M3 U2 Grammar

1、 疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 在句子中起名詞作用的從句叫名詞性從句。在句子中起名詞作用的從句叫名詞性從句。 名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組，在復(fù)合句中名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組，在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任能擔(dān)任主語，表語，賓語，同位語，介詞賓語主語，表語，賓語，同位語，介詞賓語等，等，因此根據(jù)它在句中的句法功能，名詞性從句又可因此根據(jù)它在句中的句法功能，名詞性從句又可以分為以分為主語從句，表語從句，賓語從句主語從句，表語從句，賓語從句和和同位語同位語從句從句。 本單元主要介紹由疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。本單元主要介紹由疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。 疑問詞有兩類，疑問詞有兩類， 疑問代詞疑

2、問代詞(what, whatever, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose) 疑問副詞疑問副詞(when, where, how, why)。 疑問代詞通常在從句中作疑問代詞通常在從句中作主語，表語主語，表語和和賓語賓語。 疑問副詞則通常在從句中作疑問副詞則通常在從句中作狀語狀語（時(shí)間狀語，地時(shí)間狀語，地點(diǎn)狀語，方式狀語或原因狀語點(diǎn)狀語，方式狀語或原因狀語）。）。請看如下例句，并試著分析作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問詞在請看如下例句，并試著分析作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問詞在從句中所擔(dān)任的成分。從句中所擔(dān)任的成分。 What he said at th

3、e meeting confused everyone present. (作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問代詞在作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問代詞在主語從句主語從句中作中作賓語賓語) The little boy ate whatever his mother gave him. (作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問代詞在作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問代詞在賓語從句賓語從句中作中作賓賓語語) Please give some suggestion which book I should choose among these. (作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問代詞在作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問代詞在同位語從句同位語從句中作中作定語定語) The problem is who/whom I s

4、hould turn to for help. (作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問代詞在作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問代詞在表語從句表語從句中作中作賓語賓語) Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. (作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問代詞在作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問代詞在主語從句主語從句中作中作主語主語) When we will go skating is up to you to make a decision. (作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問副詞在作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問副詞在主語從句主語從句中作時(shí)間中作時(shí)間狀語狀語) I insisted upon an answer to my questio

5、n why he had done it. (作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問副詞在作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問副詞在同位語從句同位語從句中作中作原因狀語原因狀語) There is a doubt how they managed to travel to the moon. (作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問副詞在作引導(dǎo)詞的疑問副詞在同位語從句同位語從句中作中作方式狀語方式狀語) 運(yùn)用名詞性從句時(shí)的注意點(diǎn)：運(yùn)用名詞性從句時(shí)的注意點(diǎn)： 1) 關(guān)于關(guān)于that的省略的省略 一般情況下，賓語從句中的一般情況下，賓語從句中的that是可以省略的。是可以省略的。 但在下列幾種情況下，但在下列幾種情況下，that一般不可省略一般不可省略。 介詞后面的

6、介詞后面的that不能省不能省。 Peter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless. 彼得是好學(xué)生，只是有時(shí)粗心。彼得是好學(xué)生，只是有時(shí)粗心。 并列連詞并列連詞and連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上賓語從句，第二個(gè)連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上賓語從句，第二個(gè)及以后的賓語從句中的及以后的賓語從句中的that不省略。不省略。 My uncle says (that) he has served here for twenty years and that he is going to retire next month. 我叔叔說他在這兒工作已二十年

7、了，下個(gè)月即將退休。我叔叔說他在這兒工作已二十年了，下個(gè)月即將退休。 主句謂語動詞與主句謂語動詞與that從句之間有插入語，從句之間有插入語，that不可省略。不可省略。 He said that, if he could manage it, he would come for dinner. 他說，如果他安排得好的話，他會來吃晚飯的。他說，如果他安排得好的話，他會來吃晚飯的。 賓語從句中有其他從屬連詞時(shí)，賓語從句中有其他從屬連詞時(shí)，that不能省不能省略。略。 He told me that if it was necessary they would work all night. 他告

8、訴我，如果需要的話，他們就干個(gè)通宵。他告訴我，如果需要的話，他們就干個(gè)通宵。 2) 名詞性從句的詞序名詞性從句的詞序 名詞性從句在句中要用陳述句語序。名詞性從句在句中要用陳述句語序。 He asked me what was the matter with me. Whatever you say will interest us all. 3) whether和和if的用法的用法 whether和和if在賓語從句中可以互換，但是作在賓語從句中可以互換，但是作介詞賓語介詞賓語時(shí)連接詞一般用時(shí)連接詞一般用whether。 It all depends on whether they will c

