交通運(yùn)輸與物流專業(yè)英語(Unite-7)中英文

交通運(yùn)輸與物流專業(yè)英語(Unite-7)中英文UnitSevenIntroductiontoLogisticsTextAThedefinitionoflogisticsTheterm“Logistics”originatesfromaGreekword“l(fā)ogos”,whichreferstoreasoning.Theterm“l(fā)ogistics”wasfirstusedinamilitarysenseintheearly19thcentury.Thistermthenencompassedtransportorganization,armyreplenishmentsandmaterialmaintenance.“Logistics”來源于希臘詞語中的”logos”，指的是合理的意思，最早于19世紀(jì)早期軍事術(shù)語中使用，隨后它的意義得到擴(kuò)充，包含了交通運(yùn)輸組織、軍事補(bǔ)給和物資供應(yīng)。Inthebusinessworld,theconceptof“l(fā)ogistics”wasappliedsolelyto“MaterialReplenishmentPrograms”(MRP)andwasconfinedtothemanufacturingsectoratthebeginning,whichiscalledthefirstpartylogisticsnowadays.Thereforethematerialsandsemi-finishedgoodsforthemanufacturingprocess,andfinishesupwiththephysicaldistributionandaftersalesserviceoftheproducts.物流從原材料的供給開始，隨后是半成品的生產(chǎn)過程，最后是（貨物）的配送以及產(chǎn)品的售后服務(wù)等。Economically,thiscreatesanewsourceofprofitcharacterizedbythedevelopmentofmassdistributionandattentiontoservicequality.Thetwobasisobjectivesinpracticingbusinesslogistics,costreductionandtimesaving,haveenabledcompaniestoprofitnotonlyinperformanceandqualitybutalsoincustomersatisfaction.從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)意義上講，（在物流領(lǐng)域）快速發(fā)展集中運(yùn)輸、專注于服務(wù)質(zhì)量已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造出了一項經(jīng)濟(jì)收益來源。實現(xiàn)商業(yè)化物流的兩個基本目標(biāo)——減少成本和節(jié)約時間——不僅使公司從高性能和高質(zhì)量中獲得利潤，而且還提高了客戶滿意率。Therearevariousdefinitionsofdifferenteditions.Thetermwasdefinedasfollow:不同書刊版本對物流的定義不同，其定義有如下幾種：Logisticsistheprocurement,maintenance,distribution,andreplacementofpersonnelandmaterial.物流就是采購、供給、配送以及人員物資的更換。Logisticsisthescienceofplanning,organizingandmanagingactivitiesthatprovidesgoodsorservices.物流就是通過科學(xué)地規(guī)劃、組織和管理以提供貨物及服務(wù)。Logisticsisdefinedasabusiness-planningframeworkforthemanagementofmaterial,service,informationandcapitalflows.Itincludestheincreasinglycomplexinformation,communicationandcontrolsystemsrequiredintoday’sbusinessenvironment.物流被定義為對物料、服務(wù)、信息和資金流進(jìn)行管理的商業(yè)計劃體系，它包括了當(dāng)今商業(yè)環(huán)境中日益復(fù)雜的信息、交流和控制系統(tǒng)。Logisticsistheprocessofplanning,implementing,andcontrollingtheefficient,costeffectiveflowandstorageofrawmaterials,in-processinventory,finishedgoodsandrelatedinformationfrompointoforigintopointofconsumptionforthepurposeofmeetingcustomerrequirements.物流是一個過程，它包括了計劃，實施，控制效率、成本效益流、原材料的存儲、工序內(nèi)存貨、產(chǎn)成品、從產(chǎn)地到消費(fèi)地的相關(guān)信息等以滿足客戶需求。Fromthesedefinitionslogisticscanbebrieflydescribedlikethis:“Logisticsmeanshavingtherightthing,attherightplace,attherighttime.”Atitsheart,logisticsdealswithsatisfyingthecustomer.從以上定義中可將物流簡要的描述為：物流指的是使正確的東西在正確的時間位于正確的地點，其核心是滿足消費(fèi)者的需求。