研究生英語綜合教程上下課后參考答案彭萍

研究生英語綜合教程參考答案Chapter1PHILOSOPHYLesson1ChinesePhilosophyTEXTAComprehension:Answerthefollowingquestions.ThethreemainpredominantconceptsinancientChinesephilosophyarechange,dialectic,andrelativism.ThenotionofchangedifferentiatesChinesephilosophyfundamentallyfromtraditionalWesternphilosophy,asthelatterisdrivenbyaseeminglynever-endingsearchforatimelessessenceof“being”supposedlyunderlyingchangeorbecoming.BothChineserelativismandWesternpostmodernismarerejectingthenotionofafoundationaltruth,absoluteandapriori,andinsistingontherelativeaspectofatruth,subjecttohumanexperience.Ifonecommitstoacting,relativismhasbeenpracticallyabandoned.Inthatregard,Chineserelativismthencanalsobedubbed“non-relativist”becauseofitsnon-commitmenttoinaction.MingandshicanbetranslatedintosignifierandsignifiedinWesternterms.Thesignifiedisalwaysalreadyembeddedinthesignifier,totheextentthat“howweseetheworlddependsonthelanguageweinherit”.Zhuangzidistrustinlanguageinconveyingtruthandreality,andcallsit“theguestofactuality”inthesensethatmingisrelativetoshi.Languagefocus：Fillintheblankswiththefollowingexpressionsyouhavelearnedinthetext.extraordinaryaddressingelaborateultimateencompassescelebratingparadoxineffableaffirmedreminiscentIII.ClozeDACCADBACDTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.這本書將變化說成是宇宙的本體，陰陽這兩個對立的基本力量相互交合而生變化。（參見：陰陽接而變化起）2.在中國早期的思想中，道被認(rèn)為是無法達(dá)到的，因為除了“無名”之外，它不能被“看到”，“聽到”，“持有”，甚至“想象”。（參見：道，可道，非常道；名，可名，非常名。無名，天地始；有名，萬物母。）3.另一方面，古代中國人更務(wù)實：“道”到底是什么？他們不去探尋，而是將注意力放在世俗世界的變遷上；他們沒有用元敘述概括宇宙，而是選擇應(yīng)對“萬物”的問題，或者是不斷變化的宇宙的細(xì)微之處。4.這種困境也可以說是中國古典哲學(xué)中“說不可說”的傳統(tǒng)，在老莊等的著述中均有所見。5.“名”和“實”可以翻譯成西方術(shù)語中的能指和所指。TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.InChinesetradition,language,firstlyasacognitivesystem,isusedtoidentifytheworldassociatedwithentitiesthatwecanrecognize,suchastheyinandyangdualityofthings.IncontrasttoMingandshiinChinesetradition,MingandshiintheGreekandRomantraditionstreatlanguageasarepresentativeorisolationfrompeopleandthesociety.Platonandotherwesternthinkersadvocatethatlanguageisusedtoexpressdefinitemetaphysicaltruth.Forwesterners,languageandfactscanbeseparated,butforChinese,languageandfactsarethesame.Becauseinasense,peoplemustuselanguagetodistinguishYinandYang,likesanddislikes,rightandwrong,andsoon.Inotherwords,thesignifierisalsothesignified.ThiscanexplainwhytheearlyChinesethinkerssuchasConfuciusandXunziweresoindulgedin

Namingdoctrine.Obviously,intheirminds,theconstructivistroleoflanguageliesinthefactthattheyform,andevencreatetheworld.TEXTBReadingComprehensionDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrue(T)orFalse(F)accordingtothetextyouhaveread.TTFFTTFTFTLesson2WesternPhilosophyGUIDETOREADINGTEXTAⅠ.Comprehension:Answerthefollowingquestions.1.Duringhisbriefyears,manisfreetoexamine,tocriticise,toknow,andinimaginationtocreate,whichbelongstohimaloneandlieshissuperioritytotheforcesthatcontrolhisoutwardlife.2.Ifwesubmitourjudgmenttotheworldoffact,theslavishnessfromourthoughtsmustbepurged.ByfreeingManasfaraspossiblefromthetyrannyofnon-humanPower,theycanelevatetheirdignity.3.Accordingtotheauthor,Man'struefreedomcomesfromourdeterminationtoworshiponlytheGodcreatedbyourownloveofthegood,torespectonlytheheavenwhichinspirestheinsightofourbestmoments.4.WhenwehavelearntbothtoresignourselvestotheoutwardrulesofFateandtorecognisethatthenon-humanworldisunworthyofourworship,itbecomespossibletotransformandrefashiontheunconsciousuniverse,totransmuteitinthecrucibleofimagination,thatanewimageofshininggoldreplacestheoldidolofclay.ThusmindassertsitssubtlemasteryoverthethoughtlessforcesofNature.5.IfpeoplethinkofTimeandFateandDeathgreatly,feeltheirpassionlesssplendour,andnolongerbowbeforetheinevitable,butabsorbit,andmakeitapartofourselves,allofthesethoughtmakepeoplefreemen.Ⅱ.Languagefocus：Fillintheblankswiththefollowingexpressionsyouhavelearnedinthetext.aspiration

