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什么叫做Asinglerepositoryoflogicallyrelatedusefuldatathatcanbeusedsimultaneouslybymanyusers.Logicallyrelateddata包括了Entity,attribute以及為什么要用可以多人同時UpdateaQueries,以及其他根據(jù)queries造出的report什么叫做DatabasemanagementDBMSarethecollectionsofsoftwarethatallowaccessandmanipulationofDataRetrieval(讓數(shù)據(jù)可以直接被提供,并且方便未來的DBMSenvironment的數(shù)據(jù)(對數(shù)據(jù)的overall描述叫做Schema,根據(jù)三個等級分成External(一個用戶一Procedures(手續(xù),規(guī)則):指的是那些在設(shè)計和使用DBMS什么叫做DatabaseAcomputerprogramthatinctswiththedatabasebyissuinganappropriaterequesttotheDBMS.就是一個發(fā)出對數(shù)據(jù)庫更改的要求的程式,和DBMS(書本View:AvirtualtablethatdoesnotnecessarilyexistinthedatabasebutisgeneratedbytheDBMSfromtheunderlyingbasetableswheneveritisaccessed.允許每個user可以有自己的Viewofthe可以保障一定程度的Security(只能看到用戶自己能考到的部分)Presentaconsistentunchangingpictureofthestructureofthedatabase,即使underlyingdatabase改變了.(別人的改變不會影響到自己的界面)data就是一些unprocessed的facts,完全沒有處理過也沒有任何的意義(Rawfactsthathavesomerelevancytoanindividualororganization)Information已經(jīng)被processed或者Givensomestructure的Data,所以是有Meaning的。(Datathathasbeenprocessedorgivensomestructurethatbringsmeaningtoanindividualororganization)把所有的數(shù)據(jù)分成Smallercollectionsofdata(也就是表格每個table表現(xiàn)一個entity怎樣算一個好的Database數(shù)據(jù)庫結(jié)構(gòu)的三個等級(將User’sview和PhysicalrepresentationExternalThewayuserperceivethedataiscalledtheexternal只描述哪些和particularuserConceptualItprovidesboththemapandthedesiredindependencebetweentheexternalandinternallevels.AnditalsocontainsthelogicalstructureoftheentiredatabaseasseenbytheDBA(Databaseadministrator)ItdescribeswhatdataisstoredandtherelationshipsamongtheInternalThewayDBMSandtheoperatingsystemperceivethedataistheinternalPhysicalrepresentationofthedatabaseonthe也就是Howdatais在internallevel下面還有Physicallevel,如果說上面還是軟件層面的話,那么Internal硬件層面了,一些只有OS知道的內(nèi)容,比如文件的sequence以及如何在Disk上包括了datastructureandfileorganizationsusedtostoredataonstoragedevices(怎么LogicalDataExternalschemas對Conceptualschema的變動免疫,比如某一個entity,attributePhysicaldataConceptualschema對internalschema(比如fileorganizationsormodifying什么叫做DataMapormodelfordescribingdatarequirementsofan用于描述OrganisationAnintegratedcollectionofconceptsfordescribingdata,relationshipsbetweendata,andconstraintsonthedatausedbyanorganization.換句話說,它需要包括一些Conceptsandnotations它的目的是表現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)的同時讓所有的數(shù)據(jù)變得是真實世界的Informational是Standardisationexercise和CommunicationTherelationaldatamodelRelation:一張表(atablewithcolumnsandrows)Attribute:屬性(Anamedcolumnofarelation)(Asetofallowablevaluesforoneormoreattributes)Tuple:arecordofarelation(元組,記錄或者一行)Primarykey:主鍵ForeignkeyRelationaltablesTable表示一個Entity(在關(guān)系模型里,一個表格就是一個關(guān)系)???書上沒每個Column(distinct)一個格子包括一個AtomicvaluePrimarykey:Asuperkeythatcontainsonlytheminimumnumberofcolumnsnecessaryforuniqueidentification.用最少的Column來區(qū)分每一個tuple?不能使Null,也不能被改變。Foreign是另外一張表的PrimaryRelationalintegrity(健全性)Nulls:Representsavalueforacolumnthatiscurrentlyunknownorisnotapplicableforthisrecord.記錄漏缺,但不是0和空格,是完全沒有記錄Entityintegrity:Primarykey不能是NullReferentialintegrity:FKPKDatabase從Conceptuallevel開始,一個好的database應(yīng)該幫助企業(yè)工作更effective和Top-downapproach:在數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計的過程中,需要確立最重要的entity確定entityIdentifyBusinessruleswhichspecifyrelationshipsbetweenentitiesanddiagramthem.(那些確定entity之間關(guān)系的Businessrule)確定檢驗relationship,決定要如何建立relational什么叫做Business哪些描述兩個entity之間的relationships的規(guī)則,也叫作enterprise第三課:DatabaseSystemDevelopmentLifecycleResolvingentity需要能夠用Languageofbusiness和writtencommunicationskillsDeveloworkablesolutions(開發(fā)可行的解決方案沒有說清楚用戶要求(Lackofcompleterequirements沒有搞好開發(fā)的方法(LackofappropriatedevelopmentDatabase是IS的基礎(chǔ)部件(),應(yīng)該要從組織的widerrequirements的角度來看定義:Anorderedlistofstagesthatdescribetheappropriatetechniquesandtoolstouseinthedevelopmentofadatabasesystem.(將開發(fā)Database)nning(計劃),requirementsgatheringandysis(要求總結(jié)分析(設(shè)計),implementationorprototy(使用),testingandmaintenance(測試 定義:Themanagementactivitiesthatallowthestagesofthedatabasesystemdevelopmentlifecycletoberealizedasefficientlyandeffectivelyaspossible.DPManagementactivity,令不同stages都可以被efficientlyand應(yīng)該要和OverallstrategyoftheorganizationnningMissionstatementMission確立了database(Major可以幫助理清databasePATH在Report之中,我們需要有一個Technologyvisionofthefuture.MissionObjectives?(particulartaskthatthedatabasemust每一個Objectiveparticular比如:要與每一個公司的Operationalsection什么叫SystemDefinition?(開發(fā)databasesystemDescribesscopeandboundariesofdatabasesystem,includingitsmajoruser描述數(shù)據(jù)庫的范圍和邊界,包括主要的userDescribeshowdatabasesystemwillinterfacewithotherpartsoforganization’sinformation什么叫userThisdefineswhatisrequiredofadatabasesystemfromtheAparticularjob(單個職務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)庫可能有多個Userview定義userviews可以幫助我們把一連串復(fù)雜的要求breakdown到一些具體的,manageable的pieces兩種方法來記錄userviewRequirementscollectionand定義:Theprocessofcollectingand yzinginformationabouttheorganizationtobesupportedbythedatabasesystem,andusingthisinformationtoidentifytherequirementsforthenewsystem.包括以下的信息(eachmajorAdescriptionofdatausedorgenerated(那些需要和收集的數(shù)據(jù)Detailsofhowdataistobeused/generated(數(shù)據(jù)是如何被使用和收集的在Report里,很多都是靠自己(貌似是此外還需要考慮的是決定如何managedatabasesystemwithmultipleusercentralizedviewintegrationcombinationofboth什么叫做Centralized每個userview被合并成一個singlesetof所以一個反應(yīng)了所有userviews 什么叫做Viewintegration每個userview數(shù)據(jù)模型(datamodel)是反應(yīng)了每一個userview,然后把他們合并起來(數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計階換句話說就是為每一個Userview建立一個datamodel(local)那些反映了一個或多個,但是不是所有的userviews的數(shù)據(jù)模型叫做Localdata每一個LocalMerge在一起形成了一個GlobaldataDividesdifferentrequirementsintomanageable數(shù)據(jù)庫的設(shè)計:Processofcreatingadesignthatwillsupporttheorganization’smissionstatementandobjectivesfortherequireddatabasesystem.這個設(shè)計分為三個phases(階段)DBMS即為選擇一個合適的DBMS一般在LOGICAL和PHYSICAL嚴格來說,在那些提供充足信息(關(guān)于systemrequirement)的Logicaldesign我們選擇DesignofuserinterfaceandapplicationprogramsthatuseandprocesstheDatabaseapplicationdesign(Database之后才能設(shè)計Transactionisanaction,orseriesofactions,carriedoutbyasingleuserorapplicationprogramthataccessesorchangescontentofthedatabase.(transaction變database)一般來說會有三種transactionApplicationdesign應(yīng)該要定義并且記下那些transaction需要的Highlevelcharacteristics(?????)有哪些Important那些transactionPrototy(原型制造)andPrototy指的是Buildingworkingmodelofadatabase確定下什么情況下系統(tǒng)是workwell針對ParticularsystemdesignThephysicalrealizationofthedatabaseandapplicationOperationalLogical根據(jù)lifeCycle,Database:LogicalDesign(在步驟DesignPreparingtheconceptualdesignfor選擇以及描述entities(從以下三個維度Degree:這個關(guān)系里有多少的量的Cardinality:一個occurrenceofentityoccurrencesofOptionalityorparticipationoccurrencesofanentity 這些東西常常和Entity:Asetofobjectswiththesameproperties,whichisidentifiedbyauserororganizationashavinganindependentexistence(就是指現(xiàn)實世界中的某一類東西,這一類的其中一種叫做Occurrenceofanentity)relationship:Asetofmeaningfulassociationsamongentities(通常都是用動詞來描Degreesofarelationship:thenumberofparticipatingentitiesintherelationship,一個關(guān)系中有幾個entity,兩個就是binaryAttributes:Apropertyofanentityorarelationship(一個entitySimple(一個component),可能是Composite(component,前后名);可以是Single-valued(一個值)以及multi-valued(多個值,比如分類),以及Derivedattributes),但是一個表的Attributes可能也會成為另外一張表的entity。Keys是在AttributeentitySuperkey一個能夠區(qū)分一個entity的attribute,Candidatekey是指最短的可以區(qū)分一個entity的組合;primarykeyentitycandidatekey;而alternative就是除了primary以外的一列。Strongentity和Weakentity:strong不需要其他entityweakMultiplicity:Thenumberofoccurrencesofoneentitythatmayrelatetoasingleoccurrenceofanassociatedentity(一個entityentity最常見的degreeforrelationships是Binary:One-to-one(一對一)什么叫One-to-一個entity只能與另外一個entity,viceobligatoryononeside:一方是可選擇要不要這個關(guān)系的,可能就是沒有(一個人不一定有護照,一個護照一定是有主人的;可能會導(dǎo)致Null,看兩張表怎么建立了)non-obligatory:雙方都是可選擇的(Noteverycarisassociatedwithanemployee;noteveryemployeewillhavea car;很有可能會導(dǎo)致null,要可能大多數(shù)情況要處理Obligatorytoone那么一般來說會用假期的table,然后把customerNon-Database passesthelogicaldesignprocesslogicaldesignIdentifyentitiesandbusinessrules(定義entity首先要定下entity,businessrule是用來定義entity之間的關(guān)系的,包括optionality用Relationshipmatrix來理清Entity可以用這些來畫一個草稿的ERDData將一個entity和他的所有attributesData之后再檢查自己的自己的ERmodel有沒有符合要求?最終的ERDNormalizationistheprocessofefficientlyorganizingdatainadatabase(更有效率地組也是一個ProcessforevaluatingandcorrectingtablestructurestominimizedataNormalization:Atechniqueforproducingasetoftableswithminimalredundancythatsupportthedatarequirementsofanorganization.(一個將tables的redundancy最小化的技術(shù))一共有三個形式(normalform):1NF2NF3NF我們在設(shè)計ERmodel的時候,或者在翻譯ERmodel成為table的時候,可能會出現(xiàn)一些redundantdata,所以也就會產(chǎn)生updateanomaliesMoreefficientdatabaseBetterunderstandingofyourEasiertomaintaindatabase地址 里的信息重復(fù)太多遍了……包括centerNo也在重如果用兩張表的組合的話,addresscenterNo(第一張表),并且字符數(shù)少很多,所以減少了數(shù)據(jù)的redundancy(也減少了所需的storage)如果像第一張表這樣,就很重復(fù);這樣的redundancyupdateanomalies,which表。但如果用第二個方法,我只要輸入員工的信息就好了,直接用CenterNo來聯(lián)系center如果我要插入一個新的distributioncenter,center個方法的話,會導(dǎo)致我其他的信息,比如員工信息會變成NULL;如果用第二個方法就可centercenter了,比如ArtPeter;用第二個方法就可以杜絕如果我現(xiàn)在要改一個center的,那么在第一張表我要把所有人的都改一遍;Firstnormalform:Atableinwhichtheintersectionofeverycolumnandrecordcontainsonlyonevalue(每一列里的每一個intersection這個Formforms只有所有的字段合在一起才是一串地址,所以我們把整串地址當(dāng)做是一個Value)Secondnormalform:Atablethatisin1NFandinwhichthevaluesineachnon-primary-keycolumnaredeterminedbythevaluesinallthecolumnsthatmakeuptheprimarykey.1NFPrimarykey這一個formcompositeprimarykeyPrimarykey它已經(jīng)是2NF了。Functionaldependency:Describetherelationshipbetweencolumnsinatableandindicateshowcolumnsrelatetooneanother.(列們和列們是如何決定彼此的)分為兩類dependency,如果主鍵中的所有列和在一起可以決定表中某一列的數(shù)據(jù),那么叫做Fullfunctionaldependency;如果主鍵中的單獨的一列或者其中幾列(不是整個主鍵)決定了表中另外一列的數(shù)據(jù),那么叫做Partialdependency.(決定的意思是說,知道了前者就知一般來說Partialdependency如上這個例子,因為name和Position是partialdependency,所以會造成每一列的重復(fù),我們需要新建一張表,把哪些partialdependencyprimarykey,構(gòu)建一張新表。在上面這個例子里,就是要把Name和position還有StaffNo原來的表的ThefunctionaldependencyFullThirdnormalform:Atablethatisalreadyin1NFand2NF,andinwhichthevaluesinallnon-primary-keycolumnscanbedeterminedfromonlytheprimarykeycolumnsandnoothercolumn.雖然所有的列已經(jīng)被PrimarykeyTransitivedependency:describesarelationshipbetweencolumnsa,b,andc.Ifadeterminesb(a→b)andbdeterminesc(b→c),thencistransitivelydependentonaviab(a決定了b,b決定了c,那么c是被transitively如上這并沒有符合3NF,雖然最后三列也可以被StaffNo所決定,但是其實后面三列完全不行,因為這就是transitivedependency.Business ligenceanddataBI:AsetoftoolsandmethodologiesthatusedatatoimprovetheDM:isacollectivetermfordozensoftechniquestogleaninformationfromdataandturnitintosomethingmeaningful. Discovery:theprocessoflookinginadatabasetofindhiddenpatternswithoutapredeterminedideaorhypothesisaboutwhatthepatternsmaybe.Predictivemodeling:theprocessoftakingpatternsdiscoveredfromthedatabaseandusingthemtopredictthefuture. ysis:theprocessofapplyingtheextractedpatternstofindanomalousorunusualdataelementsNearestneighborclassification:Atechniqueusedtoclassifyanew“datapoint”(intherelationaldatabasecontext,thismeansarowinthetable)usingtheexistingdatainthedatabase助我們預(yù)測一個新的borrower和I第六課BusinessInligence,DataMininganddataBI:Theprocessesforcollectingand yzingdata,thetechnologyusedintheseprocessesandintheseprocessesandtheinformationobtainedfromtheseprocesseswiththepurposeoffacilitatingcorporatedecisionmaking.(三個東西的組合:123.那些為了businessdecisionmaking而從這個過程中得到的信息)Dataysis包括以下幾項Discovery:theprocessoflookinginadatabasetofindhiddenpatternswithoutapredeterminedideaorhypothesisaboutwhatthepatternsmaybe.PredictiveModeling:theprocessoftakingpatternsdiscoveredfromthedatabaseandusingthemtopredictthefuture. ysis:theprocessofapplyingtheextractedpatternstofindanomalousorunusualdataelementsBI了解自己的Business、Market,customercompetitionBI也能幫助從reactiveoperation成Proactive(到主動所有公司的Executives都需要高度總結(jié)的,并直接和他們的initiative(一開始感的東他們想要最快地,并清晰地看到bigpicturesBISetting ligenceaimsandobjectives(i.e.,designingtheCollectingandorganizingdataabouttheindustryandyzingandinterpretingthe Regression用線性回歸模型(一個或多個X一個Y),可以用來預(yù)測任意X帶來的Y舉個例子:設(shè)房價為Y,面積,裝修的好不好,功能為X所以當(dāng)我們決定要買房的時候,皆其他相似X帶來的房價是多少,用來評估這個房子DataTheprocessofextractingvalid,previouslyunknown,comprehensible,andactionableknowledgefromlargedatabasesandusingittoprovidedecision-support.(從database提取正確的,之前未知的,能被理解的,可的信息,然后用來來幫助決策)datamining軟件會自動將無關(guān)的variable(如果它覺得無關(guān)的話),例如在房價例子里就把Graniteinkitchen去掉了,但同時Bathrooms對房價的影響非常大NearestNeighborAtechniqueusedtoclassifyanew“datapoint”(intherelationaldatabasethismeansarowinthetable)usingtheexistingdatainthe分類一個新的數(shù)據(jù)點,也就一條新的Occurrenceof例如在這些數(shù)據(jù)中,提取出最有可能Default運用pythagoras’theorem:挑選K個離datapointAssociation用來尋找同時出現(xiàn)頻率很高的項的值(Usedtofindvaluesoffieldsthatco-occurmorefrequentlythanyouwouldexpectinadataset)這些關(guān)系可能用來作為規(guī)律,來幫助你判斷一個新的occurrenceCoverage:referstothepercentageoftimesadatapointappearsinthe(一個datapoint整個dataset例如設(shè)定Humidity=NormalANDWindy=FalseAND y=Yes為一個datapoint,那么它的Coverage是29%我們也可以從另外一個角度來分析數(shù)據(jù),比如打不打網(wǎng)球是我們的interest,那我們設(shè)計IFHumidity=NormalANDWindy=False,THEN y=Yes,并計算出它的概率。這樣得出的Accuracy是100%,因為所有符合前面條件的例子,都會選擇去打網(wǎng)球Verysimpleassociationruleinvolvingjustoneattributeintheconditionpart,oftenworkswellinpracticewithrealworlddata.(只包括一個attribute的associationrule)舉個例子,如果你想檢驗yornotOneR是只用一條attribute(特性)來預(yù)測,同時它的predictionerrors可以多試幾個attribute,最后挑選一個error上面這個例子中,得到Outlook和Humidity是error最小的兩個attribute,所以可以從其中挑選一項作為OneR.辯證地來看BI之外,公司也要學(xué)會怎樣用數(shù)據(jù)和研究來支持自己的decision,BI如今managementpractice的步伐,似乎漸漸更不上technologytform.Data目的是通過圖像更清晰地傳遞信息,幫助用戶更容易地找到trends以及relationships;Ideally,visualizationcommunicationviewerengagementandOnePiechart,Barchart,Histogram,BoxplotTwoDimensionsScatterplot,Linechart,SidebysidechartsThreeDimensions3Dscatterplot,BubblechartFour+DimensionsBubblechartextendedwithcolour(4D),ChernoffDatabaseDataAdministrator(DA)andDatabaseAdministrator(DBA):areresponsibleformanagingandcontrollingactivitiesassociatedwithcorporatedataandcorporatedatabase,respectively.這兩個職務(wù)是專門來管理所有和公司數(shù)據(jù)相關(guān)的事的,區(qū)別是DA主要管lifecycle的事,而DBAdatabasenning;(計劃developmentandmaintenanceofstandards,policies,andprocedures;(政conceptualandlogicaldatabasedesign.(設(shè)計physicaldatabasedesignandimplementation;(physicalsettingsecurityandintegritycontrols;(安全控制monitoringsystemperformance;(表現(xiàn)DatabaseMechanismsthatprotectthedatabaseagainstintentionaloraccidental防止database被別人的機isanysituationorevent,whetherintentionalorunintentional,thatmayadverselyaffectasystemandconsequentlytheorganization.theftandfraud(信息lossofitylossofprivacy,(隱私lossofintegrity(完整性lossofavailability.(可行性authorization():thegrantingofarightorprivilegethatenablesasubjecthavelegitimateaccesstoadatabasesystemoradatabasesystem’sviews(每個人員只能看到自己的界面):Aviewisavirtualtablethatdoesnotnecessarilyexistinthedatabasebutcanbeproduceduponrequestbyaparticularuser,atthetimeofrequest.(用戶requestbackupandrecovery(備份,修復(fù))Processofperiodicallytakingacopyofthedatabaseandlogfile(andpossiblyprograms)egrity(完整性):Preventsdatafrom inginvalid,andhencegivingmisleadingorincorrectresults.(一直維持數(shù)據(jù)的完整性,防止錯誤結(jié)果)encryption(加密):Encodingthedatabyaspecialalgorithmthatrendersthedataunreadablebyanyprogramwithoutthedecryptionkey.(不輸看不了)Privilege():Arightgrantedbyoneusertoallowanotheruserorgroupofusersaccesstoadatabasesystemoranobjectinthedatabasesystem.(一個用戶可以Authentication(驗證):Amechanismthatdetermineswhetherauseris,whoheorsheclaimstobe.Journaling:Processofkeeandmaintainingalogfile(orjournal)ofallchangesmadetodatabasetoenablerecoverytobeundertakeneffectivelyintheeventof防止Datainconsistencies和dataConcurrencycontrol&concurrencytransactionConcurrencycontrol&recovery.Recoveryisprocessofreturningdatabasetoconsistentstatefollowingafailure所有的SQLactions一定都得完成,如果哪一步fail了,那么整個transaction需要回一個成功的transaction會把databaseconsistentstate轉(zhuǎn)變到另一個consistentstate.(consistent的意思是所有的integrityconstraints都被保留)TransactionTransaction只有兩個 e,一個是成功,進入一個新的consistentstate,一個是失ACIDAtomicity:Requiresthatalloperations(SQLrequests)ofatransactionmustbecompleted,ifnotthetransactionisaborted.Consistency:Indicatesthepermanenceofdatabase’sconsistentstate.Whentransactioniscompletedthedatabasereturnstoaconsistent無論如何。Database都會是consistentIsolation:Datausedduringexecutionofatransactioncannotbeusedbysecondtransactionuntilfirstoneiscompleted.除非第一筆transactiontransaction(相應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)的修改Durability:Ensuresthatoncetransactionchangesaredone,theycannotbeundoneorlost.Serializability:Ensuresthatconcurrentexecutionofseveraltransactionsyieldsconsistentresults-importantinamultiuserenvironment.保證多筆同時進行的transactionconsistentTheTransactionADBMSusesaTransactionLogtokeeptrackofall用這個方法來記錄所有的ArecordforthebeginningofForeachtransactioncomponent(SQLTypeofoperationbeingperformedupdate,deleteinsert)(操作種類Namesofobjectsaffectedbytransaction(“Before”andaftervaluesforupdatedfields(之前,和之后的值PointerstopreviousandnexttransactionlogentriesforthesameEnding(COMMIT)oftheConcurrencyObjectiveistoensureserializabilityoftransactionsinamultiuserdatabase同時進行的transactionLostUpdateCompletedupdateoperationoverwritten(被覆蓋Inconsistentretrievals-Theseoccurwhenatransactioncalculatessomefunctionsoverasetofdatawhileothertransactionsareupdating mitteddata-TwotransactionsT1andT2areexecutedconcurrently,theT1isrolledbackafterT2hasalreadyassessedthe mitteddatathusviolatingtheruleofisolation.Transactionuseslockstodenyaccesstoothertransactionsandsopreventincorrectupdates.(鎖住,防止其他的transaction)這是最廣泛運用的方法,總體上,transaction都會弄一個shared(read)或者(write)lockLock可以有效防止其他transactionIftransactionhassharedlockonitem,canreadbutnotupdateIftransactionhasexclusivelockonitem,canbothreadandupdateReadscannot ,somorethanonetransactioncanholdsharedlockssimultaneouslyonsameitem.(read之間不會形成,所以可以有多個transaction同時有sharedExclusivelockgivestransactionexclusiveaccesstothatTimestampAuniqueidentifiercreatedbyDBMSthatindicatesrelativestartingtimeofa(記錄指示一個transaction可以用系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部的表來記錄每個transactiontransaction不然的話,transaction兩種方式:volatile(mainmemory)andVolatilestoragedoesnotsurvivesystemStablestoragerepresentsinformationthathasbeenreplicatedinseveralnonvolatilestoragemediawithindependentfailuremodes.在如下情況需要Atransactionorsystemerror:系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)錯誤(因為inaccurateLocalerrorsorexceptionconditionsdetectedbythetransaction:一些事情發(fā)生,一定要刪除這筆transactionConcurrencycontrolenment:兩個人同時要更新Disktransactionlog的記錄,可以防止system1-4Storedinasecurece:可以防止5-6的發(fā)生。ProfessionalLegalandEthicalIssuesinDataEthical有57%接受的ITworkers說,他們或多或少地被要求去做一些Unethical的事情,Ethics:AsetofprinciplesofrightconductoratheoryorasystemofmoralEthicalactionsunethical損;所以建立一套ethicalEthical和Legal是不是所有的unethicalbehavior是illegal的?又或者是不是所有ethicalbehavior是EthicalcodesEthics主要的ITEthicalproblemPiracy,accuracy,property以及DigitalDigitalfootprintreferstothetracesofdatathatareleftbehindbyusersondigitalservices.Therearetwomainclassificationsfordigitalfootprints:passiveandactive.Digitalfootprintsarenotarealidentity,但是這些信息可以影響到Privacy,trustreputationand Digitalidentity和physicalidentityData事實上,所有操作過的數(shù)據(jù)都會留下記錄,所以基本沒有人可以做到完全地操作,所以這誰(merchant,advertiser,serviceprovider,consumer?)來控制這些數(shù)據(jù)?當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)被組織成Centralized或者distributeddatabases,那么翻閱這些數(shù)據(jù)可能會造成更大的影響(相對于Initialdatacollection階段),特別是當(dāng)這些數(shù)據(jù)是運用advancedcorrelativetechniques(比如datamining)創(chuàng)建的時候。 aldata這些數(shù)據(jù)可能會企業(yè)事實導(dǎo)致不同種類的discriminationprice這樣EthicalDataDataerrorEndlesscomplicationsin‘sInformationprivacy,ordataprivacy(ordataprotection),istherelationshipbetweencollectionanddisseminationofdata,technology,thepublicexpectationofprivacy,andthelegalandpoliticalissuessurroundingthem.DataPrinciples的政Notice/Awareness:Consumersshouldbegivennoticeofanentity'sinformationpracticesbeforeany alinformationiscollectedfromthem.identificationoftheentitycollectingthedata;(誰在收集信息identificationoftheusestowhichthedatawillbeput;(用途identificationofanypotentialrecipientsofthedata;(誰會收到這些數(shù)據(jù)thenatureofthedatacollectedandthemeansbywhichitiscollected(哪些信息會whethertheoftherequesteddataisvoluntaryorrequired(是否的設(shè)備可能會thestepstakenbythedatacollectortoensuretheity,integrityandqualityofthedata.(如何保證三個性)Choice/consent(選擇/同意):Choiceandconsentinanonlineinformation-gatheringsensemeansgivingconsumersoptionstocontrolhowtheirdataisused.Relatestosecondaryusesofinformation.Access/Participation:Accessasdefinedin
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