Inamorepracticalsense,logisticsreferstothesystematicmanagementofthevariousactivitiesrequiredtomovebenefitsfromtheirpointofproductiontothecustomer.Butlogisticsencompassesmuchmorethanjustthetransportofgoods.從更切實際意義角度講，物流指的是對各種活動進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的管理，以使（產(chǎn)品本身的）價值從其生產(chǎn)地轉(zhuǎn)移到消費(fèi)者手中。物流所包含的意思遠(yuǎn)非貨物運(yùn)輸。Theconceptofbenefitsgoesbeyondtheproductorserviceitselftoincludeissuesregardingtiming,quantity,supportingservices,locationandcost.Soabasicdefinitionoflogisticsisthecontinuousprocessofmeetingcustomerneedsbyensuringtheavailabilityoftherightbenefitsattherighttimeandrightplaceforarightpricefortherightcustomer.Theseconceptsapplyequallywelltofor-profitindustriesandnon-profitorganizations.（對消費(fèi)者而言）“價值”這一概念超越了產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)本身，更包括了與時間、數(shù)量、配套服務(wù)、地點和成本相關(guān)的問題。所以，物流的一個基本定義是指不斷滿足消費(fèi)者需求，保證（貨物）價值在正確的時間、正確的地點以正確的價格到正確的顧客手中。這一概念同時適用于盈利組織與非盈利組織。However,logisticscanmeandifferentthingstodifferentorganization.Someorganizationsaremoreconcernedwithproductionofthebenefits;sotheirmanagementfocusesontheflowofrawmaterialsintotheproductionprocessratherthanondeliveringthefinalgoodstotheuser.Alternatively,someorganizationsaremuchmoreconcernedwiththeflowoffinishedgoodsfromtheendoftheproductionlinetotheultimatecustomer.Finally,someorganizationsviewlogisticsasembracingbothmaterialsmanagementandphysicaldistribution.然而，物流對于不同的組織而言意味著不同的東西。一些組織更關(guān)心產(chǎn)品收益，所以他們在管理上更注重原材料流入生產(chǎn)過程，而非將最終產(chǎn)品送到消費(fèi)者手中。另一種情況是，一些組織更注重最終產(chǎn)品從生產(chǎn)線終點流入最終客戶手里。還有一些組織將物流視為物料管理和實體配送的結(jié)合。Logistics,inthisregard,integratesmaterialmanagementandphysicaldistributiontasksintoasinglesupplychainthatlinksthecustomerwithallaspectsoftheorganization.Thiscomprehensiveviewoflogisticssometimesreferredtoassupplychainmanagement,canleadtolowercostsand/orbetterservice.在這一點上，物流把物料管理和實體配送結(jié)合到同一條供應(yīng)鏈上來，而供應(yīng)鏈把客戶和該組織的其他所有方面聯(lián)系了起來。物流從更廣泛的角度看有時指的是供應(yīng)鏈管理，它能夠降低成本，提供更好的服務(wù)。TextBTheworkoflogisticsLogisticsexiststomoveandpositioninventorytoachievedesiredtime,place,andpossessionbenefitsatthelowesttotalcost.Torealizethemaximumstrategicbenefitoflogistics,thefullrangeoffunctionalworkmustbeintegrated.Decisionsinonefunctionalareawillimpactcostofallothers.Itisthisinterrelationoffunctionsthatchallengesthesuccessfulimplementationofintegratedlogisticalmanagement.Workrelatedtothesefunctionalareascombinestocreatethecapabilitiesneededtoachievelogisticalvalue.物流的出現(xiàn)在于以最低的總成本移動和存放庫存從而保證按時將（指定的貨物）放在正確的地方，實現(xiàn)財產(chǎn)收益。為了實現(xiàn)物流戰(zhàn)略價值的最大化，必須將各種工作職能整合到一起。在某一職能區(qū)域做出的決定勢必影響到其它職能區(qū)域的成本開支，正是這種職能區(qū)域之間的相互關(guān)系對實現(xiàn)物流一體化管理提出巨大的挑戰(zhàn)，而各職能區(qū)域的相互結(jié)合才能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)物流的價值。