderailmentaffected______.

19.

Childrenshouldlearnmoreresponsibilityfortheirhealththrough______.

20.

Duringanearthquake,totakeanelevatoristhefastestwaytorunawayfromafallingbuilding.

A.YB.NC.NG

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.(34)

A.Hestolesomecash.

B.Hemadehimselfathome.

C.Hesleptfor2days.

D.Heheldapartyforhimself.

22.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

Inrecentyears,therehasbeenabigincreaseinairtravelandmanylargeairportshavenowreachedthelimitofthenumberofaircraftmovementstheycan【B1】______Theproblemismadeworsebythesizeofmanymajorcitieswhichpreventsthe【B2】______ofexistingairports.Anynewairportstobebuiltalongwayfromcitycenterswillcreate【B3】______problemsaridinmanycountriestheresimplyisn'tenoughlandforsuchdevelopments.

Nowanew【B4】______hasbeenputforwardwhichwouldhelpto【B5】______thecongestion,asfarasshortflightsareconcerned.This【B6】______theuseofsmalleraircraft,carryingabout50passengers,whichonlyrequireashorttake-offorlandingareaandwhichmake【B7】______littlenoisebecausetheyarepropeller-driven.

Themainproblem【B8】______isthequestionofnoise.【B9】______,thatanygovernmentcanexpecttofindconsiderableresistancetobuildingnewairportsintowns,eventhoughtheseshort-rangesmallplanesarerelativelyquiet.【B10】______iftheycanhavetheconveniencesofanairportnearthecitycenter.Intheend,【B11】______.

【B1】

23.(38)

24.聽力原文：M:Ihavetoomanycoursesthissemester.I'mgoingtodroponeofthem.

W:Inordertodothat,you'llhavetogothroughtheproperchannels.

Q:Whatadvicedoesthewomangivetheman?

(18)

A.Goforaswim.

B.Makebetteruseoftime.

C.Followtheofficialprocedure.

D.Watchtelevision.

25.(22)

A.Keepingthebodystraight.

B.Keepingthefeettothefloor.

C.Bendingthebodyatthewaist.

D.Bendingtheelbowsaslowaspossible.

26.

【B5】

27.(19)

A.Someonefixedit.

B.Louissoldit.

C.Louisrepairedit.

D.It'sbeenthrownout.

28.

【B8】

29.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：Wehumanshavefoundcountlessmysteriesoftheuniversewithwhichtooccupyourmindsoverthecenturies.Wenotonlyaskquestionsaboutwhatsomethingisbutwealsowanttoknowwhyitis.(26)Ancientpeopleinventedelaboratemythologicalexplanationstoaccountforthemysteriousthingstheysaw.Boththeskywithitsheavenlybodiesandseeminglynever-endingvastnessandtheseaswiththeirgreatdepthsandpowerwere,andstillare,capableoffillingpeoplewithfeelingsoffearandwonder.Asancienthumanslookedattheskyabovethem,onesightthatintriguedthemmostwastheMilkyWay.They,ofcourse,didn'tknowthatthestrange,broad,luminousbandoflightacrosstheskyisinrealitycomposedofcountlessstarsandplanetslocatedsofarfromtheEarththattheycannotbeenseenindividuallybythenakedeyes.(27)TotheancientChineseitappearedasaluminousriver,whichtheyreferredtoastheRiverofHeavenortheSilverStream.EventhoughtodayweknowwhattheMilkyWayis,(28)itremainsequallymysteriousinmanywaysbecauseitissoremotefromus.ItisnowonderthatforthoseindividualswhobelieveinUFOs,itseemsalikelyplacefromwhichtheycouldhavearisen.Afterall,weknowsolittleaboutheavenlybodies.Thepoweroftheoceanisawesome.Wehearoftidalwavesthatcrashontoland,destroyingeverythingintheirpath;wereadaccountsoflostshipsoverthecenturies.Now,inthe21stcenturyasweflyacrossthePacific,wecan'thelpbutfeelabitlonelyandconcernedaswethinkofthatvastbodyofwaterbelowus.

(27)

A.Theydidn'tnoticethem.

B.Theygavemythologicalexplanations.

C.Theyignoredthem.

