2023年全球慈善追蹤完整報(bào)告（英）

GlobalPhilanthropy

Tracker2023

Contents

TablesandFigures 01

Introduction

02

KeyFindings 04

Suggestions

06

WhatDoestheReportMeasure? 08

DatainContext:SettingtheStage 12

SpotlightonGivingtoUkraine 14

PartI:TotalCross-BorderResourceFlows 20

A.TotalCross-BorderResourceFlows 20

B.OfficialandPrivateForeignAssistance 26

PartII:Cross-BorderPhilanthropy 28

A.LegalEnvironmentforCross-BorderPhilanthropy 30

B.PhilanthropicOutflowsbyDonorCountries’IncomeLevel 33

C.UnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentGoals 36

D.Cross-BorderPhilanthropybyCharitableCauses 38

SpotlightonGlobalPhilanthropicResponsestowardstheFightagainsttheCOVID-19Pandemic 39

E.RecipientsofCross-BorderPhilanthropybyRegion 42

SpotlightonCross-BorderPhilanthropyandClimateChange 43

F.Cross-BorderVolunteering 46

PartIII.OtherCross-BorderResourceFlows 52

A.OfficialDevelopmentAssistance 52

B.Remittances 55

SpotlightonDiasporaPhilanthropy 59

C.PrivateCapitalInvestment 62

LookingAhead 64

Methodology 66

References 68

Acknowledgments 76

GLOBALPHILANTHROPYTRACKER202301

TablesandFigures

Figures

Figure1.Totalcross-borderresourcesfrom47countriesbyflow,2020(inbillionsofinflation-adjusted2020USdollars) 20

Figure2.Totalcross-borderprivateresourceflows(philanthropicoutflows,remittances,andprivatecapitalinvestment),

comparedwithofficialdevelopmentassistance,1991–2020(inbillionsofcurrentUSdollars) 22

Figure3.Totalcross-borderresourcesbyflow,1991–2020(inbillionsofcurrentUSdollars) 23

Figure4.Totalcross-borderresourcesbyflowandbycountry,2020(inmillionsofinflation-adjusted2020USdollars) 24

Figure5.Totalcross-borderresourcesasapercentageofgrossnationalincomebyflowandbycountry,2020 25

Figure6.Officialandprivateforeignassistancebycountry,2020(inmillionsofinflation-adjusted2020USdollars) 26

Figure7.Officialandprivateforeignassistanceasapercentageofgrossnationalincomebycountry,2020 27

Figure8.Philanthropicoutflowsasapercentageofgrossnationalincomein47countries,2020 28

Figure9.Philanthropicoutflowsfromlow-incomeandlower-middleincomecountries,2020 33

Figure10.Philanthropicoutflowsfromupper-middleincomecountries,2020 34

Figure11.Philanthropicoutflowsfromhigh-incomecountries,2020 35

Figure12.Netofficialdevelopmentassistancebycountry,2020(inmillionsofinflation-adjusted2020USdollars) 52

Figure13.Netofficialdevelopmentassistanceasashareofgrossnationalincomebycountry,2020 54

Figure14.Remittanceoutflowstoallcountriesbysendingcountry,2020(inmillionsofUSdollars) 56

Figure15.Remittanceoutflowstoallcountriesasapercentageofgrossnationalincomebysendingcountry,2020 57

Figure16.Remittanceoutflowstolow-andmiddle-incomecountriesbytop10sendingcountries

acrossincomegroups,2020(inmillionsofUSdollars) 58

Figure17.Remittanceoutflowstolow-andmiddle-incomecountriesasapercentageofgrossnationalincome

bytop10sendingcountriesacrossincomegroups,2020 58

Figure18.Privatecapitalflowsbycountry,2020(inmillionsofUSdollars) 62

Figure19.Privatecapitalflowsasapercentageofgrossnationalincomebycountry,2020 63

Tables

Table1.WorldBankcountryincomeclassification,2020 10

Table2.Basicfactsofcountriescoveredinthe2023GPT,2020 11

Table3.Totalcross-borderresourcesfrom47countriesbyflow,2018and2020

(inbillionsofinflation-adjusted2020USdollars) 22

Table4.Dataoncross-borderphilanthropicoutflowsbytopcharitablecause 38

Table5.Dataoncross-borderphilanthropicoutflowsbytoprecipientregion 42

Table6.Dataavailabilityoncross-bordervolunteeringbycountry 47

04

KeyFindings

The47countriescoveredinthe2023GPThavevaryinglevelsofeconomicdevelopmentandrepresenteveryworldregion.Together,theyaccountedfor22percentofallcountriesandeconomiesworldwide,61percentoftheglobalpopulation,and85percentofglobalgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)in2020.

47countries

atallstagesof

economicdevelopment

USD70billion

incross-border

philanthropicoutflowsin2020

8percent

ofworldwidecross-borderresources

Countriesincludedinthe2023GlobalPhilanthropyTracker

Comparedwith2018,thetotalamountofthefourcross-borderresourceflowsfromthe47countriesdeclinedslightlyby2percentin2020.

+19%

Remittances

-1%

OfficialDevelopment

Assistance(ODA)

-0.5%

Philanthropic

Outflows

-100%

PrivateCapital

Investment

THELANDSCAPEOFCROSS-BORDERPHILANTHROPIC2.In2020,ofthe47countries,thefiveinthelow-income

OUTFLOWSAMONG47COUNTRIESandlower-middleincomegroupsdonatedatotal

1.In2020,these47countriescontributedUSD70billioninofUSD42milliontoothercountries(seeFigure9);the

philanthropicoutflows,1andUSD841billionwhenadding10upper-middleincomecountriescontributedaround

togetherallfourcross-borderresourceflows—philanthropicUSD644million(seeFigure10);andthe32high-income

outflowsaswellasODA,individualremittances,andPCIcountriescontributednearlyUSD70billion(seeFigure

11)

(seeFigure1).Philanthropicoutflowsrepresent8percentofofcross-borderphilanthropy.

thetotalcross-borderresources.

1Thedataonphilanthropicoutflowsfromthe47countriesincludedinthisreportvaryintermsofdataquality.Thedatadiscussedinthisreport,therefore,mayunderestimatethetruescopeofphilanthropicoutflowsinsomecases.

GLOBALPHILANTHROPYTRACKER202305

CHANGESINPHILANTHROPICOUTFLOWSSINCE2018

3.Thecombinedlevelofcross-borderphilanthropicoutflowsandtheotherthreeresourceflowsfromthe47countriesdeclinedslightlyby2percentwhenadjustedforinflation,fromUSD859billion2in2018toUSD841billionin2020(seeTable3).

?Philanthropyprovedtoberesilientduringtheyear2020,withonlyasmalldeclineof0.5percentfromUSD71billionin2018.About60percentofthe

47countrieshadupdateddatathataredirectlycomparabletotheamountin2018.Amongthissubgroupofcountries,philanthropicoutflowswentupmodestlybyaround4percent,thoughthechangevariedgreatlybycountry.

?ODAremainedatasimilarlevelin2018and2020,droppingbyonly1percent.

?Remittancessawthelargestincreaseandremainedthelargestflow,growingby19percentbetween2018and2020,fromUSD496billiontoUSD590billion.Thiscanbeattributedtotheircounter-cyclicalnature,tostimuluspackagesfromhost-countrygovernmentsleadingtofavorableeconomicconditions,aswellastomovementstowarddigitalandformalwaysofmoneytransfer

thatcouldbetrackedbygovernmentsduetoCOVID-19restrictionswhichincreasedthevisibilityofpreviouslyun-trackedremittances,andfluctuationsinoilpricesandexchangesrates(Kpodaretal.,2022).

?PCIshowedadrasticdeclinefromUSD112billionin2018toUSD0.4billionin2020.Thisisduetothecombinedeffectsoftheglobaleconomicrecession,adepreciationinthevalueofinvestments,andreducedlevelsofforeigndirectinvestment(FDI)onprivatecapitalflows(UNCTAD,2021).