OrderprocessingWhilemanyaspectsofinformationarecriticaltologisticsoperations,theprocessofordersisofprimaryimportance.Failuretofullyunderstandthisimportanceresultedfromafailuretounderstandhowdistortionanddynamicsimpactlogisticaloperations.Themoreresponsivethesystem,thegreatertheimportanceisofaccurateandtimelyinformationregardingcustomerpurchasebehavior.許多方面的信息對于物流運(yùn)作來說都很關(guān)鍵，但訂單處理是最重要的。系統(tǒng)越是反應(yīng)靈敏，準(zhǔn)確、及時（傳遞）有關(guān)顧客購買行為的信息就越重要。Currentinformationtechnologyiscapableofhandlingthemostdemandingcustomerrequirements.Whendesired,orderinformationcanbeobtainedonarealtimebasis.當(dāng)前信息技術(shù)能夠處理顧客最苛刻的要求，一旦（顧客）有需求，訂單信息就能夠?qū)崟r被（供給商）獲取。Thebenefitoffastinformationflowisdirectlyrelatedtoworkbalancing.DatatransmissionorWeb-basedcommunicationofordersdirectformthecustomers’officecombinewithslower,lesscostlysurfacetransportationmayhaveachievedevenfasteroveralldeliveryserviceatalowertotalcost.Thekeyobjectiveistobalancecomponentsofthelogisticalsystem.快速信息流的優(yōu)點直接與各工作之間的平衡性相關(guān)，數(shù)據(jù)傳輸或者訂單傳輸來源于下游的客戶，低成本的地面運(yùn)輸也能以更低的成本完成更快的配送服務(wù)，其關(guān)鍵目標(biāo)在于保持物流系統(tǒng)中各部分的平衡性。InventoryTheinventoryrequirementsofafirmaredirectlylinkedtothefamilynetworkandthedesiredlevelofcustomerservice.Theoretically,afirmcouldstockeveryitemsoldineveryfacilitydedicatedtoservicingeachcustomer.Fewbusinessoperationscanaffordsuchaluxuriousinventorycommitmentbecausetheriskandtotalcostareprohibitive.Theobjectiveininventorystrategyistoachievedesiredcustomerservicewiththeminimuminventorycommitment.一個公司的庫存要求與其設(shè)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)和客戶服務(wù)等級直接相關(guān)。理論上，一個公司可以在每個地點儲備所有在售物品以服務(wù)客戶，但很少有公司能夠承擔(dān)起如此昂貴的庫存成本，（原因在于）風(fēng)險和成本通常高得（讓企業(yè)）無法承擔(dān)，庫存策略的目標(biāo)在于以最少的庫存實現(xiàn)期望的客戶服務(wù)。Logisticalstrategiesshouldbedesignedtomaintainthelowestpossiblefinancialinvestmentininventory.Thebasicgoalistoachievemaximuminventoryturnoverwhilesatisfyingservicecommitments.Asoundinventorystrategyisbasedonacombinationoffiveaspectsofselectivedeployment:(1)corecustomersegmentation,(2)productprofitability,(3)transportationintegration,(4)time-basedperformance,and(5)competitiveperformance.合理的物流策略應(yīng)該維持盡可能低的庫存投資，其基本目的是在滿足服務(wù)承諾的同時，獲得最大的庫存周轉(zhuǎn)率。一個合理的庫存策略是基于以下五個方面的優(yōu)化組合（1）核心客戶劃分（2）產(chǎn)品收益（3）運(yùn)輸整合（4）時基性（5）競爭能力Everyenterprisethatsellstoavarietyofdifferentcustomersconfrontsunevenopportunity.Becausehighlyprofitablecustomersconstitutethecoremarketofeveryenterprise,inventorystrategiesneedtofocusonthem.Thekeytoeffectivelogisticalsegmentationrestsintheinventoryprioritiesdedicatedtosupportcorecustomers.