D.Theychosetoavoidseeingthem.

30.(29)

A.Introducingreaderstounfamiliarsituations.

B.Remindingreadersofthetruth.

C.Informingpeoplenewscientificdevelopment.

D.Tellingpeoplehowtoservetheircommunities.

31.(24)

A.Ithasbeenthebestsellerforweeks.

B.Itadvisespeopletochangethemselves.

C.Itisbeingsoldataverylowprice.

D.Itdistinguishesco-operators.

32.(32)

A.Becauseitiseasierfortheparentstodoso.

B.Becausetheteachersmaynotpermitthelatersolution.

C.Becausechildrenmaypreferit.

D.Becauseitwillgivechildrenachancefordoingsomethingchallenging.

33.

【B6】

34.(14)

A.Inacar.

B.Inapoliceoffice.

C.Inarestarant.

D.Inarailwaystation.

35.(35)

A.Jeffersonestablishedgovernmentprogramstoassistfarmers.

B.Farmersreliedlessonforeignmarkets.

C.Pricesforfarmproductsrose.

D.Farmersbecamemoredependentonloansfrombanks.

36.聽力原文：W:OK,Mr.Taylor,let'sgoaheadandbegin.Firstofall,tellmeaboutyourlastjob.

M:Well,asstatedonmyresume,IworkedforfiveyearsatHiTechComputers.

W:OK,HiTech.AndwhatdoyouknowaboutcomputernetworksandoperatingsystemsincludingDOS,Windows,MacintoshOS,andUNIX?

M:Umm...well...Ididcomeincontactwithcomputerseverynightatmylastjob.

W:Hum...Andhowaboutwebsiteauthoringskills?Wearelookingforsomeonetocreateandmanageourcompany'swebsitewhichwouldincludethedevelopment,configuration,anduseofDOS,Windows,MacintoshOS,andCGIscripts.

M:Umm...uh,webpage,webpage.Huh...Idon'tthinkI'vereadthatbook,andFmafraidI'veneverusedthoseCGIthings.

W:Huh?!AndwhataboutexperiencewithJavaorJavaScript?

M:Well...IthinkI'vetriedJavaataforeigncoffeeshoponetime,ifthat'swhatyoumean.

W:OK,Mr.Taylor,IthinkIhavealltheinformationIneed!

M:Oh,andIreallylikecomputergames.Iplaythemeveryday.

W:Right,right.ThanksMr.Taylor.

M:Believeme.Ihaveconfidenceinmyself.

W:Isee.We'llbeintouch.

(23)

A.Computersalesnegotiations.

B.Apreliminaryinterview.

C.AnInternetseminarmeeting.

D.Computergames.

37.聽力原文：W:Ifwehurrywecantaketheexpresstrainandsaveanhour.

M:Yes.TheexpresslakesonlytwohourstogettoTokyo.

Q:HowlongdoesittakethelocaltraintoTokyo?

(17)

A.Onehour.B.Threehours.C.Twohours.D.Fourhours.

38.

【B4】

39.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

聽力原文：M：Mom，I'mnotfeelingwell．Mystomachaches．Icanhardlystandthepain．Ouch!

W：Haveyoueatenanythingbad，honey?Oh，youlooksopale．Youmustgoandseethedoctor．

Q：Whataretheygoingtodo?

(12)

A.Theywillhavesomethingtoeat.

B.Theywillgotothehospital.

C.Theywillstayathomeandhavemeal.

D.Theywillgotothedentist's.

40.聽力原文：M:Youlikelivinginthecity,don'tyou?

W:Oh,Iloveit.It'sso,convenient.Icantakethebustowork,orthesubway,orthetaxi.Andthereissomuchtodo.

M:Iknowwhatyoumean.I'dliketoliveinthecity,buttoliveinthesuburbsisbetterforchildren.

W:Well,therearealotofgoodthingsaboutsuburbanliving.But,asaworkingwoman,Ithinkacityhasalltheconveniences…includingthebestfoodandfastestnews.

M:Buttherearemoretrees,grassandfreshairinthesuburbs.

W:Yeah,butlivinginacity,it'sconvenienttogoeverywhere.Therearelotsofmoviehouses,theatersandsoon.Youcantakethemtothesuburbsontheweekends.