9、ome back. 一切都取決于他們是否會來。一切都取決于他們是否會來。 后面直接跟后面直接跟or not 時(shí)用時(shí)用whether。 I didnt know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan. 我不知道他是否已經(jīng)到達(dá)武漢了。我不知道他是否已經(jīng)到達(dá)武漢了。 主語從句，表語從句主語從句，表語從句中只能用中只能用whether。 Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet. 會議是否會被推遲還沒有被決定。會議是否會被推遲還沒有被決定。 The question is wheth

10、er they have so much money. 問題在于他們是否有很多錢。問題在于他們是否有很多錢。 whether可以引導(dǎo)可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句同位語從句，用以說明前面，用以說明前面的名詞的內(nèi)容，的名詞的內(nèi)容，if不能。不能。 We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not. 我們應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)真討論是否能做此事這個(gè)問題。我們應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)真討論是否能做此事這個(gè)問題。 whether常與常與or連用表示一種選擇，連用表示一種選擇，if不能這不能這樣用樣用 whether也可與也可與動詞不定式動詞不定式連用連用,

11、 if不能。不能。 The question of whether they are male or female is not important. 他們是男性還是女性不重要。他們是男性還是女性不重要。 I have not decided whether to go or not. 我我還沒有決定是否要去。還沒有決定是否要去。 4) 疑問代詞疑問代詞 + ever和和no matter + 疑問代詞疑問代詞的區(qū)的區(qū)別別 疑問代詞疑問代詞 + ever可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，在從句可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，在從句中要充當(dāng)一定的部分。中要充當(dāng)一定的部分。 Whoever breaks the rule mu

12、st be punished. (在主語從句中作主語在主語從句中作主語) 任何違反規(guī)定的人必須受罰。任何違反規(guī)定的人必須受罰。 You can choose whatever you like in the shop. (在賓語從句中作賓語在賓語從句中作賓語) 你可以在商店中選擇你喜歡的任何東西。你可以在商店中選擇你喜歡的任何東西。 疑問詞疑問詞 + ever還可引導(dǎo)還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句讓步狀語從句= no matter +疑問詞疑問詞。 Whoever/ No matter who breaks the rule, he must be punished. 無論誰違反規(guī)定，都必須受罰。無論誰

13、違反規(guī)定，都必須受罰。 Whatever/ No matter what you do, you must do it well. 不管你做什么，你必須把它做好。不管你做什么，你必須把它做好。 no matter + 疑問詞疑問詞只能引導(dǎo)只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句讓步狀語從句。 No matter what you do, you must do it well. 不管你做什么，你必須把它做好。不管你做什么，你必須把它做好。 No matter who breaks the rule, he must be punished. 無論誰違反規(guī)定，都必須受罰。無論誰違反規(guī)定，都必須受罰。 5) 名詞性從

14、句中主句和從句的時(shí)態(tài)一致名詞性從句中主句和從句的時(shí)態(tài)一致 賓語從句中主句和從句的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，但如賓語從句中主句和從句的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，但如果從句中表示的是客觀現(xiàn)象，雖然主句是過去時(shí)果從句中表示的是客觀現(xiàn)象，雖然主句是過去時(shí)態(tài)，從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：態(tài)，從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如： I didnt know you were in London. The teacher told us that light travels at a very high speed. 主語從句作主語主語從句作主語相當(dāng)于單數(shù)第三人稱作主語，謂語動相當(dāng)于單數(shù)第三人稱作主語，謂語動詞用詞用單數(shù)單數(shù) 如果如果由由and 連

15、接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主語從句連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主語從句作主語時(shí)，作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù) 由由兩個(gè)或多個(gè)連接詞兩個(gè)或多個(gè)連接詞引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)主語從句一個(gè)主語從句，謂語動詞用單，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。數(shù)。 When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet. 會議何時(shí)開始還沒有決定。會議何時(shí)開始還沒有決定。 When they will start and where they go have not been decided yet. 他們何時(shí)出發(fā)以及去何處還沒有決定。他們何時(shí)出發(fā)以及去何處還沒有決定。 When and where

16、the meeting will begin has not been decided. 會議何時(shí)何地開始還沒有決定。會議何時(shí)何地開始還沒有決定。 6)含有賓語從句復(fù)合句的反意疑問句含有賓語從句復(fù)合句的反意疑問句 反意疑問句一般與主句一致。反意疑問句一般與主句一致。 He said they were going to help me, didnt he？ 他說過他們要幫我，不是嗎？他說過他們要幫我，不是嗎？ She told you that the mat was her own work, didnt she? 她告訴過你這個(gè)墊子是她親自做的，是嗎？她告訴過你這個(gè)墊子是她親自做的，是嗎？