客戶群體多樣化的企業(yè)都會面臨著客戶條件不均等的問題，高收益的客戶構(gòu)成了企業(yè)的核心市場，庫存策略更應(yīng)關(guān)注這部分客戶，高效的物流分配其關(guān)鍵在于保有特定庫存以滿足核心客戶。Mostenterprisesexperienceasubstantialvarianceinthevolumeandprofitabilityacrossproductlines.Ifnorestrictionsareapplied,afirmmayfindthatlessthan20percentofallproductsmarketedaccountformorethan80percentoftotalprofit.Forobviousreasons,anenterprisewantstoofferhighavailabilityandconsistentdeliveryofitsmostprofitableproducts.大部分企業(yè)對于一個產(chǎn)品系列在（生產(chǎn)）數(shù)量和盈利上會經(jīng)歷很大的變化，如果沒有任何限制，企業(yè)很可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)比例低于20%的產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)造了超過80%的總收益，一個顯而易見的原因是，企業(yè)為其收益最大的產(chǎn)品提供了很高的可得性和可靠性配送服務(wù)。Afirmistypicallymoredesirabletodobusinesswith,thancompetitors,ifitcanpromiseandperformrapidandconsistentdelivery.Therefore,itmaybenecessarytopositioninventoryinaspecificwarehousetogaincompetitiveadvantageevenifsuchcommitmentincreasestotalcost.Selectiveinventorydeploymentpoliciesmaybeessentialtogainacustomerserviceadvantageortoneutralizeastrengththatcompetitorcurrentlyenjoys.一個企業(yè)如果能夠提供更快更穩(wěn)定的配送服務(wù)，通常會比其競爭對手更有希望（與客戶）交易，因此，將庫存放置在特定地點，即使以增加總成本為代價也要獲得競爭優(yōu)勢就顯得很有必要，庫存優(yōu)化配置對于獲得競爭優(yōu)勢、使對手競爭優(yōu)勢失效尤其必要。TransportationTransportationistheoperationalareaoflogisticsthatgeographicallymovesandpositionsinventory.Becauseofitsfundamentalimportanceandvisiblecost,transportationhastraditionallyreceivedconsiderablemanagerialattention.交通運(yùn)輸是物流系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行部分，它包括了地理位置的移動和庫存存放，由于它在功能上的重要性和顯而易見的成本，因而交通運(yùn)輸受到大量關(guān)注。Transportationrequirementscanbesatisfiedinthreebasicways.First,aprivatefleetofequipmentmaybeoperated.Second,contractsmaybearrangedwithdedicatedtransportspecialists.Third,anenterprisemayengagetheservicesofawidevarietyofcarriersthatprovidedifferenttransportationservicesonapershipmentbasis.Fromthelogisticalsystemviewpoint,threefactorsarefundamentaltotransportationperformance:(1)cost,(2)speed,and(3)consistency.運(yùn)輸需求可從以下三個方面得到滿足：（1）配備自有運(yùn)輸車隊，（2）與專業(yè)運(yùn)輸公司簽訂合同，（3）企業(yè)針對每次運(yùn)輸情況雇傭提供相應(yīng)運(yùn)輸服務(wù)的運(yùn)輸商。以物流的觀點來看，交通運(yùn)輸?shù)男阅苤饕苋齻€因素的影響（1）成本（2）速度和（3）一致性。Thecostoftransportisthepaymentforshipmentbetweentwogeographicallocationsandtheexpensesrelatedtomaintainingin-transitinventory.Logisticalsystemsshouldutilizetransportationthatminimizestotalsystemcost.運(yùn)輸成本是指在兩地之間的運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用，費(fèi)用的多少與在途庫存相關(guān)，物流系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該使用使總的系統(tǒng)成本最低的運(yùn)輸方式。Speedoftransportationisrepresentedbythetimerequiredtocompleteaspecificmovement.Speedandcostoftransportationarerelated.Thus,acriticalaspectofselectingthemostdesirablemodeoftransportationistobalancespeedandcostofservice.速度表示完成一次具體運(yùn)輸所需花費(fèi)的時間。運(yùn)輸速度與運(yùn)輸成本相關(guān)聯(lián)，因此，選擇最合理輸運(yùn)方式的關(guān)鍵在于平衡速度和服務(wù)的成本。Consistencyoftransportationreferstovariationsintimerequiredtoperformaspecificmovementoveranumberofshipments.Consistencyisthemostimportantattributeofqualitytransportation.Withtheadventofnewinformationtechnologytocontrolandreportshipmentstatus,logisticsmanagershavebeguntoseekfastermovementwhilemaintainingconsistency.運(yùn)輸?shù)囊恢滦允侵冈诖罅枯斶\(yùn)過程中，每次運(yùn)輸在時間上的變化情況。一致性對于優(yōu)質(zhì)的運(yùn)輸服務(wù)來講是最重要的，物流經(jīng)理們通常使用最新信息技術(shù)對運(yùn)輸狀態(tài)進(jìn)行控制和反饋，在保證一致性的同時提高運(yùn)輸速度。Indesigningalogisticalsystem,adelicatebalancemustbemaintainedbetweentransportationcostandservicequality.Findingandmanagingthedesiredtransportationmixacrossthesystemisaprimaryresponsibilityoflogistics.在設(shè)計物流系統(tǒng)的過程中，必須確保運(yùn)輸成本與服務(wù)質(zhì)量的平衡，通過物流系統(tǒng)，尋求并管理所需的運(yùn)輸組合模式是物流的主要任務(wù)。Warehousing,materialshandling,andpackagingThefourthfunctionalityoflogistics-warehousing,materialshandling,andpackaging-alsorepresentsanintegralpartofalogisticsoperatessolution.Theyareanintegralpartofotherlogisticsareas.Forexample,inventorytypicallyneedstobewarehousedatselectedtimesduringthelogisticsprocess.Transportationvehiclesrequiredmaterialshandlingforefficientloadingandunloading.物流的第四部分——包括倉儲、貨物搬運(yùn)以及包裝——是整個物流運(yùn)行系統(tǒng)不可或缺的一部分，它對于其它物流功能部分同樣必不可少，例如，在整個物流過程通常需要把庫存在特定的時間內(nèi)存儲起來、運(yùn)輸車輛需要進(jìn)行貨物搬運(yùn)以高效地完成裝車和卸車過程。Whendistributionfacilitiesarerequiredinlogisticalsystem,afirmcanchoosebetweentheservicesofawarehousespecialistoroperatingtheirownfacility.Thedecisionisbroaderthansimplyselectingafacilitytostoreinventorysincemanyvalueaddingactivitiesmaybeperformedduringthetimeproductsarewarehoused.Examplesofsuchactivitiesaresorting,sequencing,orderselection,transportationconsolidation,andinsomecases,productmodificationandassembly.當(dāng)物流系統(tǒng)需要用到配送設(shè)備時，企業(yè)可以選擇能夠提供專業(yè)倉存服務(wù)的公司，也可以配備自有的設(shè)施設(shè)備。許多能附加價值的活動可以在產(chǎn)品倉儲期間進(jìn)行，例如分類、排序、訂單選擇、合并運(yùn)輸?shù)龋⑶以谀承┣闆r下進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品修飾和裝配，所以在做決定時比起僅是選擇一處倉儲設(shè)施（選擇的范圍）廣泛得多。Withinthewarehouse,materialshandlingisanimportantactivity.Productsmustbereceived,moved,stored,sorted,andassembledtomeetcustomerorderrequirement.Whenperformedinaninferiormanner,materialshandlingcanresultinsubstantialproductdamage.Avarietyofmechanizedandautomateddevicesexisttoassistmaterialshandling.在整個倉儲過程中，貨物搬運(yùn)是相當(dāng)重要的一項活動，貨物接收、移動、儲存、分類、裝配等（都需要貨物搬運(yùn)）以滿足消費(fèi)者的訂單需求，操作不當(dāng)時，還有可能導(dǎo)致物品損壞，（如今）大量的機(jī)械和自動化設(shè)施已用于協(xié)助人們進(jìn)行貨物的搬運(yùn)。FacilitynetworkInbusinessoperations,however,thenumber,size,andgeographicalrelationshipoffacil