M:Yeah,childrenaretherightage.Therearelotsofthingsforthemhere.

W:Youareright.TheyareatthelibraryinBrooklyn.Andtheycomebackhomeforlunch,thengouptowntotheMuseumofNaturalHistory.Thereissomuchforyoungpeople,toseeanddo.

M:Notjustforyoungpeople.Whataboutme?I'veneverbeentotheMuseumofNaturalHistory.

W:NeitherhaveI.WhenIwasachild,IusedtogototheMuseumofArt.

M:I'vebeenthereseveraltimes.Twicewithchildren.

W:Well,Ihaveanidea.Nextweekend,wegototheMuseumofNaturalHistory.

M:Ok,that'sreallyaveryniceidea.

(23)

A.Theyarelookingforanapartmenttolivein.

B.Theyarediscussinglivingplacesandchildren'seducation.

C.Theyarecomplainingabouttheirchildren.

D.Theyareplanningforthenextweekend.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

Net-warinthe1990'stargets______.

A.destroyinginformationandcommunication

B.governments

C.militaryfacilities

D.meansofproduction

42.

Accordingtothethirdparagraph,informantsamongtheAmericanfederalemployees______.

A.disclosemisbehavior.externallywhentheyaredisappointedinternally

B.getmoreprotectionthanpeoplewhodisclosemisbehavior.externally

C.havelessrightsthanprisoners

D.getasmuchprotectionasbefore

43.

Theauthorimpliesthatinthedevelopmentofman,______.

A.speech,agricultureandwritingarethemostimportantfactors

B.theoriginofthelanguagecannotbetraced

C.bothorallanguageandwrittenlanguagecomeoutofthepicturelanguage

D.theapemightbetaughttomasterspeech

44.

Concernedwiththerisingtemperatureoftheearth,TonyJunipersuggeststhat______.

A.thereisnowaytopreventtheseriousconsequences

B.ithastobestoppedwiththehelpofpoliticians

C.measuresshouldbecarriedoutimmediatelytostopit

D.theseriousconsequencescannotbepredicted

45.

WhatattractionhastheBritishseasidegotformanyparentsincomparisonwithEuropeanresorts?

A.Theycantaketheirfamilieswiththemintheirowncountry.

B.Therearemorewaysofenjoyingthemselvesthere.

C.Theycanrelivehappymemories.

D.Ittakesthemlesstimetogetthere.

46.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Mountingevidencehasledastronomerstojustsuchanimprobableconclusion,atleast90percentandpossibly99percentofallmatterintheuniverseiscompletelyinvisible.Astronomerscallthisinvisiblestuffdarkmatter.

Anastronomerfirstreportedtheinvisiblematterafternotingsomeunusualbehavior.invisiblematter.In1993,SwissastrophysicistFritzZwickyobservedthatgalaxiesinaclusterofgalaxiestravelledathigherspeedsthanexpected.Heconcludedthatsomethingwascausingstrangegravitationaleffectsonthesegalaxies.

Galaxiesarelikevastislandsindeepspacecontainingbillionsofstarsthatareheldtogetherbytheforceofgravity.Somegalaxiesarepartoflargersystemscalledclusters,whichcontainmanygalaxies.Mostgalaxies,however,belongtosmallersystemscalledgroups.Groupsandclustersinturnform.evenlargerstructuresknownassuperclusters.Justastheforceofgravitykeepsstarstogetheringalaxies,sotheforceofgravityappearstokeepgalaxiestogetherinclusters.

Thissameforceofgravitykeepsplanetsorbitingaroundthesun,ratherthanflyingoffintospace.Howgreataforcegravityexertsdependsonthemassoftheobjectsattractedandthedistancebetweenthem,aprinciplediscoveredbyNewton.Theamountofmassandthedistancebetweenobjectsalsodeterminehowfasttheobjectstravelastheyorbiteachother.Forexample,inoursolarsystem,thesunisthemostmassiveobject,makingupabout99.9percentofthemassofthesolarsystem,andtheforceofitsgravitykeepsEarthandtheotherplanetsinorbitaroundit.Theorbitalspeedsoftheplanetsdeclinewithincreasingdistancefromthesun.Theplanetnearesttothesun,Mercury,travelsatanorbitalspeedof48kilometerspersecond,whilethedistantplanetPlutoorbitsatspeedof4.7kilometerspersecond.

WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

A.Ninetypercentofallthematterintheuniverseisinvisible.

B.Darkmattercausesvisiblemattertobehaveinastrangeway.

C.Galaxiesinaclustersometimesbehaveinanunusualmanner.

D.Invisiblematterkeepsgalaxiestogetherwithgravity.

47.

Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthat______.

A.bullsandbearsarenowworkingforpeople

B.peoplekeepbearsandbullsastheirpets

C.lawshaveputstockmarketsundercontrol

D.peoplecanenjoytheirfriendshipwithbearsandbulls

48.Whichisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?

A.Careaboutappearanceinformalsituations.

B.Fashioninformalandinformalsituations.

C.Ignoringappearanceininformalsituations.

D.Ignoringappearanceinallsituations.

49.

Whosufferthebreathingproblemsmostaccordingtothelateststudy?

50.Accordingtotheauthor,whenadoctortellsapatientto"returnnextWednesday",thedoctorisineffect______.

A.advisingthepatienttoseekasecondopinion

B.admittingthattheinitialvisitwasineffective

C.instructingthepatienttobuymoremedicalservices

D.warningthepatientthatahospitalstaymightbenecessary

51.

Howdoesthepolygraphwork?

52.

Accordingtothepassage,somechangeshavebeencriticizedthebecausethey______.

A.ignorelocalandstatetaxes

B.arenotdiscussedinpublic

C.arenotinaccordancewithfederallaw

D.leavemanyfamiliesunabletopayforcollege

53.

Theabundanceoffoodmaybedisastroustofarmersbecauseof

54.

Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage?

A.Toreviewtheimpactofwomenbecominghighearners.

B.Tocontemplatethephilosophyunderlyingindividualism.

C.Toexaminethetrendofyoungpeoplelivingalone.

D.Tostresstherebuildingofpersonalrelationships.

55.BusinessdrivesregionaleconomicgrowthandAPECiscreatinganenvironmentwherebusinesscanflourish.

AhighlevelofprivatesectorparticipationiscentraltoAPEC'ssuccessandmakesAPECuniqueamongstregionalandinternationalorganizations.TimeAPECBusinessAdvisoryCouncil(ABAC),establishedin1995,iscomposedofuptothreemembersfromeacheconomy,appointedbyAPECLeaders.Inrecognitionofthekeyroleofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs)inallAPECeconomies,mostmembersreserveoneABACpositionforanSMErepresentative.

ABACmeetsseveraltimeseachyearandpublishesanannualreportrecommendinginitiativestoimproveAPEC’sbusinessandinvestmentclimate.ThereportispresentedtotheAPECleadersMeetinganditsrecommendationsguideAPECindesigningitsprograms.

TheannumAPECCEOSummitisanotherforumwhereregionalbusinessleaderscaninteractwithAPECleadersandaddresskeyissuesaffectingbusinessintheregion.

APEC'sGovernment—IndustryDialoguesprovideopportunitiesforAPECtofocusonspecificmarketsectors.TheAPECAutomotiveDialoguecomprisesseniorgovernmentandindustryrepresentativesandisdesignedtoencouragefurthertradeliberalizationandfacilitatetradeandinvestmentintheautomotivesector.Itsworkprogramspansabroadrangeofissuesincludingstandards,customs,tariffs,trafficcongestionandenvironmentalissues,e-commerceandelectronicnetworking.TheAPECChemicalDialogue,establishedin2001addressestrade-relatedregulatoryissuesandaimstofacilitatetradeinthechemicalssector.Thedialogueaimstodeveloppoliciestostreamlineregulatoryprocedures,harmonizestandardsandfacilitatetrade.Itsmembersincludegovernmentandbusinessrepresentative.

PrivatesectorbodiesalsointeractwithAPECWorkingGroups,givingAPECcutting-edgeadviceonentrepreneurialdevelopmentsandhigh-technology,andworkingtoremoveimpedimentstodoingbusinessintheregion.

