文藝復(fù)興英語(yǔ)

Renaissance2021/5/91overvieworiginscharacteristicsThethreegeniusesofRenaissance2021/5/92Overview14th–17thcenturiesculturalmovementEuropeanBeginninginItalyliterature,philosophyart,music,politics,science,religion,2021/5/93Origins13thcenturyItalyFlorencePeoplelosttheirfaithinthechurchandbegantoputmorefocusonhumanbeingsandmaterialpossessions2021/5/94SocialandpoliticalstructuresinItalyTheuniquepoliticalstructuresoflateMiddleAgesItalyhaveledsometotheorizethatitsunusualsocialclimateallowedtheemergenceofarareculturalefflorescence.Italydidnotexistasapoliticalentityintheearlymodernperiod.Instead,itwasdividedintosmallercitystatesandterritories2021/5/95BeginningoftheRenaissance

TheItalianRenaissancehadplacedhumanbeingsoncemoreinthecenteroflife'sstageandinfusedthoughtandartwithhumanisticvalues.IntimethestimulatingideascurrentinItalyspreadtootherareasandcombinedwithindigenousdevelopmentstoproduceaFrenchRenaissance,anEnglishRenaissance,andsoon.2021/5/96WhytheRenaissanceemergedinItaly?It’sprosperoustradeandproductionofhandicraft.It’srichvarietyofurbansociallifecoincidingwiththeemergenceofmorecities.ThewealthofculturepasseddownfromtheartisticandarchitecturalheritageofRomeandthefourthwastheuseofLatinasacommonlanguageintheItaliansociety.2021/5/97CulturalconditionsinFlorenceIthaslongbeenamatterofdebatewhytheRenaissancebeganinFlorence,andnotelsewhereinItaly.ScholarshavenotedseveralfeaturesuniquetoFlorentineculturallifewhichmayhavecausedsuchaculturalmovement.Lorenzode'Medici,rulerofFlorenceandpatronofarts2021/5/98CharacteristicsHumanismArtScience2021/5/99WhytheRenaissancebeganinFlorenceManyhaveemphasizedtheroleplayedbytheMedici,abankingfamilyandlaterducalrulinghouse,inpatronizingandstimulatingthearts.Lorenzode'Medici(1449–1492)wasthecatalystforanenormousamountofartspatronage,encouraginghiscountrymentocommissionworksfromFlorence'sleadingartists,includingLeonardodaVinci,SandroBotticelli,andMichelangeloBuonarroti.WorksbyNeridiBicci,SandroBotticelli,LeonardodaVinciandFilippinoLippihadbeencommissionedadditionallybytheconventdiSanDonatoagliScopetioftheAugustiniansorderinFlorence.2021/5/910HumanismThehumanistsbelievedthatitisimportanttotranscendtotheafterlifewithaperfectmindandbody.Thistranscendingbeliefcanbedonewitheducation.Thepurposeofhumanismwastocreateauniversalmanwhosepersoncombinedintellectualandphysicalexcellenceandwhowascapableoffunctioninghonorablyinvirtuallyanysituation.Thisideologywasreferredtoastheuomouniversale,anancientGreco-Romanideal.TheeducationduringRenaissancewasmainlycomposedofancientliteratureandhistory.Itwasthoughtthattheclassicsprovidedmoralinstructionandanintensiveunderstandingofhumanbehavior.2021/5/911PicodellaMirandola.HewrotethefamousOrationontheDignityofMan,whichhasbeencalledthe"ManifestooftheRenaissance"2021/5/912ArtThedevelopmentofperspectivewaspartofawidertrendtowardsrealisminthearts.Tothatend,paintersalsodevelopedothertechniques,studyinglight,shadow,and,famouslyinthecaseofLeonardodaVinci,humananatomy.Underlyingthesechangesinartisticmethod,wasareneweddesiretodepictthebeautyofnature,andtounraveltheaxiomsofaesthetics,withtheworksofLeonardo,MichelangeloandRaphaelrepresentingartisticpinnaclesthatweretobemuchimitatedbyotherartists2021/5/913Michelangelo'stombintheBasilicaofSantaCroce,Florence2021/5/914scienceOneimportantdevelopmentwasnotanyspecificdiscovery,butratherthefurtherdevelopmentoftheprocessfordiscovery,thescientificmethod.Itfocusedonempiricalevidence,theimportanceofmathematics,anddiscardedAristotelianscience.EarlyandinfluentialproponentsoftheseideasincludedCopernicus,Galileo,andFrancisBacon.[65][66]Thenewscientificmethodledtogreatcontributionsinthefieldsofastronomy,physics,biology,andanatomy.2021/5/915GalileoGalilei.PortraitincrayonbyRenaissancesculptorLeoneLeoni2021/5/916LeonardodaVinciMichelangeloRaffaelloSanzioThethreegeniusesofRenaissance2021/5/917DaVinci《MonaLisa》