CROSS-BORDERPHILANTHROPICOUTFLOWSBYCAUSEANDRECIPIENTREGION

4.Educationandhealthremainedthetoptwomostsupportedcharitablecauses,asin2018,eachreceivingcross-borderdonationsfrom9countriesin2020,basedonasubgroupof14countrieswithavailabledata.ThesecausesdirectlyalignwithUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)4and3(QualityEducationandGlobalHealthandWell-Being,respectively).MostcountrieswithavailabledatadidnotdetailhowtheircausesalignedwiththeSDGs,andonlyaportionofthosecausescouldbecategorizedwithintheSDGframework.

5.Africawastheregioncitedmostfrequentlyasatoprecipientofphilanthropicsupport,accordingtocountriesthatreporteddataonthismatter.Amongthesubgroupofcountriesthatreporteddataonrecipientcountriesorregions,15citedAfrica,9citedAsia,and9citedEurope.Comparedwith2018,AfricaandAsiaremainedthetoptworegionssupportedbycross-borderphilanthropy,whilethenumberofcountriesthatgavetoEuropeincreasedin2020.

THEFUTUREOFCROSS-BORDERPHILANTHROPY

6.Technologicalinnovationsandinnovativewaysofgivinghavethepotentialtorevolutionizecross-borderphilanthropy.Theproliferationofemerginggivingvehicles,suchascrowdfunding,cryptodonations,andcollaborativeglobalfundshavefacilitatedandacceleratedbothlocalandglobalphilanthropyduringtheCOVID-19pandemic.

7.Thefindingsemphasizetheneedforincreasedcollaborationbetweencountries,sectors,andphilanthropicactors,andhighlighttheimportanceofimproveddatacollectiononnewareasofgiving,abetterreportingstructuretocapturegivingthatsupportstheSDGs,andmoreintentionaldatatrackingeffortstoenhancediversity,equity,andinclusioninglobalgiving.

8.Cross-borderphilanthropycanbebolsteredbyhighlightingandutilizingtheexpertiseanddedicationofdiasporacommunitieswho,especiallyduringtimesofcrisis,rallyandprovidetargetedandinformedphilanthropicrelieftotheirhomecountries.

TABLE3.TOTALCROSS-BORDERRESOURCESFROM47COUNTRIESBYFLOW,2018AND2020(inbillionsofinflation-adjusted2020USdollars)

FinancialFlowsfrom47Countries20202018%Changefrom2018to2020

REMITTANCES

$590

$496

19%

OFFICIALDEVELOPMENTASSISTANCE(ODA)

$180

$181

-1%

PHILANTHROPICOUTFLOWS

$70

$71

-0.5%

PRIVATECAPITALINVESTMENT(PCI)

$0.4

$112

-100%

TOTAL

$841

$859

-2%

2Inthisreport,allcurrencieswereadjustedinto2020USDvalues.

06

Suggestions

The2023GPTidentifiesthreeopportunitiesfortheinternationalcommunitytobolstertheroleofphilanthropyinsustainabledevelopment.Byleveragingthelessonslearned,leaderscanrespondappropriatelytocurrentandfuturechallenges.

EnhanceLocalPhilanthropicEcosystemsThroughRegionalCollaborations

Theincreasingnumberofnaturalandhuman-madedisastershighlightstheneedforanimprovedecosystemforcross-borderphilanthropy,especiallythroughlocalgrassrootsorganizationsandtheirleadership,whichareoftenthefirstrespondersintimesofcrisis.Withregionalcollaborations,philanthropicorganizations3havethepotentialtoadvancethelocalandglobalphilanthropicecosystemwithknowledgesharing,localcapacitybuilding,andadvocacywork.Theseorganizationscouldalsofacilitatetheconnectionsandcommunicationbetweeninternationaldonorsandlocalphilanthropicorganizationstoenhanceequityandculturalawarenessincross-borderphilanthropy.Numerousregionalandinternationalcollaborationscanserveasexamplesforgoodpractices,someofwhicharehighlightedbelow.

?IntheAsia-Pacificregion,severalregional-levelcentersandnonprofitassociations,suchastheCentreforAsianPhilanthropyandSocietyandtheAsiaPhilanthropyCircle,aimtoenhancethephilanthropicenvironmentintheregion,includingcross-bordergiving.ThereportonUnlockingCross-borderPhilanthropyinAsiapublishedbyGive2Asiahighlightsthatitiscrucialtocreateamorecohesiveecosystemforcross-borderphilanthropyinthisregionbycultivatingaregionallyfocusedgivingmindset,establishingtrustworthyintermediaryorganizations,andadvocatingforanenablingenvironmentforcross-borderphilanthropy,whichwouldcreateamorecohesiveecosystemforcross-borderphilanthropy(Tran&Thai,2022).

