2023年職稱英語-職稱英語(衛(wèi)生類)考試歷年高頻考點卷摘選版帶答案

長風破浪會有時，直掛云帆濟滄海。2023年職稱英語-職稱英語(衛(wèi)生類)考試歷年高頻考點卷摘選版帶答案（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）答案解析附后第1卷一.單項選擇題(共10題)1.Weneedto→extract←therelevantfinancialdata.A.storeB.saveC.reviewD.obtain2.下面的短文后列出了7個句子，請根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容對每個句子作出判斷:如果該句提供的是正確信息，請選擇A;如果該句提供的是錯誤信息，請選擇B;如果該句的信息文中沒有提及，請選擇C。PromisingResultsfromCancerStudyA.newexperimentalvaccine(疫苗）hasshownpromisingresultsinthefightagainstlungcancer.InasmallTexas-basedstudy，avaccinedevelopedbyscientistsatBaylorUniversityMedicalCentreinDallas，USA，curedlungcancerinsomepatientsandslowedtheprogressofthediseaseinothers.Researchershavereportedencouragingfindingsfromthissmallstudy.Forty-threepatientssufferingfromlungcancerwereinvolvedinthesetrials.Tenofthesepatientswereintheearlystagesandthirty-threeintheadvancedstagesofthedisease.Theywereinjectedwiththevaccineeverytwoweeksforthreemonths,andwerecarefullymonitoredforthreeyears.Inthreeofthepatientsintheadvancedstagesofcancer，thediseasedisappearedandintheothers,itdidnotspreadforfivetotwenty—fourmonths.However，nogreatdifferencewasseeninthepatientsintheearlystagesoftheillness.Thisnewvaccineusesthepatient’sownimmunesystem.Itismadespecificallyforeachpatientandisinjectedintothearmorleg.Itstimulatesthebody’simmunesystem,whichthenrecognizesthatthecancercellsareharmful,andattacksanddestroysthem.Thevaccinecouldbeelectiveagainstotherformsofcancer.Itoffersgreathopeforthetreatmentofqanceringeneral，althoughfurtherstudiesareneededbeforesuchtreatmentcanbewidelyused.Patientsintheearlystagesofthediseaserecoveredmorequicklyinthetrial.B.RightC.WrongD.Notmentioned3.Therulesaretoo→rigid←toallowforhumanerror.A.generalB.inflexibleC.complexD.direct4.ImmuneFunctionsTheimmunesystemisequalincomplexitytothecombinedintricaciesofthebrainandnervoussystem.Thesuccessoftheimmunesystemindefendingthebodyreliesonadynamicregulatorycommunicationnetworkconsistingofmillionsandmillionsofcells.Organizedintosetsandsubsets，thesecellspassinformationbackandforthlikecloudsofbeesflyingaroundahive（蜂巢）.Theresultisasensitivesystemofchecksandbalancesthatproducesanimmuneresponsethatisprompt，appropriate，effective，andself-limiting.Attheheartoftheimmunesystemistheabilitytodistinguishbetweenselfandnonself.Whenimmunedefendersencountercellsororganismscarryingforeignornonselfmolecules，theimmunetroopsmovequicklytoeliminatetheintruders（入侵者）.Virtuallyeverybodycellcarriesdistinctivemoleculesthatidentifyitasself.Thebody’simmunedefensesdonotnormallyattacktissuesthatcarryaself-marker.Rather，immunecellsandotherbodycellscoexistpeaceablyinastateknownasself-tolerance.Whenanormallyfunctioningimmunesystemattacksanonselfmolecule，thesystemhastheabilityto“remember”thespecificsoftheforeignbody.Uponsubsequentencounterswiththesamespeciesofmolecules，theimmunesystemreactsaccordingly.Withthepossibleexceptionofantibodies（抗體）passedduringlactation（授乳期），thissocalledimmunesystemmemoryisnotinherited.Despitetheoccurrenceofavirusinyourfamily,yourimmunesystemmust“l(fā)earn”fromexperiencewiththemanymillionsofdistinctivenonselfmoleculesintheseaofmicrobes（微生物）inwhichwelive.Learningentailsproducingtheappropriatemoleculesandcellstomatchupwithandcounteracteachnonselfinvader.Anysubstancecapableoftriggeringanimmuneresponseiscalledanantigen（抗原）.Antigensarenottobeconfusedwithallergens（過敏源），whicharemostoftenharmlesssubstancesthatprovoketheimmunesystemtosetofftheinappropriateandharmfulresponseknownasallergy.Anantigencanbeavirus,abacterium,orevenaportionorproductofoneoftheseorganisms.Tissuesorcellsfromanotherindividualalsoactasantigens;becausetheimmunesystemrecognizestransplantedtissuesasforeign,itrejectsthem.Thebodywillevenrejectnourishingproteinsunlesstheyarefirstbrokendownbythedigestivesystemintotheirprimary,nonantigenicbuildingblocks.Anantigenannouncesitsforeignnessbymeansofintricateandcharacteristicshapescalledepitopes（抗原表位），whichprotrude（突出）fromitssurface.Mostantigens，eventhesimplestmicrobes，carryseveraldifferentkindsofepitopesontheirsurface;somemayevencarryseveralhundreds.Someepitopeswillbemoreeffectivethanothersatstimulatinganimmuneresponse.Onlyinabnormalsituationsdoestheimmunesystemwronglyidentifyselfasnonselfandexecuteamisdirectedimmuneattack.TheimmunecellsandothercellsinthebodycoexistpeaceablyinastateknownasA.balance.B.harmony.C.tolerance.D.self-tolerance.5.6.

FoodSafetyandFoodborneIllness

Foodsafetyisanincreasinglyimportantpublichealthissue.Governmentsallovertheworldareintensifyingtheireffortsto_______(51)foodsafety.Theseeffortsareinresponsetoanincreasingnumberoffoodsafetyproblemsand_______(52).consumerconcems.

Foodbomeillnessesaredefinedasdiseases,usuallyeitherinfectiousortoxic（有毒的）innature，causedbyagentsthat_______(53)thebodythroughtheingestion（攝?。﹐ffood.Everypersonis_______(54)riskoffoodbomeillnesses.

Foodbomediseasesareawidespreadandgrowingpublichealth_______(55)，bothindevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Theglobalincidenceoffoodbornediseasesisdifficultto______(56)，butithasbeenreportedthatin2005alone8millionpeoplediedfromdiarrhoeal（腹瀉）diseases.Agreatproportionofthese______(57)canbeattributedtocontamination（污染）offoodanddrinkingwater.Additionally，diarrhoeaisa

_______(58)causeofmalnutrition（替養(yǎng)不良）inihfantsandyoungchildren.

Inindustrializedcountries，thepercentageofthepopulationsufferingfromfoodbomediseaseseachyearhasbeen___(59)tobe10%upto30%.IntheUnitedStatesofAmerica，forexample,around76millioncasesoffoodbomediseases，resulting_____(60)325,000，hospitalizationsand5,000deaths，areestimatedtooccureachyear.

_______(61)lesswelldocumented，developingcountriesbearthebrunt（首當其沖）oftheproblemduetothepresenceofawide_______(62)offoodbomediseases，includingthosecausedbyparasites（寄生蟲）.Thehighprevalenceofdiarrhoealdiseasesinmanydevelopingcountriessuggestsmajor_______(63)foodsafetyproblems.

Inpartnershipwithotherstakeholders，WHOisdeveloping_______(64)thatwillfurtherpromotethesafetyoffood.Thesepolicies→

←(65)theentirefoodchainfromproductiontoconsumptionandwillmakeuseofdifferenttypesofexpertise（專長）. A.compareB.estimateC.explainD.reduce7.弟一篇

TheWorkfsBest-Se川ngMedicine

Sinceancienttimes，peopleallovertheworldhaveusedw川owtostoppain.Thewillowtreecontainssalicyticacid(水楊酸）.Thisstopspain，butthereisoneproblem.Salicylicacidalsohurtsthestomach.In1853，aFrenchscientistmadeamixturefromwillowthatdidnothurtthestomach.However,hismixturewasdifficulttomake，andhedidnottrytoproduceorsellit.

In1897,inGermany,FelixHoffmannalsomadeamixturewithsalicylicatcid.Hetriedithimselffirstabouthengaveittohisfatherbecausehisfatherwasoldandinalotofpain.Hisfather'spreventaway,andthemixturedidnothurthisstomach.

HoffmannWorkedforBayer,aGermancompany.Heshowedhisnewdrugtohismanage,whotestedthedrugandfoundthatitworkedwell.Bayerdecidedtomakethedrug.TheycalleditaspirinandputtheBayernameoneverypill.

Aspirinwasanimmediatesuccess.Almosteveryonehaspainofsomekind，soaspirinanswereda

trueneed.Aspirinwascheap,easytotake，andeffective.Italsoloweredfevers.Aspirinwasawinderdrug.

Atfirst,Bayersoldthedrugthroughdoctors，whothensoldittotheirpatients.In1915,thecompanystaredtosellaspirinindrugstores.IntheUnitedStates，Bayerhadapatent（專利權）onthedrug.Othercompaniescouldmakesimilarproductsandselltheminothercountries，butonlyBayercouldmakeandsellaspirinintheUnitedStates.Intime，BayercouldnolongerownthenameaspirinintheUnitedStates.Othercompaniescouldmakeitthere，too.However，Bayeraspirinwasthemostwellknown，andformanyyears,itwasthemarketleader.

