XXXX第三章經(jīng)濟核算與環(huán)境

第三章經(jīng)濟核算與環(huán)境

EconomicAccountingandEnvironment第一節(jié)經(jīng)濟核算第二節(jié)經(jīng)濟增長與人類福利第三節(jié)經(jīng)濟增長與環(huán)境2023/4/3022第一節(jié)經(jīng)濟核算

EconomicAccounting一、經(jīng)濟部門分類

EconomicSectorClassification很多國家都有自己的經(jīng)濟部門分類MostcountrieshaveaclassificationsystemfortheireconomicsectorsUS(previouslySIC–StandardIndustrialClassification)NowNAICS(NorthAmericanIndustrialClassificationSystem)UN(SNA–SystemofNationalAccounts)2023/4/3033經(jīng)濟部門分類EconomicSectorClassification分類有利于Thisclassificationfacilitates經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)出和投入的系統(tǒng)核算（國民收入和產(chǎn)品賬戶）Systematicaccountingoftheoutputoftheeconomyanduseoftheoutput(NationalIncomeandProductAccountsNIPA)監(jiān)測和報告績效，如GDPMonitoringandreportingofperformancemeasuressuchasGrossDomesticProduct比較和基準Comparisonandbenchmarking規(guī)劃和預(yù)測[投入產(chǎn)出分析]Planningandforecasting[Input-OutputAnalysis]2023/4/3044行業(yè)分類MajorindustriesinChinaA農(nóng)林牧漁業(yè)Agriculture,Forestry,Fishing,andHuntingB采礦業(yè)MiningC制造業(yè)

ManufacturingD電力、熱力、燃氣及水生產(chǎn)和供應(yīng)業(yè)Utilitiesandsupplyindustryonelectricity,heat,gasandwaterE建筑業(yè)

ConstructionF批發(fā)和零售業(yè)WholesaleTradeandRetailTradeG交通運輸、倉儲和郵政業(yè)Transportation,storageandpostalservicesI信息傳輸、軟件和信息技術(shù)服務(wù)業(yè)transferinformation,softwareandITservices2023/4/305J金融業(yè)

FinancialIndustryK房地產(chǎn)業(yè)

RealEstateL租賃和商務(wù)服務(wù)業(yè)LeasingandBusinessServicesM科學(xué)研究和技術(shù)服務(wù)業(yè)scientificandtechnicalservicesN水利、環(huán)境和公共設(shè)施管理業(yè)Water,environmentandpublicfacilitiesmanagementindustryO居民服務(wù)、修理和其他服務(wù)業(yè)residentservices,repairsandotherservicesP教育

EducationQ衛(wèi)生和社會工作HealthandsocialworkR文化、體育和娛樂業(yè)Culture,SportsandEntertainmentS公共管理、社會保障和社會組織publicadministration,socialsecurityandsocialorganizationsT國際組織InternationalOrganizations52023/4/3066A農(nóng)林牧漁業(yè)Agriculture,Forestry,Fishing,andHunting01 農(nóng)業(yè)011 谷物種植0111 稻谷種植 0112 小麥種植 0113 玉米種植 0119 其他谷物種植

012 豆類、油料和薯類種植 013 棉、麻、糖、煙草種植 014 蔬菜、食用菌及園藝作物種植 015 水果種植 016 堅果、含油果、香料和飲料作物種植 017 0170 中藥材種植 019 0190 其他農(nóng)業(yè)2023/4/30702 林業(yè)021 林木育種和育苗 0211 林木育種0212 林木育苗022 0220 造林和更新023 0230 森林經(jīng)營和管護 024 木材和竹材采運0241 木材采運 0242 竹材采運 025 林產(chǎn)品采集0251 木竹材林產(chǎn)品采集0252 非木竹材林產(chǎn)品采集2023/4/3088二、投入產(chǎn)出分析Input-OutputAnalysis經(jīng)濟是由復(fù)雜而相互依存的部分（農(nóng)業(yè)、制造業(yè)、服務(wù)業(yè)、政府、消費者、其它國家等）組成的Theeconomyconsistsofcomplexandinterdependentsectors(Ag-Mfg-Service-Govt-Consumers-Othercountries)1、投入產(chǎn)出分析的概念★投入產(chǎn)出分析是一種運用會計和簡單的模型來表達農(nóng)業(yè)、制造業(yè)、服務(wù)業(yè)、政府、消費者、其它國家等相互依存的經(jīng)濟關(guān)系Input-outputanalysisisanaccountingandsimplemodelingtechniquetorepresenttheseeconomicinterdependencies區(qū)域投入產(chǎn)出分析是在區(qū)域水平上的投入產(chǎn)出分析Regionalinput-outputanalysisisIOanalysisdoneataregionallevel2023/4/3099以GDP作為衡量經(jīng)濟效果和福利的問題

ProblemswithGDPasameasureofeconomicperformanceandwellbeing包括了防御性支出IncludesdefensiveexpendituresE.g.FluepidemicorHurricanesorpollutioncontrolexpendituresorwaronterror沒扣除自然、社會或人力資本DoesnotdeductdepreciationofNatural,Social,orHumancapital[onlymanmadecapitalisdepreciatedincalculatingNDP]Ores,fossilfuelstockreductionMarineresourceloss,deforestation,airandwaterqualitychangesLossofinstitutions,skills沒包括所有非市場商品和服務(wù)Excludesallnon-marketgoodsandservicesEnvironmental/EcosystemservicesHomeservicesLeisure第二節(jié)經(jīng)濟增長與人類福利

EconomicGrowthandHumanWellbeing一、貧富二、貧富差異的原因三、推動經(jīng)濟增長的因素四、經(jīng)濟增長的愿景五、衡量福利的非經(jīng)濟指標(biāo)六、需要與欲望一、貧富Therichandthepoor★經(jīng)濟增長的關(guān)鍵點Keyideasoneconomicgrowth一個時期內(nèi)的生產(chǎn)力Productionwithinaperiod–howtomodel跨時期的增長GrowthacrossperiodsBycapitalaccumulationBytechnologyraisingproductivity二、貧富差異的原因★

Whyaresomecountriesrichandsomepoor?1、自然資源和條件差異Naturalresources&conditions2、增長率不同GrowthrateWhyhavesomegrownmorethanothers?2023/4/3013WhyEconomicGrowthseemsdesirable:

1.人均壽命與人均GDP的關(guān)系LongevityandGDP/capita2023/4/30142.嬰幼兒死亡率與人均GDP的關(guān)系

InfantmortalityandGDP/capita

2023/4/30153.成人識字率與人均GDP的關(guān)系

LiteracyandGDP/capita

2023/4/30164、幸福感與人均收入

HappinessandIncomepercapita2023/4/3017三、經(jīng)濟增長的趨動力★

WhatDrivesEconomicGrowth?P146一定時期內(nèi)的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)取決于資本存量和勞動力Withinaperiod:ProductionfunctionCapitalstock,Labor不同時期則取決于Changesbetweenperiods儲蓄、投資和資本積累Savings,investment&capitalaccumulation技術(shù)進步TechnologicalchangeP156Endogenous(functionofR&Dinvestmentinknowledgeandhumancapital)Exogenous2023/4/30181、經(jīng)濟增長模型ModelingEconomicGrowth:

1)生產(chǎn)函數(shù)ProductionFunctionP147NationalIncome=output(Y)Y=f(capital,labor,naturalresources) -TreatNRasaspecialcategory(ofcapital)Y=f(K,L,R)Y=Kα×Lβ×Rδ

Cobb-DouglasProductionFunction(α+β+δ=1forconstantreturnstoscale)Y=K0.2×L0.7×R0.1(解釋模型illustrativemodel)2023/4/30192)儲蓄、投資和資本積累

Savings,InvestmentandCapitalaccumulationP149S=sYs=savingsrateSt=ItI=InvestmentKt=Kt-1+It

Moreyousave,largeriscapitalstocknextyear,hencehigheryouroutputIfSavingsrate>PopulationgrowthThencapitalperworkerisincreasing,somoreoutputpercapitaButdecliningmarginalproductivityofcapital,sorateofincomegrowthdeclining(duetoshapeofproductionfunction)2023/4/30203、技術(shù)與效率

TechnologyandProductivityP155生產(chǎn)函數(shù) Y=K0.2×L0.7

×R0.1

加上效率因素(a,b,c) Y=aK0.2

×bL0.7

×cR0.1

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