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?

A.ABACismadeupofthreerepresentativesfromAPECmembercountries.

B.EachAPECmembercountryappointsonerepresentativeasthemembersofABAC.

C.ThreeAPECLeadersappointrepresentativesasthemembersofABAC.

D.EachAPECmembercountryappointsthreerepresentativesasthemembersofABAC.

56.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Marketingistheprocessbywhichgoodsaresoldandpurchased.Thatprocessmaybeasimpleactofexchangeoranintricate,sensitivemechanism,wherebygoodsandthetitletothemaremovedfromfarmers,manufacturers,miners,andotherswhoproducethemtoconsumers.Simplemarketingactivitiesbeganwiththedevelopmentofanonsubsistenceeconomyandinterregionaltrade,includingcaravan(商隊)andmaritime(沿海的)commerce.Villagefairs,townmarkets,andpeddlerswereallinvolvedinprimitivemarketingactivities.Later,generalstores,travelingsalespeople,and,stilllater,the20th-centurychainstoresbecamethechiefmarketingagencies.Modemmarketinghasevolvedintoacomplexanddiversefield.Thisfieldincludesawidevarietyofspecialfunctionssuchasadvertising,mail-orderbusiness,publicrelations,retailingandmerchandising,sales,transportation,wholesaling,marketingresearchandpricingofgoods.

Theaimofmarketingistoacquire,retain,andsatisfycustomers.Marketersbeginbyidentifyingthemarketfortheirproduct.Thentheytailortheireffortstosatisfytheneedsandwantsofcustomerswithinthatmarket.Acustomermaybeanindustrialorganizationsuchasafoodprocessor,awholesaleorretailoutlet,atransportationorwarehousingcompany,oranindividualconsumer.Thosefirms,whichunderstandtheneedsoftheircustomersandseektosatisfythem,tendtobemoresuccessfulthanthosewhichdonot:

Marketingcostsaveragemorethan50percentofthetotalcostsofconsumergoods.Thesecostsrepresentthevalueaddedtotheproductafteritleavestheproducerandbeforeitreachesthefinalconsumer--determiningtheshape,colors,andmaterialsofaproductwhileitisbeingdesigned;makingtheproductavailableinconvenientlylocatedstores;guaranteeingitsperformance;andprovidingservicewarrantiesandeasycreditterms.

Marketingtechniquesarealsousedbypoliticians,whocarefullymarketthemselvesandtheirprograms,bycityandstategovernmentstosellbondissues,andbyhospitalsanduniversitiesforfund-raisingpurposes.

ModemdomesticmarketingintheUnitedStateshasbeengreatlyaffectedbyaconsumermovementthatcallsforbetterandsaferproducts,moreefficientservices,andtruthfuladvertising.Extensivegovernmentregulationinalmostallfields—fromadvertisingtotransportation—hasalsonecessarilyclaimedtheattentionofmarketers.

Withthegrowthofmultinationalcorporations,marketinghasgreatlyexpandeditsscope;manymarketingmanagerstakethewholeworldastheirmarketplace.ThusEastmanKodakmarketeditsnewInstamaticcamerasimultaneouslyin28countriesin1963—thefirsttimesimultaneouslyworldwidemarketingwasachieved—andpreparedadvertisingandpublicityinmorethan20languages.Managersofsuchglobalactivitiesmusttakeintoaccountinternationaldifferencesinclimate,customs,andbusinesspractices.

Accordingtotheauthor,whatdoesthemarketingprocessbywhichgoodsaresoldandpurchasedprobablyreferto?

57.

Studieshaveindicatedthatthelonelinessafreshmanwillsuffercanbepredictedby______.

58.

TheexampleofArpadPusztaiisusedtoillustrate______.

A.publicignoranceofthepotentialrisksinGEfood

B.theroleofTVinpublicizingscientificknowledge

C.theimportanceofscientificfindingstoscientificresearch

D.thethreatfacedbyindependentscience

59.

Thepurposeofthepassageisto______.

A.describetheharmfulairpollution

B.explainthewaytopreventairpollution

C.showtheworriesabouttheairpollution

D.recommendamethodtoavoidairpollution

60.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefour