POETRY教學(xué)講解課件

POETRY

“Wevaluepoetryforwhatitshowsusaboutourinnerandouterlives.Wefindpleasureinitsmusic,admirethepowerofitslanguage,takeprideandcomfortinwhatitsays.”Howdoyoufeelaboutthestudyofpoetry?“Inaworldincreasinglyfocusedonthematerialworthofthethingswelearn,poetrybecomesahardersell.Arrivingatpoetry’scomplexpleasuresandrewardsrequirespatience,skill,knowledge,andevenwisdom,noneofwhichareameredouble-clickaway.”AllanGedalof Professor/Writer Ars

PoeticabyArchibaldMacLeishApoemshouldbepalpableandmuteAsaglobedfruit.DumbAsoldmedallionstothethumb,

Silentasthesleeve-wornstoneOfcasementledgeswherethemosshasgrown--

ApoemshouldbewordlessAstheflightofbirds.ApoemshouldbemotionlessintimeAsthemoonclimbs,

Leaving,asthemoonreleasesTwigbytwigthenight-entangledtrees,

Leaving,asthemoonbehindthewinterleaves,Memorybymemorythemind--

ApoemshouldbemotionlessintimeAsthemoonclimbs.Apoemshouldbeequalto:Nottrue.

ForallthehistoryofgriefAnemptydoorwayandamapleleaf.

ForloveTheleaninggrassesandtwolightsabovethesea--

ApoemshouldnotmeanButbe.simileMoonimageryTranslation:TheartofpoetryOralTraditionThefirstpoetrytohavebeenwrittenintheEnglishtonguewasthatoftheAnglo-Saxonperiod.Duetothelackofaprintingpressuntilthe15thcenturyandthefactthatthiswaslargelyapre-literatesociety,itwasnecessaryforpoetstoemploycomplexsystemsofrhyme,familiarrepeatedphrasesandalliterationtomaketheirversememorableaswellasbeautiful.Poemstransmittedideas.Thepurposeofthispoetrywasclearlytoeducateandconfirmnewreligiousthinking.ThemostfamousOldEnglishpoem,Beowulf(probablywritteninthelater8thcentury),acknowledgesandmournsthepassingofthepre-Christianheroicage–ofmonsterssuchasGrendelandthedragon.FromBeowulfLO,praiseoftheprowessofpeople-kings

ofspear-armedDanes,indayslongsped,

wehaveheard,andwhathonortheathelingswon!

OftScyldtheScefingfromsquadronedfoes,

frommanyatribe,themead-benchtore,

awingtheearls.Sinceersthelay

friendless,afoundling,faterepaidhim:

forhewaxedunderwelkin,inwealthhethrove,

tillbeforehimthefolk,bothfarandnear,

whohousebythewhale-path,heardhismandate,

gavehimgifts:agoodkinghe!

.

Listen:

YouhaveheardoftheDanishKings

intheolddaysandhow

theyweregreatwarriors.

Shield,thesonofSheaf,

tookmanyanenemy'schair,

terrifiedmanyawarrior,

afterhewasfoundanorphan.

Heprosperedunderthesky

untilpeopleeverywhere

listenedwhenhespoke.

Hewasagoodking!Connotation,DenotationConnotation

Theassociationscalledupbyawordthatgoesbeyonditsdictionarymeaning.Denotation

Thedictionarymeaningofaword.

DenotationofaroseRoseAroseisafloweringshrubofthegenusRosa,andtheflowerofthisshrub.Therearemorethanahundredspeciesofwildroses,allfromthenorthernhemisphereandmostlyfromtemperateregions.Thespeciesformagroupofgenerallypricklyshrubsorclimbers,andsometimestrailingplants,reaching2–5

mtall,rarelyreachingashighas20

mbyclimbingoverotherplants. ConnotationofaroseLove,romance,beauty,red,fragrant,thorny,spring,romanticcelebrations…Metaphor

(fromtheGreekmeaning:transference)Metaphor

Acomparisonbetweenessentiallyunlikethingswithoutanexplicitlycomparativewordsuchaslikeoras.Anexampleis"Myloveisared,redrose,“SomethingisSomethingelse.Tenor–thesubjectofthecomparison;thethingthatundergoesthetransference.Vehicle-thefigurethatcompletesthemetaphor;thesourceofthetransferredqualities,(givesthequalitiestotheTenor).

MyLoveisarose.TenorVehicleOneitherside,thosedearoldladies,thelooseningbarns,theirlittlewindowsdulledbycataractsofhayandcobwebshidebrokentractorsundertheirskirts.TenorVehicleSimile,ConceitorExtendedMetaphorConceit

Inliteraryterms,aconceitisanextendedmetaphorwithacomplexlogicthatgovernsanentirepoemorpoeticpassage.Byjuxtaposingimagesandideasinsurprisingways,aconceitinvitesthereaderintoamoresophisticatedunderstandingofanobjectofcomparison.Whenametaphorextendsbeyonditsoriginalcomparisoncontinuingthroughanentirepoem.Simile

Afigureofspeechinvolvingacomparisonbetweenunlikethingsusinglike,as,orasthough.Anexample:"Myloveislikeared,redrose."WilliamShakespeare’sSonnet18ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:

RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay, Andsummer'sleasehathalltooshortadate: Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines, Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm'd, Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines, Bychance,ornature'schangingcourseuntrimm'd: Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade, Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow'st, Norshalldeathbragthouwander'stinhisshade, Whenineternallinestotimethougrow'st, Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee, Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.Conceit:WarmdayimageryArs

PoeticabyArchibaldMacLeishApoemshouldbepalpableandmuteAsaglobedfruit.DumbAsoldmedallionstothethumb,

Silentasthesleeve-wornstoneOfcasementledgeswherethemosshasgrown--

ApoemshouldbewordlessAstheflightofbirds.ApoemshouldbemotionlessintimeAsthemoonclimbs,

Leaving,asthemoonreleasesTwigbytwigthenight-entangledtrees,

Leaving,asthemoonbehindthewinterleaves,Memorybymemorythemind--

ApoemshouldbemotionlessintimeAsthemoonclimbs.Apoemshouldbeequalto:Nottrue.

ForallthehistoryofgriefAnemptydoorwayandamapleleaf.

ForloveTheleaninggrassesandtwolightsabovethesea--

ApoemshouldnotmeanButbe.simileExtendedMetaphor:MoonimagerySynecdoche,MetonymyMetonymy

Afigureofspeechinwhichacloselyrelatedtermissubstitutedforanobjectoridea.Anexample:"Wehavealwaysremainedloyaltothecrown."Crownisasubstitutefortheking.

Synecdoche

Afigureofspeechinwhichapartissubstitutedforthewhole.Anexample:"Lendmeahand."IheardaFlybuzz(465)byEmilyDickinson

IheardaFlybuzz

–

whenIdied

–

TheStillnessintheRoom

WasliketheStillnessintheAir

–

BetweentheHeavesofStorm

–

TheEyesaround

–

hadwrungthemdry

–

AndBreathsweregatheringfirm ForthatlastOnset

–

whentheKing

Bewitnessed

–

intheRoom

–

IwilledmyKeepsakes

–

Signedaway

Whatportionsofmebe

Assignable

–

andthenitwas

ThereinterposedaFly

–

WithBlue

–

uncertainstumblingBuzz

–

Betweenthelight

–

andme

–

AndthentheWindowsfailed

–

andthenIcouldnotseetosee

–

synecdochemetonymyAnimism

Theassigningofanimalcharacteristicstohumans.Example:RollingonthefloorlikepuppiesPersonification

Theendowmentofinanimateobjectsorabstractconceptswithanimateorlivingqualities.Anexample:"Theyellowleavesflauntedtheircolorgailyinthebreeze."Wordsworth's"Iwanderedlonelyasacloud"includespersonification.Image

Aconcreterepresentationofasenseimpression,afeeling,oranideaappealingto,1orallofthefivesenses.Imageryreferstothepatternofrelateddetailsinawork.Oftenwritersusemultipleimagesthroughoutaworktosuggeststatesoffeelingandtoconveyimplicationsofthoughtandaction.Imagery

Anyliteraryreferencetothefivesenses(sight,touch,smell,hearing,andtaste).Essentially,imageryisanywordsthatcreateapictureinyourhead.Suchimagescanbecreatedbyusingfiguresofspeechsuchassimiles,metaphors,personification,andassonance.Nexttimeyouwalkbymyplaceinyourbearcoatandmooseboots,yourhairallsticksandleaveslikeanosprey'snestonapiling,animismnexttimeyouwalkacrossmyshadow withthoseswamp-stumpinggaloshesbelowthatgrizzlycoatandyourownwhiskersthatlookrumpledasifsomething'sbeeninthemalreadythismorningmussingandgrowlingandkissing— animismnexttimeyoupoletheraftofyoudownriverdownRiverStreetpastmyplaceyoucouldsayhello,youcanoe-footedfur-facedmuskox,pocketsfullofcheeseandacornsandlivefishandfour-headedwindsandsky,hello iswhathumanbeingssaywhentheymeeteachotherimageExeuntPiecemealthesummerdies;Atfield’sedgeadaisylivesalone;AshawllastburningliesOnthegrayfield-stone.Allcriesarethinandterse;Thefieldhasdronedthesummer’sfinalmass;AcricketlikeadwindledhearseCrawlsfromthedrygrass.personificationOxymoron

puttingtwocontradictorywordstogethertocreatenewmeaning. examples:

hotice,coldfire,wisefool,sadjoy,militaryintelligence, eloquentsilence,sweet-paintodescribeloveHyperbole(pronounced"hy-PER-buh-lee"andNOThyper-bowl)

Largelysynonymouswithexaggerationandoverstatement,isafigureofspeechinwhichstatementsareexaggeratedorextravagant.Itmaybeusedduetostrongfeelingsorisusedtocreateastrongimpressionandisnotmeanttobetakenliterally.Itgivesgreateremphasis. "Shehasabrainthesizeofapinhead." "Inearlydied." "HeissodumbhisIQisprobably-2!"Understatement

Afigureofspeechinwhichawriterorspeakersayslessthanwhatheorshemeans;theoppositeofoverstatement.ThelastlineofFrost's"Birches"illustratesthisliterarydevice:"Onecoulddoworsethanbeaswingerofbirches."Dreary,drabdaypressinginonme

untillikegray,gloomycloudsfilled

tosaturation,mytearsoverflow.

Isilentlyscreamforhelp

Thatneverseemstocome.oxymoronhyperbole

MyPapa'sWaltz

byTheodoreRoethke

Thewhiskeyonyourbreath

Couldmakeasmallboydizzy;

ButIhungonlikedeath:

Suchwaltzingwasnoteasy.

Werompeduntilthepans

Slidfromthekitchenshelf;

Mymother'scountenance

Couldnotunfrownitself.

Thehandthatheldmywrist

Wasbatteredononeknuckle;

Ateverystepyoumissed

Myrightearscrapedabuckle.

Youbeattimeonmyhead

Withapalmcakedhardbydirt,

Thenwaltzedmeofftobed

Stillclingingtoyourshirt.hyperboleunderstatementAllusion

Abriefreferencetoaperson,event,orplace,realorfictitious,ortoaworkofart.Casualreferencetoafamoushistoricalorliteraryfigureorevent.Anallusionmaybedrawnfromhistory,geography,literature,orreligion.Onomatopoeia

Theuseofwordstoimitatethesoundstheydescribe.Wordssuchasbuzzandcrackareonomatopoetic.Mostoften,however,onomatopoeiareferstowordsandgroupsofwords,suchasTennyson'sdescriptionofthe"murmurofinnumerablebees,"whichattemptstocapturethesoundofaswarmofbeesbuzzing.Otherexamplesincludewordssuchas:buzz,bam,slink,swoop,squish,PlayerPianoby-JohnUpdike-MystickfingersclickwithasnickerAnd,chuckling,theyknucklethekeys;Lightfooted,mysteelfeelersflickerAndpluckfromthesekeysmelodies.Mypapercancaper;abandonIsbroadcastbydintofmydin,AndnomanorbandhasahandinThetonesIturnonfromwithin.AttimesI'majumbleofrumbles,AtothersI'mlightlikethemoon,Butnevermynumbplunkerfumbles,Misstrumsme,ortriesanewtune.

MuséedesBeauxArts(1938)

W.H.Auden(1907-1973)

Aboutsufferingtheywereneverwrong,

TheOldMasters:howwelltheyunderstood

Itshumanposition;howittakesplace

Whilesomeoneelseiseatingoropeningawindoworjustwalkingdullyalong;

How,whentheagedarereverently,passionatelywaiting

Forthemiraculousbirth,therealwaysmustbe

Childrenwhodidnotspeciallywantittohappen,skating

Onapondattheedgeofthewood:

Theyneverforgot

Thateventhedreadfulmartyrdommustrunitscourse

Anyhowinacorner,someuntidyspot

Wherethedogsgoonwiththeirdoggylifeandthetorturer'shorse

Scratchesitsinnocentbehindonatree. InBrueghel's

Icarus,forinstance:howeverythingturnsaway

Quiteleisurelyfromthedisaster;theplowmanmay

Haveheardthesplash,theforsakencry,

Butforhimitwasnotanimportantfailure;thesunshone

Asithadtoonthewhitelegsdisappearingintothegreen

Water;andtheexpensivedelicateshipthatmusthaveseen

Somethingamazing,aboyfallingoutofthesky,

Hadsomewheretogettoandsailedcalmlyon.Translation:

MuseumofFineArtsAllusiontoRenaissanceartistsAllusiontothebirthofJesusChristAllusiontoBrueghel’sFallofIcarus

FallofIcarusbyPieterBrueghel

BrueghelwasaDutchartistnotedforlandscapesandscenesofthelivesofordinarypeople.

“Asithadtoonthewhitelegsdisappearingintothegreen

Water”theplowmanmay

Haveheardthesplash,theforsakencryandtheexpensivedelicateshipthatmusthaveseen

Somethingamazing,aboyfallingoutoftheskyLandscapewiththeFallofIcarusWilliamCarlosWilliams AccordingtoBrueghel

whenIcarusfell

itwasspring

afarmerwasploughing

hisfield

thewholepageantry oftheyearwas

awaketingling

withitself sweatinginthesun

thatmelted

thewings'wax

unsignificantly

offthecoast

therewas

asplashquiteunnoticed

thiswas

IcarusdrowningCacophony

referstosoundthatisharshandunpleasant-sounding.Theoppositeofcacophonyiseuphony,meaningmusicalandpleasant.Euphony

describesflowingandaestheticallypleasingspeech.Poetryisofteneuphonic,asiswell-craftedliteraryprose.Caesura

Astrongpausewithinalineofverse.ThefollowingstanzafromHardy's"TheManHeKilled"containscaesurasinthemiddletwolines: Hethoughthe'd'list,perhaps,

Off-hand-like--justasI—

End-stop

Afeatureinpoetryinwhichthesyntacticunitcorrespondsinlengthtotheline.Inotherwords,whenthelinepausesatitsendwhetherbypunctuationornaturalrhythm.Itsoppositeisenjambmentwherethesenserunsonintothenextline.Enjambment

Arun-onlineofpoetryinwhichlogicalandgrammaticalsensecarriesoverfromonelineintothenext.IntheopeninglinesofRobertBrowning's"MyLastDuchess,"forexample,thefirstlineisend-stoppedandthesecondenjambed: That'smylastDuchesspaintedonthewall,

Lookingasifshewerealive.Icall

Thatpieceawonder,nowAlliteration,Assonance,ConsonanceAlliteration

Therepetitionofconsonantsounds,especiallyatthebeginningofwords.Example:"Fetchedfresh,asIsuppose,offsomesweetwood."Assonance

Therepetitionofsimilarvowelsoundsinasentenceoralineofpoetryorprose,asin"Iroseandtoldhimofmywoe."Consonance

Astylisticdevice,oftenusedinpoetry.Itistherepetitionofconsonantsoundsinashortsequenceofwords,forexample,the"t"soundin"Isitbluntandflat?"SoThisIsNebraskabyTedKooser

Thegravelroadrideswithaslowgallopoverthefields,thetelephonelinesstreamingbehind,itsbillowofdustfullofthesparksofredwingblackbirds.

Oneitherside,thosedearoldladies,thelooseningbarns,theirlittlewindowsdulledbycataractsofhayandcobwebshidebrokentractorsundertheirskirts.

SothisisNebraska.ASundayafternoon;July.Drivingalongwithyourhandoutsqueezingtheair,ameadowlarkwaitingoneverypost.Behindashelterbeltofcedars,top-deepinhollyhocks,pollenandbees,apickupkicksitsfendersoffandsettlesbacktoreadtheclouds.

Youfeellikethat;youfeellikelettingyourtiresgoflat,likelettingthemicebuildanestinyourmuffler,likebeingnomorethanatruckintheweeds,

cluckingwithchickensorstickywithhoneyorholdingaskinnyoldmaninyourlapwhilehewatchestheroad,waitingforsomeonetowaveto.Youfeellike

waving.Youfeellikestoppingthecaranddancingaroundontheroad.Youwaveinsteadandleaveyourhandoutglidinglarklikeoverthewheat,overthehouses.alliterationconsonanceassonanceFindthesounddevices.Thegravelroadrideswithaslowgallopoverthefields,thetelephonelinesstreamingbehind,itsbillowofdustfullofthesparksofredwingblackbirds.consonancealliterationassonanceOneitherside,thosedearoldladies,thelooseningbarns,theirlittlewindowsdulledbycataractsofhayandcobwebshidebrokentractorsundertheirskirts.consonancealliterationassonanceSothisisNebraska.ASundayafternoon;July.Drivingalongwithyourhandoutsqueezingtheair,ameadowlarkwaitingoneverypost.consonancealliterationassonanceBehindashelterbeltofcedars,top-deepinhollyhocks,pollenandbees,apickupkicksitsfendersoffandsettlesbacktoreadtheclouds.consonancealliterationassonanceYoufeellikethat;youfeellikelettingyourtiresgoflat,likelettingthemicebuildanestinyourmuffler,likebeingnomorethanatruckintheweeds,

consonancealliterationassonancecluckingwithchickensorstickywithhoneyorholdingaskinnyoldmaninyourlapwhilehewatchestheroad,waitingforsomeonetowaveto.Youfeellikeconsonancealliterationassonancewaving.Youfeellikestoppingthecaranddancingaroundontheroad.Youwaveinsteadandleaveyourhandoutglidinglarklikeoverthewheat,overthehouses.consonancealliterationassonanceInternalrhyme

Rhymingwithinaline. Example:

Iawoketoblackflak. Trueinthegame,aslongasbloodisblueinmyveinsRhyme.

Thesimilaritybetweensyllablesoundsattheendoftwoormorelines.Somekindsofrhymeinclude:Truerhyme:occurswhentheinitialconsonantschange,butsucceedingvowelsandconsonantsremainthesamespanandvanorendsandfriends.

Slantrhyme:Apartialorimperfectrhyme,oftenusingassonanceorconsonanceonly,asindryanddiedorgrownandmoon.Alsocalledhalfrhymeornearrhyme.Eyerhyme:wordswhosespellingswouldleadonetothinkthattheyrhymed(slough,tough,cough,bough,though,hiccough.Or:love,move,prove.Or:daughter,laughter.)Meter

Themeasuredpatternofrhythmicaccentsinpoems.Foot

Ametricalunitcomposedofstressedandunstressedsyllables.Forexample,aniamboriambicfootisrepresentedby?',thatis,anunaccentedsyllablefollowedbyanaccentedone.Frost'sline"WhosewoodstheseareIthinkIknow"containsfouriambs,andisthusaniambicfoot.Rhythm

Therecurrenceofaccentorstressinlinesofverse.Inthefollowinglinesfrom"SameinBlues"byLangstonHughes,theaccentedwordsandsyllablesareunderlined: Isaidtomybaby,

Babytakeitslow

LulusaidtoLeonard

IwantadiamondringArhymeschemeisthepatternofrhyminglinesinapoemorinlyricsformusic.Itisusuallyreferredtobyusingletterstoindicatewhichlinesrhyme. Forexample"abab"indicatesafour-linestanzainwhichthefirstandthirdlinesrhyme,asdothesecondandfourth.HereisanexampleofthisrhymeschemefromToAnthea,WhoMayCommandHimAnyThingbyRobertHerrick:Bidmetoweep,andIwillweep,WhileIhaveeyestosee;Andhavingnone,yetIwillkeepAhearttoweepforthee.Sonnet29

When,indisgracewithfortuneandmen'seyes,

Iallalonebeweepmyoutcaststate

Andtroubledeafheavenwithmybootlesscries

Andlookuponmyselfandcursemyfate,

Wishingmeliketoonemorerichinhope,

Featuredlikehim,likehimwithfriendspossess'd,