By

the1950snew

painkillerswereonthemarket.Aspirinwasnolongertheonlywaytotreatpainandreducefever.Bayerandothercompanieslookedforotherdrugstomake.However,inthe1970stheygotasurprise.Doctorsnoticedthatpatientswhoweretakingaspirinhadfewerheartattacksthanotherpeople.ABritishresearchernamedJohnVanefoundthereasonaspirinhelpedtopreventheartattacks.In1982，hewontheNobelPrizeforhisresearch.Doctorsstartedtotellsomeoftheirpatientstotakeaspirineverydaytopreventheartattacks.Ithasmadelifebetterforthemanypeoplewhotakeit.IthasalsomadealotofmoneyforcompanieslikeBayerthatproduceandsellit!Whathashappenedtoaspirinsincenewpaink"lerscameonthemarket?AItsnewusehasbeendiscovered.BCompanieshavestoppedsellingit.CIthasbecomethebest-sellingpainkiller.DDoctorshavesoldittopatients.8.GrossNationalHappinessInthelastcentury,newtechnologyimprovedthelivesofmanypeopleinmanycountries.However,onecountryresistedthesechanges.HighintheHimalayanmountainsofAsia,thekingdomofBhutanremainecTseparate.ItspeopleandBuddhist(佛教）culturehadnotbeenaffectedforalmostathousandyears.Bhutan,however,wasapoorcountry.Peoplediedatayoungage.Mostofitspeoplecouldnotread,andtheydidnotknowmuchabouttheoutsideworld.Then,in1972，anewrulernamedKingJigmeSingyeWangchuckdecidedtohelpBhutantobecomemodern,butwithoutlosingitstraditions.KingWangchucklookedatothercountriesforideas.HesawthatmostcountriesmeasuredtheirprogressbytheirGrossNationalProduct(GNP).TheGNPmeasuresproductsandmoney.Whenthenumberofproductssoldincreases,peoplesaythecountryismakingprogress.KingWangchuckhadadifferentideaforBhutan.Hewantedtomeasurehiscountry’sprogressbypeople’shappiness.Ifthepeople’shappinessincreased，thekingcouldsaythatBhutanwasmakingprogress.Todecideifpeoplewerehappier,hecreatedameasurecalledGrossNationalHappiness(GNH).GNHisbasedoncertainprinciplesthatcreatehappiness.Peoplearehappieriftheyhavehealthcare,education,andjobs.Theyarehappierwhentheyliveinahealthy,protectedenvironment.Theyarehappierwhentheycankeeptheirtraditionalcultureandcustoms.Finally,peoplearehappierwhentheyhaveagood,stablegovernment.NowthereissomeevidenceofincreasedGNHinBhutan.Peoplearehealthierandarelivinglonger.Morepeopleareeducatedandemployed.Twenty-fivepercentofthelandhasbecomenationalparks,andthecountryhasalmostnopollution.TheBhutanesecontinuetoweartheirtraditionalclothingandfollowtheirancientBuddhistcustoms.Bhutanhasalsobecomeademocracy.In2008，KingWangchuckgavehispowertohisson.Althoughthecountrystillhadaking,ithelditsfirstdemocraticelectionsthatyear.Bhutanhadpoliticalpartiesandpoliticalcandidatesforthefirsttime.Finally,BhutanhasconnectedtotherestoftheworldthroughtelevisionandtheInternet.Bhutanisasymbolforsocialprogress.ManycountriesarenowinterestedinBhutan’sGNH.Thesecountriesareinvestigatingtheirownwaystomeasurehappiness.Theywanttocreatenewpoliciesthattakecareoftheirpeople,cultures,andland.BrazilmaybethenextcountrytousetheprinciplesofGNH.BrazilianleadersseetheprinciplesofGNHasasourceofinspiration.Brazilisalargecountrywithadiversepopulation.IfhappinessworksasameasureofprogressinBrazil,perhapstherestoftheworldwillfollow.WhowasJigmeSingyeWangchuck?A.Apresident.B.ABuddhistpriest.C.Aking.D.Ageneral.9.AreYouGett丨ngEnoughSleep?Whathappensifyoudon'tgetenoughsleep?RandyGardner,ahighschoolstudentintheUnitedStates,wantedtofindout.Hedesignedanexperimentontheeffectsofsleeplessforaschoolscienceproject.Withdoctorswatchinghimcarefully，Gardnerstayedawakefor264hoursand12minutes.That’selevendaysandnightswithoutsleep!WhateffectdidsleeplessnesshaveonGardner?After24hourswithoutsleep，Gardnerstartedhavingtroublereadingandwatchingtelevision.Thewordsandpicturesweretooblurry(模糊).Bythethirdday，hewashavingtroubledoingthingswithhishands.Bythefourthday,Gardnerwashallucinating(產(chǎn)生幻覺）.Forexample，whenhesawastreetsign，hpthoughtitwasaperson.Healsoimaginedhewasafamousfootballplayer.Overthenextfewdays,Gardner'sspeechbecamesoslurred(不清楚）thatpeoplecouldn’tunderstandhim.Healsohadtroublerememberingthings.Bytheeleventhday，Gardnercouldn'tpassacountingtest.Inthemiddleofthetesthesimplystoppedcounting.Hecouldn'trememberwhathewasdoing.WhenGardnerfinallywenttobed,hesleptfor14hoursand45minutes.Thesecondnighthesleptfortwelvehours，thethirdnighthesleptfortenandone-halfhours,andbythefourthnight,hehadreturnedtohisnormalsleepschedule.EventhoughGardnerrecoveredquickly，scientistsbelievethatgoingwithoutsleepcanbedangerous.TheysaythatpeopleshouldnotrepeatRandy’sexperiment.Testsonwhiteratshaveshownhowserioussleeplessnesscanbe.Afterafewweekswithoutsleep，theratsstartedlosingtheirfur(皮毛）.Andeventhoughtheratsatemorefoodthanusual，theylostweight.Eventuallytheratsdied.Duringyourlifetime,youwillprobablyspend25yearsormoresleeping.Butwhy?Whatisthepurposeofsleep?Surprisingly，scientistsdon’tknowforsure.Somescientiststhinkwesleepinordertoreplenish(補充）braincells.Otherscientiststhinkthatsleephelpsthebodytogrowandtorelievestress.Whateverthereason，weknowthatitisimportanttogetenoughsleep.19IttookfourdaysforGardnertorecover什omtheeffectsoftheexperiment.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned10.InYourFaceWhyisthismansoangry?Wedon’tknowthereason,butwecanseetheemotioninhisface.Whatevercultureyoucomefrom,youcanunderstandthefeelingthatheisexpressing.Fortyyearsago,psychologistPaulEkmanoftheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,becameinterestedinhowpeople’sfacesshowtheirfeelings.HetookphotographspfAmericansexpressingvariousemotions.ThenheshowedthemtotheForepeople,wholiveinthejungleinNewGuinea.MostoftheForehadneverseenforeignfaces，buttheye