17、 當(dāng)主句的主語為當(dāng)主句的主語為第一人稱第一人稱，謂語動詞是，謂語動詞是think, believe, consider, imagine, suppose, hope 等詞時(shí)，等詞時(shí)，反意疑問句反意疑問句應(yīng)與應(yīng)與賓語從句賓語從句保持一致。保持一致。 這時(shí)特別要注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移的問題。這時(shí)特別要注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移的問題。 I suppose youre serious, arent you? 我想你是當(dāng)真的，不是嗎？我想你是當(dāng)真的，不是嗎？(不可用不可用dont I) I dont suppose hes serious, is he? 我想他不是當(dāng)真的，是嗎？我想他不是當(dāng)真的，是嗎？ (不可用不可用do

18、 I) 提示：提示： 如果主語是如果主語是第二、第三人稱第二、第三人稱，則，則疑問句部分疑問句部分與與主句主句一致，一致，且不存在否定轉(zhuǎn)移的問題。且不存在否定轉(zhuǎn)移的問題。 You dont think we can speak English, do you? He thinks hes got the right answer, doesnt he? 7) because, why引導(dǎo)的表語從句引導(dǎo)的表語從句 Thats because he didnt understand me. 那是因?yàn)樗麤]有理解我。（那是因?yàn)樗麤]有理解我。（Thats because 強(qiáng)調(diào)原強(qiáng)調(diào)原因）因） Thats

19、 why he got angry with me. 那正是他對我生氣的原因。（那正是他對我生氣的原因。（Thats why 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果）果） 注意注意: what引導(dǎo)的主語從句表示結(jié)果或名詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句表示結(jié)果或名詞reason作主語時(shí)，作主語時(shí)，后面的表語從句表示原因時(shí)要用后面的表語從句表示原因時(shí)要用that引導(dǎo)，一般不宜用引導(dǎo)，一般不宜用because。 The reason why I was sad was that he didnt understand me. 我難過的原因是他沒有理解我。我難過的原因是他沒有理解我。 What cost him his life was t

20、hat he was too careless. 使他喪命的原因是他太粗心了。使他喪命的原因是他太粗心了。 2. 形式主語形式主語it 1) 代主語從句代主語從句。 Isnt it strange that he should not have passed the test? 他測試沒有通過，難道不奇怪嗎？他測試沒有通過，難道不奇怪嗎？ 注意：注意： if引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)，只能用引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)，只能用it作形式主語，放在句首，作形式主語，放在句首，而將而將if引導(dǎo)的引導(dǎo)的主語從句主語從句放到句末。如：放到句末。如： It is uncertain if he will leave for Be

21、ijing tomorrow. 明天他是否去北京還不敢肯定。明天他是否去北京還不敢肯定。 2) 代不定式短語作主語代不定式短語作主語。 It is impossible to finish the work on time. 準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成工作是不可能的。工作是不可能的。 3) 代動名詞代動名詞。 Its no good sitting up too late. 熬夜沒有熬夜沒有好處。好處。 It is useless crying over the spilt milk. 覆水難收。覆水難收。 it代替動名詞短語代替動名詞短語 動名詞作主語用后置形式的情況遠(yuǎn)不及不定式那動名詞作主語用后置形

22、式的情況遠(yuǎn)不及不定式那么普通，常限于么普通，常限于no good, no use, useless, waste 等詞的后面。等詞的后面。 It is no good/ use having a car if you cant drive. it代替不定式短語的特殊句型代替不定式短語的特殊句型 It + be + adj. for (of) sb to do sth 某人做某某人做某事事 It is hard for him to make up his mind. 他很難下定決心。他很難下定決心。 It was foolish of her to say such a thing. 她說那樣

23、的話，真是太蠢了。她說那樣的話，真是太蠢了。 【說明【說明】介詞介詞 of 與與 for 的區(qū)別是的區(qū)別是： of 用于指某人的性格、屬性、特征等，用于指某人的性格、屬性、特征等， 介詞介詞for表示對象，意為表示對象，意為“對對來說來說” It takes sb + 時(shí)間段時(shí)間段 + to do sth. 某人做某某人做某事花了事花了時(shí)間時(shí)間 It takes years to master a new language. 要花多年的時(shí)間才能掌握一門新的語言。要花多年的時(shí)間才能掌握一門新的語言。 【說明【說明】此句型可以有以下多變種變體：此句型可以有以下多變種變體： It took me a

24、n hour to write the letter. =The letter took me an hour (to write). =I took an hour to write the letter. It is up to sb. to do sth. 該由某人做某事該由某人做某事 Its up to you to to make the choice. 得由你得由你來作選擇。來作選擇。 it代替主語從句代替主語從句 這個(gè)主語從句可以用連詞這個(gè)主語從句可以用連詞that引導(dǎo)，也可以用連引導(dǎo)，也可以用連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo) It is doubtful whethe

25、r she will be able to come. It was clear what she meant. 注意特別句型：注意特別句型： it look (seem, appear, happen, occur) that as if 似乎似乎 It seemed as if he didnt recognize me. 他似他似乎沒認(rèn)出我來。乎沒認(rèn)出我來。 It happened that I was out when he called. 他打電話時(shí)我碰巧不在家。他打電話時(shí)我碰巧不在家。 It + be + 過去分詞過去分詞 + that . 該句型常見動詞有：該句型常見動詞有：sa

26、y, hope, think, suppose, expect, report, know, believe, decide, etc. It is said that they have invented a new type of computer. 據(jù)說他們發(fā)明了一種新型電腦。據(jù)說他們發(fā)明了一種新型電腦。 若句子是疑問形式，就只能用若句子是疑問形式，就只能用it作形式主語。作形式主語。 Does it matter much that they wont come tomorrow? 他們明天不來很重要嗎？他們明天不來很重要嗎？ Is it true that he will go ab

27、road next week? 他下周出國是真的嗎？他下周出國是真的嗎？ It is suggested/ required/ ordered- that-的的主語從句中用虛擬語氣：主語從句中用虛擬語氣：should +do It is suggested that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. It doesnt matter +連接代詞或副詞連接代詞或副詞- It doesnt make too much difference + 連接連接代詞或副詞代詞或副詞- It doesnt matter whether he comes

28、or not. It wont make much difference whether you go today or tomorrow. it作形式賓語作形式賓語 it作形式賓語時(shí)，可以代替三種形式：不定式、作形式賓語時(shí)，可以代替三種形式：不定式、動名詞、賓語從句動名詞、賓語從句 it作形式賓語時(shí)，需要具備兩個(gè)條件：作形式賓語時(shí)，需要具備兩個(gè)條件： 真正的賓語是不定式、動名詞或從句真正的賓語是不定式、動名詞或從句 有賓語補(bǔ)足語有賓語補(bǔ)足語 it代替不定式短語代替不定式短語 think/ find/ feel/ consider/ make/ regard- +it +形容詞形容詞/名詞名詞

29、 + 不定式不定式 She thinks it her duty to help us. it 代替動名詞短語代替動名詞短語 （這只限用于少數(shù)句型，在（這只限用于少數(shù)句型，在多數(shù)情況下用不定式多一些）多數(shù)情況下用不定式多一些） I consider it no use reading without understanding. it 代替賓語從句代替賓語從句 We all thought it a pity that the meeting should have been cancelled.含含it的常用句型的常用句型 If it were not for / If it hadnt b

30、een for 若若不是因?yàn)椴皇且驗(yàn)?If it were not for their help, we couldnt have got over the difficulties. 要不是他們幫助，這些困難我們不克服不了的。要不是他們幫助，這些困難我們不克服不了的。 It be+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/ who+ 其他成分其他成分 It was Peter whom/ that I met in Japan last year. not- until 也可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型也可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 It was not until 11 oclock that Mr. Smith came ba

31、ck. 注意區(qū)別：注意區(qū)別： There is no doubt that -對對-毫不懷疑毫不懷疑 There is no need (for sb.) to do sth.沒必要沒必要- There is no/ a possibility that- 沒有沒有/有可能有可能- = It is impossible/ possible that- There be difficulty/ trouble (in) doing sth.做做-有困難有困難Individual activity1. Could you do me a favor? It depends on _ it is.

32、A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever2. I think its going to be a big problem. Yes, it could be. I wonder _ we can do about it. A. if B. how C. what D. thatQuiz I: Multiple choice 3. _ we cant get seems better than _ we have. A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what4. _ is a fact

33、that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It5. Choosing the right dictionary depends on _ you want to use it for. (2007江蘇江蘇) A. what B. why C. how D. whether6. Could I speak to _ is in charge of International Sales, please? (2007山東山東) A. anyone B. someo

34、ne C. whoever D. no matter who 7. _ matters most in learning English is enough practice. (2007全國全國II) A. What B. Why C. Where D. Which 8. _ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. (2007 上海上海) A. That B. What C. Whether D. Where9. You can only be sure of _ you have at present

35、; you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future. (2007安徽安徽) A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that10. _ parents say and do has a life- long effect on their children. (2007 陜西陜西) A. That B. Which C. What D. As11. It is none of your business _ other people think about you.

36、Believe yourself. (2007福建福建) A. how B. what C. which D. when12. By improving reading skills, you can read faster and understand more of _ you read. (2007上海春上海春) A. that B. what C. which D. whether13. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? Thats _ the best jobs are. (2007浙江浙江) A. where B. what C. when

37、D. why 14. The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make _ it is. (2007天津天津) A. what B. which C. how D. where15. As his best friend, I can make accurate guesses about _ he will do or think. (2008上海上海) A. what B. which C. whom D. that16. It has been proved _ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses