大學(xué)英國(guó)文學(xué)定義歸納

Alliteration頭韻alliterationisregularrepetitionofthesamesound-usu.initialconsonantsofwordsorofstressedsyllables-inold&middleEnglishverse.例firstandforemost首先saintsandsinners圣人與罪人calledhimthebestamongthekindesttokinsmenandkeenestforfame（kingsoftheearth）Epic（史詩）alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagoodheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.manyopusweredrawnfromanoraltraditionandweretransmittedbysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittendown.例MostfamousEnglishEpicareAnglo-Saxon'sBeowulf&JohnMitton;paradiselostRomance（傳奇）From:literatureoftheupperclassinfeudalEnglandinMedievalAgesCharacter:theknightamanofnoblebirth,skilledintheuseofweaponsContent:thelifeandadventuresofanobleheroTheme:emphasisofchivalryspiritandloyaltytoking;composedbythenoble,forthenoble&ofthenoble例anonymous匿名的《SirGawainandtheGreenKnight》《KingArthurandtheKnightoftheRoundtable》HeroicCouplets英雄雙韻體（英雄雙韻體指出代表作家作品名就行）2.Alexander亞歷山AnEssayonCriticism論批評(píng)奪發(fā)記英國(guó)詩史上藝術(shù)造詣最高的詩人之一，18世紀(jì)Pope大蒲伯TheRapeoftheLock群愚史詩人論新古典主義的代表人物，TheDunciadEssayonMantheheroiccouplet英雄雙韻體Renaissance文藝復(fù)興不足EnglishRenaissanceEnglishRenaissance2trend(Courtliterature;Bourgeoisliterature)TheRenaissance:anintellectualmovementsprangfirstinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEuropePeoplehadathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliteraturePeopleshowedthekeeninterestintheactivityofhumanityHumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissanceTheRenaissance,therefore,isahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarstriedtogetridofthoseoldfeudalisticideasinMedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpresstheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,andtorecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomancatholicchurchHumanism人道主義Humanismemphasizedthedignityandpotentialoftheindividualandtheworthoflifeinthisworld.Manisthemeasureofallthing.Manhasabilitytoperfectthemselvestodevelopindividual.Manshouldenjoythepresentlife.這一冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期Literaryfeatures:TranslationoccupiedanimportantplaceintheEnglishRenaissance,classicalworksofGreekandLatin,ItalianandFrenchweretranslatedintoEnglishAlargenumberofbooksdescribingdiscoveriesandadventuresPoetryflourished:sonnetandblankversewereintroducedtoEngland.ThehighestgloryoftheEnglishRenaissanceisdramaEssay散文Asaliteraryterm,essayisusedtocoveranenormousrangeofcomposition,itcouldbeafairlyshortprose;instyleoftenfamiliarlyconversationalandinsubjecteithersect-revelatoryorillustrativeofsocialmanners.Essayexpoundsanopinion,ajudgmentoranexperienceinafreestyle,butcarefulandpreciseinlanguageandsubtleandprofoundinmeaning.Drama戲劇theformofcompositiondesignedforperformanceinthetheatre,inwhichactorstaketherolesofthecharacters,performtheindicatedactionandutterthewrittendialogue.(Thecommonalternativenameforadramaticcompositionisaplay)Threemaintypes:aMiraclePlay奇跡??；Moralityplay道德劇:Interlude插居ijEnglishdramahaditsbeginningwiththechurchplaysoftheMiddleAgeThemiracleplaysarealsocalledmysteryplays.Content:BibleFeatures:Secularandhumorous/comical;homelyrealismMoralityplayverymuchdiffersfromthemysteryplay.Itisanallegoryinwhichabstractvirtuesandvicesappearinpersonifiedform.Alittleaftermiracleplays,amoralitypresentedtheconflictofgoodandevilwithallegoricalpersonages,suchasMercy,Peace,Hate,FollyBlankVerse無韻體詩Blankversereferstowritteninunrhymediambicpentameter無韻的五步抑揚(yáng)格Blankversehasbeencalledthemost"natural"verseformfordramaticworks,sinceitsupposedlyistheverseformmostclosetonaturalrhythmsofEnglishspeech.Thepassionateshepherdtohislove(desireforlove)ItwasextensivelyemployedinEnglishpoetryoftheRenaissance.Sonnet十四行詩Someislyricpoeminasinglestanzaconsistingof14iambicpetameterlineslinkedbyanintricaterhymescheme(韻式)Therhyme,inEnglish,usuallyfollowsoneof2mainpatterns:(1):TheItalianorPetrarchan(彼得拉克式)sonnet.TheEnglishsonnetorShakespeareansomeComedy喜劇aplaywrittenchieflytoamuseitsaudiencebyasenseofsuperiorityoverthecharactersAcomedywillnormallybeclosertoeverydaylifethanatragedy,andwillexplorecommonhumanfailingsratherthantragedy'sdisastrouscrimesItsendingwillusuallybehappyfortheleadingcharacters.?MaturePeriod(1601-1607)FourgreatTragedies:Hamlet,Othello;kingLear,MacbethTragedy悲劇1.seriousplayornovelrepresentingthedisastrousdownfallofacentralcharactertheprotagonist.Thepurposeistoachieveacrisisthroughincidentsarousingpityandterror..Thetragiceffectusuallydependsonourawarenessofadmirablequalitieintheprotagonist,whicharewastedterriblyinthefateddisaster.Allegory寓言Ataleinverseorproseinwhichcharacters,actions,orsettingsrepresentabstractideasormoralqualities,thus;anallegoryisastorywithtwomeanings,aliteralmeaningandasymbolmeaning.Itscentraldeviceisthepersonificationofabstractentitiessuchusvice,stateofmindThemostfamousallegoryinEnglishliteratureisTonBunyan,sThePilgrim,sProgress.TheEnlightenment啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)Anintellectualmovementinthe18thcentury,beginninginFranceandthenspreadthroughoutEurope.Onthewholeitwasanexpressionofstruggleoftheprogressiveclassofbourgeoisieagainstthefeudalism.ItwasacontinuationDfRenaissanceinbeliefinthepossibilitzfhumanperfectionthrougheducation.Rationalityreason,naturalrightandequalitybecamestandardformeasurementofeverything.Neoclassicism新古典主義.TheBenightmentMovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.TheneoclassicistsheldthatformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriters,suchasHomer.Pope,Addison,Steelebelongedtothistrend...MockEpic諷刺史詩MockepicisasatiricliteracyformthattreatsatrivialorcommonplacesubjectwiththeelevatedlanguageandheroicstyleoftheclassicalepicSatire諷刺文學(xué)Satireistheliteraryartridiculingafollyorviceinordertoexposeorcorrectit.Itevokesattitudesofamusement,contempt,scorn,orindignationtowarditsfaultysubjectinthehopeofsomehowimprovingit.E.g.:JonathanSwift,AlexanderPope,SamuelJohnsonareallgreatsatirists.Modernnovel現(xiàn)代小說Modernnovelbeganinthe18thcenturyandgavetheworldsuchnovelistsasDefoe,Richardson,SmollettandSterne.DanielRobinsonCrusoewasoneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglish18thcenturyrealisticnovel.ButitwasHenryFieldingandTobiasGeorgeSmollettwhobecausetherealfoundersofthegenreofthebourgeoisrealisticnovelinEnglishandEurope.Sentimentalism傷感主義Sentimentalismappearedinthemiddleof18thcenturyandmarkedthetransitionfromclassicismtoromanticism.Itreactsagainstanythingrationalandadvocatesthatsentimentshouldtaketheplaceofreason.ThomasGray,OliverGoldsmith,LaurenceStern,SamuelRichardsonarerepresentativesofthisschool.Elegy挽歌Alyricpoemlamentingthedeathofanindividual.Itisusuallyformalinlanguageandstructure,andsolemnorevenmelancholyintone.E.g.:ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard墓園挽歌EnglishRomanticism英國(guó)浪漫主義Itisgenerallydefinedin1798withthepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge’s“LyricalBallads”andendin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBillintheParliament.Characteristics:1.Imagination2.worshipofnature3.symbolismandmythsimplicityandhumanity5.spontaneity(自發(fā)性)ByronicHero(拜倫式英雄)TypicalByronichero:ChildeHarold;DonJuanAproudrevolutionaryfigureofnobleoriginFierypassion;unbendingwill.IdealoffreedomAgainsttyrannyandinjusticeLonelyfighters,individualisticendsOde頌歌alyricpoemofsomelength,dealingwithalofty(高尚的themeinadignifiedmannerandoriginallyintendedtobesung.e.g.:OdetotheWestWindEnglishCriticalRealism英國(guó)批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義Englishcriticalrealismflourishedinthe40sandtheearly50sThecriticalrealistsdescribedwithmuchvividnessandartisticskillthechieftraitsoftheEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistSystemfromademocraticviewpoint.TheyfocusedontheDarkSideofthesociety.Criticalrealistsrevealedthesocialrealityandcriticizedtheinjustice,povertyandreligioushypocrisy.FeaturesofCriticalRealism批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的特點(diǎn)Therealistsfirstandforemostcriticizedthecapitalistsocietyandportrayedthecryingcontradictionofbourgeoisreality.ThegreatnessoftheEnglishrealistsliesnotonlyintheirsatiricalportrayalofbourgeoisieandintheexposureofthegreedandhypocrisyoftherulingclasses,butalsointheirsympathyforthelaboringpeople.Humorandsatireareusedtoexposeandcriticizethedarksideofthereality.Themajorcontributionofthecriticalrealistsliesintheirperfectionofthenovel.The19thcenturyrealisticnovelsbecome“theepicofthebourgeoissociety”GothicNovel(哥特式小說)Itisatypeofromanticfictionthatpredominatedthelate18thcentury.Itsprincipalelementsare:violence,horrorandsupernatural.Itfocussesonthedescriptionofthedark,irrationalsideofthehumannature.Dramaticmonologue(戲劇獨(dú)白詩)DramaticMonologuereferstoalyricpoeminwhichaspeakeraddresseshimselftooneorseverallistenerswhodon'treply.Suchpoemsrevealnotthepoet'sownthoughtsbutthemindoftheimpersonatedcharacter,whosepersonalityisrevealedunwittingly."MyLastDuchess"ishisbest-knowndramaticmonologue.Aestheticism唯美主義Aestheticismisthedoctrineordispositionthatregardsbeautyasanendinitself,andattemptsto(preservetheartfromsubordinationtodidactic,orpoliticalpurposes?TheteamisoftenusedsynonymouslywiththeAestheticMovement,aliteraryandartistictendency,ofthelate19thcenturywhichmaybeunderstoodasafurtherphaseofRomanticisminthereactionagainstphilistinebourgeoisvaluesofpracticalefficiencyandmorality.Aestheticismseparatedthesenseofbeautyfrompracticalinterest.Itssloganisartforart'ssake.Itwasakindofescapisminessence.AestheticismwasoneofthereactionsagainsttheVictorianconventionofartformorality’ssake,orartformoney'ssake.WaterPaterandOscarWildeNatural