?Althoughthenon-discriminatoryprincipleshouldallowcross-borderphilanthropyintheEuropeanUnion(EU)(EuropeanUnion,2017),thecomparabilityproceduresanddifferenttaxregulationsimplementedbyeachmemberstateshavehistoricallyhinderedcross-borderphilanthropyamongthe27memberstates.Inordertofacilitatecross-bordergiving,theTransnationalGivingEuropenetworkprovidessolutionsfortax-effectivecross-bordercashdonationsin19Europeancountries(TransnationalGivingEurope,2023).Since2021,thePhilanthropyEuropeAssociation(Philea)nurturesthephilanthropicecosysteminover30Europeancountriesbyknowledgesharing,networking,andadvocacywork(Philea,2023).

Theincreasingnumberofnaturalandman-madedisastersandcriseshighlightstheneedforanimprovedecosystemforcross-borderphilanthropyandtheenhancementoflocalphilanthropicorganizations.Regionalcollaborationshavethepotentialtostrengthenthelocalandglobalphilanthropicecosystemwithknowledgesharing,localcapacitybuilding,andadvocacywork.Someoftheseorganizationscouldalsosupportdonorsnavigatetheregulatoryandadministrativerequirementsofforeigndonationsbyprovidingofficialguidelinesandalternativechannelsforcross-bordergiving.Theseorganizationscouldalsoenhanceequityincross-borderphilanthropybyfacilitatingtheconnectionsandcommunicationbetweeninternationaldonorsandlocalphilanthropicorganizations.Allthesestepsarenecessarytocreateamoreeffectiveenvironmentforandenhanceequityincross-borderphilanthropy.

3

“ThetermPhilanthropicOrganization(PO)referstoaformofnon-market,non-stateorganizationsoutsideofthefamilythatprovideservicesforthepublicgood.Itincludesthefollowing:foundations(grant-making,operating,corporate,community,orgovernmentsponsored/created),community-basedorganizationsandvillageassociations,professionalassociations,environmentalgroups,advocacygroups,co-operatives,charitableorganizations,faith-basedorganizations,mutualentities,laborunions,societies,researchinstitutes,diasporicorganizations,onlinesocial-purposeportals,transnationalandcross-sectoralcoalitions,andothertypesofnon-governmentalorganizationsthatarerelevantinagivencountry.”

GLOBALPHILANTHROPYTRACKER202307

EstablishMechanisms

toMobilizeLocalPhilanthropyinAddressingGlobalChallenges

DuringtheCOVID-19pandemic,severalinnovativeinitiativesproactivelycultivatedamoreenablingenvironment

whentraditionalchannelsofsendingandreceivingcross-borderphilanthropybecamemorechallenging,afindingthatisreinforcedinthe2022GlobalPhilanthropyEnvironmentIndex(IndianaUniversityLillyfamilySchoolofPhilanthropy,2022).4

?DuringthebeginningoftheCOVID-19pandemic,individualdonorswereunabletosupporttheglobalworkoftheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).Thus,inpartnershipwiththeUnitedNationsFoundationandtheSwissPhilanthropyFoundation,WHOestablishedtheCOVID-19SolidarityResponseFundtoraisefundsfromindividuals,companies,andphilanthropiesacrosstheworldforthefirsttimeinitshistory(WHO,2020).ThisinitiativenotonlyhelpedraisefundsfortheglobalworkofWHObutalsoraisedawarenessoftheimportanceofpossiblenewwaysofglobalgiving.

Philanthropicorganizationscouldimplementnovelwaysofgivingtoreinforcelocalphilanthropyandprovidemoreequitable,localizedfunding.Additionally,local,regional,andglobalphilanthropicactorscouldsupportdonorsnavigatingtheregulatoryandadministrativerequirementsofforeigndonationsbyprovidingofficialguidelinesandbestpracticesforcross-bordergiving.

DevelopInternationalStandardsforDataTrackingandPromoteDataTransparency

Thereisadearthofdataoncross-bordergivingtospecificcauses,suchasgivingtofightclimatechangeorracialinjusticeandinequity.Concernsrelatedtoclimatechangehavebecomeincreasinglyrelevantandnecessaryinthepastfewdecades,andracialjusticeandracialequityarelong-standingglobalconcerns,causedbypervasiveandsystemicracism,colonialism,andxenophobia.

Basedonascanof81countriesandeconomies,thisreportsharesdataoncross-bordergivingfrom47countrieswhereitwaspossibletogetbasicestimatesoncross-borderphilanthropy,andonly14countrieshadavailabledataoncross-bordergivingbycharitablecause.

?Thereisagenerallackofdataoncross-bordergivingtospecificcauses(e.g.,climatechange,racialinjustice).

Capturingthemagnitudeofgivingtotheserelativelynewandemergingcausesisstillchallenging,butseveralresearchcentersanddataprovidershavealreadystartedrevisingtheirmethodologiestofocusoncollectingandprovidingsuchdatatothepublic(Candid,n.d.;ClimateWorksFoundation,2022;PhilanthropicInitiativeforRacialEquity,2019).

?DataongivingtotheSDGsisalsoscarce,leadingtolimitedinformationonphilanthropiccontributionstodevelopment.

TofacilitatetheusageoftheSDGlanguageandencourageSDGdatacollectionandreportingforphilanthropicorganizations,theSDGPhilanthropyPlatformcreatedthe“SDGIndicatorWizard”totranslateandalignanorganization’sachievementsandgoalsintothelanguageoftheSDGs.Recently,severalinternationalorganizationsanddataprovidershaveaimedtoprovidebetterinformationongivingtotheSDGsattheregionalandgloballevels(SDGFunders,n.d.;ArabFoundationsForum,2023;

EastAfricaPhilanthropyNetwork,2022).

Thissignificantlackofpublicdatapresentsanongoingchallengetofullyunderstandingthepatternsandtrendsofcross-bordergenerosity.Italsolimitsourunderstandingoftherolethatphilanthropyplaysglobally,especiallyduringglobalcrisesliketheCOVID-19pandemic,whenallsectorsarecalledupontorespond.Promotingdatasharingandtransparency,buildinginfrastructureforsystematicdatacollection,andestablishinginternationalstandardsfordatareportingcouldhelpimprovedataavailabilityandqualityinthelongtermandsupportindividualandinstitutionaldonorstomakeinformed,data-drivendecisions.

4PublishedbytheIndianaUniversityLillyFamilySchoolofPhilanthropy,theGlobalPhilanthropyEnvironmentIndexexaminestheenablingenvironmentforphilanthropywithinacountryandacrosscountries.Formoreinformation,visit/index.html.

08

WhatDoestheReportMeasure?

TheGlobalPhilanthropyTracker(GPT)measurestheextentofglobalcross-borderphilanthropicoutflowsof47countries.Byfocusingonallcross-borderphilanthropy—notjustphilanthropyfordevelopmentpurposes—itoffersaholisticviewofthephilanthropicoutflows.Itfurthercomparescross-borderphilanthropytothreeotherresourceflows:ODA,remittances,andPCI.Thissectionprovidesadefinitionofthesefourresourcesflowsaswellasanoverviewofthe47countriesincludedinthereport.

PHILANTHROPICOUTFLOWS

Theconceptof‘philanthropy’hasevolvedovertimeandvariesacrosscultures,buttodayitisgenerallyseenasusinganytypeofprivateresources,suchasmoney,time,specifictalents,andcollectiveaction,forthepublicgood(Phillips&Jung,2016).

Philanthropicoutflowsreferto:a)thesumofcharitablefinancialcontributionssentbydonorswhenthedonor(individuals,corporations,foundations,orothergrantmakingorganizations)andthebeneficiary(individuals,philanthropicorganizations,orintermediaryorganizations)arelocatedindifferentcountries;orb)givingwithinacountrytodomesticphilanthropicorganizationsthatfocusonbroadcategoriesofinternationalcauses,suchasforeignaffairs,humanitarianassistance,internationalrelations,promotionofinternationalunderstanding,andinternationalsolidarity.