TheMonaLisaisthemostfamousmasterpiece.It’sdaVinci’shighestartisticachievement.DaVinci'suniqueartisticlanguageistheuseoflightandshadetocreateathree-dimensionalsenseoftheimageoftheplane.Heoncesaid:"thegreatestmiracleofpainting,istomakethepictureshowingaconcaveandconvex"DaVincihasshownaveryhightalentinpaintingsincechildhood,sohisfathersenthimtothepaintingworkshoptolearnpainting.Beforethestartofthestudy,theteacherletdaVincipracticepaintinganeggformanydays.2021/5/918《MonaLisa》FinallyDaVincigotimpatient,hethoughttheteacherlookeddownuponhim.Aftertheteacherreadhisthoughts,hetolddaVinciatruth:Therearenotwothingsexactlythesameintheworld,evenisthesamething,duetothedifferentpointofviewandlight.DaVinciissuddenlyenlighted,sincethen,hebegantrainingbasicpaintingskills,learningallkindsofartandscientificknowledge,allthishadlaidasolidfoundationforhislateroutstandingachievements.2021/5/919

Astronomy

DaVincitakeanegativeviewtothepoint:Earthisthecenteroftheuniverse.HisviewispresentedearlierthanHeliocentrictheory.2021/5/920MeachineHefindtheFrictiondefinitionbyexperiments.Throughhisstudyofthebirds’wingmovement,hedesignaAircraftin1493forthefirsttime.2021/5/921RobotHedesignaprimaryrobotbydissectingbodies.Madeagreatcontributiontothedevelopmentofanatomy.2021/5/922ArchitectureInarchitecture,healsoshowedaremarkabletalent.Hedesignedbridges,churches,citystreetsandcitybuildings.Inthedesignofthecitystreets,heseparatepathsandsidewalks.Whendesigningurbanarchitecture,itrequirestheheightofthehouseandthestreetwidth.2021/5/923MilitaryHeinventedthetanks,floatingsnowshoes,divingsuits,submarinesandhelicopters,MadeagreatcontributiontothedevelopmentofMilitary.2021/5/924Michelangelo

Agreatartist2021/5/925Name:MichelangeloLife:March1475–February1564(laterenaissance)Knownfor:Sculpture,painting,architecture,andpoetryNationality:Italy2021/5/926MichelangelowasborninFlorence,whereitwasthecradleoftheRenaissance.Sohehadbeeninfluencedbytheartfromhewasachild.AndundertheprotectionofFlorence'srulers,hereceiveagoodarteducation.2021/5/927HelefthometoRomeWhenhewas26yearsold.InRome,hemade"mourningofChrist"statueforSt.Peter'sChurch.Duetotheproductiontooexquisite,peopleevennotbelievethatitwasdidbyMichelangelo.Sohelefthissignatureonthebottomofthestatue.Andthisistheonlywithhissignature.Thethemeoftheworkistakenfromthebiblicalstory:AfterChristJesuswascrucifiedonthecross,themotherMaryMariacryingwhileholdingthebodyofChrist.2021/5/928Fromthestatue,wecanseethedeadChristreposeinthekneeoftheVirginMary,virginoverlookingherson,hereyesfilledwithsorrowandpity.TheexpressionofMaryissilentandcomplex,notonlypoursilentgriefandprayfullwithsad.IthasfarexceededtheChristianfaith,whichisakindoffilledwithfeelingsofmankind'sthegreatestandthemostnoblelove.2021/5/929Michelangelo‘sachievementinsculptureisnoonecancompare.Buthespentmostofhisafterlifeinthebuilding.Duringthisperiod,hecreatedalotofworksknowntotheworld,especiallyintheaspectofmuralpainting.Therightisthelastworkofhim——TheLastJudgement.Themostrepresentativeworksofhimwasahugepainting——GenesiszenithwhichwascreatedforSistineChapelinRome.2021/5/930Thecreationofthisworklastedformorethanfouryears.Thereare343charactersinpicturewhichisconsistof9centralpaintingandanumberofdecorativepainting.2021/5/9312021/5/932MichelangelodiedinRomein1564.Heisirasciblenotgregarious,buthe'sagreatartist.Hisworkshaveinfluencedforseveralcenturies.MichelangelorepresentsthehighestpeakoftheartofsculptureintheRenaissanceperiodinEurope.Thestatueofhischaracteroftenlooklikewithmajesticstrong,ambitiousspirit,fullofinfinitepower.Hislargenumberofworksshowstheunusualidealprocessingthatbasisontherealistic,asatypicalsymboloftheera.Hisartisticcreationisofteninarealisticwayandromanticfantasy,theperformanceofthecivilclassofpatriotismandthespiritofthestruggleforfreedom.2021/5/933Raphael(1483-1520)RaphaelwasanItalianpainterandarchitectoftheHighRenaissance.Hisworkisadmiredforitsclarityofformandeaseofcompositionandforitsvisualachievementoftheidealofhumangrandeur.2021/5/934Raphael(1483-1520)Raphaelwasenormouslyproductive,runninganunusuallylargeworkshopand,despitehisdeathat37,leavingalargebodyofwork.Hiscareerfallsnaturallyintothreephasesandthreestyles.2021/5/935Raphael(1483-1520)

Abrilliantself-portraitdrawingfromhisteenageyearsshowshisprecocioustalent.RaphaelatleastworkedasanassistanttoPeruginofromaround1500.Hewasevidentlyalrea