IndianaUniversityLillyFamilySchoolofPhilanthropy,2020GlobalPhilanthropyTracker

OFFICIALDEVELOPMENTASSISTANCE

OfficialDevelopmentAssistance(ODA)isgovernmentaidthat“promotesandspecificallytargetstheeconomicdevelopmentandwelfareofdevelopingcountries”(OECD,n.d.-b).TheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)definitionincludes:

[F]lowstocountriesandterritoriesontheDAC[DevelopmentAssistanceCommittee]ListofODARecipientsandtomultilateraldevelopmentinstitutionswhichareprovidedbyofficialagencies,includingstateandlocalgovernments,orbytheirexecutiveagencies…andeachtransactionofwhichisadministeredwiththepromotionoftheeconomicdevelopmentandwelfareofdevelopingcountriesasitsmainobjective;andisconcessionalincharacter(OECD,n.d.-a).

IndianaUniversityLillyFamilySchoolofPhilanthropy,2020GlobalPhilanthropyTracker

Thisbroaddefinitioncoversassistancetomanyareas,suchaseconomicinfrastructure,governmentandcivilsociety,andwatersupplyandsanitation,aswellashumanitarianaid.NuclearenergyisalsoreportableasODAifitisforcivilianpurposes,andculturalprogramsalsocountiftheyincreasetheculturalcapacityoftherecipientcountries.However,thecurrentODAguidelinesexcludemoneyintheformofmilitaryaid,peacekeepingexpenditures,aswellasdealswithprimarilycommercialobjectives.ThestatisticsonODApublishedbytheOECDarealsothesoleverified,officialnumbersforthe

31DACmembersandthe80additionalprovidersofaid,includingnon-DACcountriesandorganizations(OECD,n.d.-a).

REMITTANCES

Vitalforeconomicdevelopmentaroundtheglobe,remittancesaretransfersofmoneythattakeplacewhenindividualssendapartoftheirearningstotheirfamilies,friends,andrelativesintheirhomecountry(Kretchmer,2020).Theycantaketheformofeithercashorgoods.Typically,thesender“paystheremittancetothesendingagentusingcash,check,moneyorder,creditcard,debitcard,oradebitinstructionsentthroughemail,phoneortheInternet.Thesendingagencyinstructsitsagentintherecipient’scountrytodelivertheremittance.Thepayingagentmakesthepaymenttotheaddressedbeneficiary”(Ratha,2020).

IndianaUniversityLillyFamilySchoolofPhilanthropy,2020GlobalPhilanthropyTracker

Remittanceshaveanegativecyclicalpositionwiththemigrant’shomecountry.Thismeansthatduringeconomiccrisesornaturaldisastersinthehomecountry,whenprivatecapitalflowsdecrease,remittancesfrommigrantsactuallyincrease(Frankel,2010).Thisisoftenbecausethemigrantsthemselveschoosetocuttheirownlivingcosts,cushioningtherecipientsoftheremittancesfromeconomicdownturns(Ratha,n.d.).

PRIVATECAPITALINVESTMENT

GLOBALPHILANTHROPYTRACKER202309

Globally,remittancesincreasedbetween2018and2019by4.6percent,androseslightlyfromUSD714billionin2019toUSD719billionin2020(0.6%)(Rathaetal.,2022).DuetotheCOVID-19pandemic,therewereconcerns

thatthesizeofremittanceswoulddecreasegreatly,whichwouldhavehadanoutsizedimpactoncountrieswhichrelyheavilyonthis“l(fā)ifeline”(SayehandChami,2020).Yet,remittancesremainedresilientin2020duetoavarietyoffactors,includingstimuluspackagesfromhost-countrygovernmentswhichresultedinunexpectedlyfavorableeconomicconditions;movementsawayfromcashandinformalchannelsandtowardsdigitalandformalchannels;andcyclicalfluctuationsofoilpricesandexchangesrates(Kpodaretal.,2022).Additionally,weakoilpricesnegativelyimpactedcountriesthatarepartoftheGulfCooperation