inculcaterepugnanttyranny

impotentprostrate

indignation

resignationunattainablerenunciationIII.Cloze Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandchoosethebestwordorphrasetofillineachblank.DCABCCABDBⅣ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.令人感到奇怪和神秘不解的是，萬能卻又盲目的大自然，在它經(jīng)久不息、快速穿越太空深淵的旋轉(zhuǎn)中，終于產(chǎn)生了一個孩子，這個孩子雖然受制于它的權(quán)力，但他卻賦有視力，能分辨善惡，能判斷他的沒有思維力的母親的一切行為。2.人的真正自由就在于此：堅決只崇拜我們自己基于善的愛而創(chuàng)造出來的上帝，只崇拜能激發(fā)我們感悟到最佳時刻的天堂。3.從我們欲望的屈服中產(chǎn)生了順從的美德；從我們思想的自由中則產(chǎn)生出整個藝術(shù)與哲學(xué)的世界，產(chǎn)生出美的幻想。我們正是依靠了它，才能在某種程度上最后重新征服這個頑抗的世界。4.放棄為私人幸福的斗爭，排除對短暫欲望的所有熱情，滿懷激情地追求永恒的事物——這才是解放，這才是自由人的崇拜。5.人的一生是穿越黑夜的長途跋涉，形形色色看不見的敵人包圍著它，疲憊與痛苦折磨著它，它的目的地只有少數(shù)人可望達(dá)到，而到達(dá)后誰也不可能停留多久。Ⅴ.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.ShallweworshipForceorGoodness?IfPowerisbad,asitseemstobe,letusrejectitfromourhearts.InthisliesMan'struefreedom:indeterminationtoworshiponlywhatiscreatedbyourownloveofthegood,torespectonlywhatinspirestheinsightofourbestmoments.Whenfirsttheoppositionoffactandidealgrowsfullyvisible,aspiritoffieryrevolt,seemsnecessarytotheassertionoffreedom.Butevenrealgoods,whentheyareunattainable,oughtnottobefretfullydesired.When,withoutthebitternessofimpotentrebellion,wehavelearntbothtoresignourselvestotheoutwardrulesofFateandtorecognizethatthenon-humanworldisunworthyofourworship.Discusswithyourclassmatesaboutthefollowingstatementsonhowyouunderstandeachofthem,andwriteanessaywithin200wordsbasedonyourdiscussion.略ListthreearticlesorbookswherewecanlearnmoreaboutWesternphilosophyandintroducethemtoyourclassmates.略TextBReadingComprehensionDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrue(T)orFalse(F)accordingtothetextyouhaveread.TFFFTTFTTFChapter2LITERATURESLesson3ChineseLiteratureTextAKEYSTOEXERCISESComprehensionWhatwastheMay4thmovement’sinfluenceuponChineseliterature?AftertheMay4thmovement,majorWesternliterarycurrents,academicthought,andculturaltrendsfloodedintoChina.Thepracticeoflarge-scaleliteraryandculturaltranslationbroughtmodernideastoChina’scosmopolitancenters.WhathasbeenneglectedbyhistoriansconcerningChineseliteraryhistory?Historianshasneglectedtheinternallogicbywhichliteratureandculturedevelop.Fromthebeginningofthetwentiethcenturytotoday,whathasmostinspiredChinesewriters?Giveanexample.Westernwriters.MoYanhasbeenmostinspiredbytwomodernandpostmodernWesternmasters,WilliamFaulknerandGabrielGarcíaMárquez.WhydosomeconservativescholarscriticizetheMay4thmovement?SomeconservativescholarscriticizetheMay4thmovementforpromotingculturalandlinguisticEuropeanization.MoYan,forexample,seldommentionshisindebtednesstohisChineseprecursorsorcontemporaries.WhatarethefactorsthatpreventChineseliteraturefromwidelycirculatedthroughouttheworld?First,duetotheprevalenceandideologicalinterventionofOrientalism,Westernaudienceshaveassumedalong-lastingbiasnotjustagainstMiddleEasternculturesbutalsoagainstChinaandChinesepeople.Secondly,thedifficultyoftranslationor,morespecifically,itsfrequentinefficiency.ThethirdfactoristhatalthoughmodernChineseliteraturedevelopedlargelyundertheshadowofWesterninfluences,intranslationitlosesitsnativetouch.II.Languagefocus：1.academic2.eminent3.fervent4.elegant5.inspire6.paradox7.indebted8.inclusive9.contemporary10.absurdIII.Cloze1.B2.C3.D4.A5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A10.BIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.這些思想家們狂熱地追求國際性的文化和理論思潮，號召把西方文學(xué)盡可能多地翻譯到中國來。2.魯迅所作《狂人日記》是美國世界文學(xué)集的主要產(chǎn)物，其散文尤其歸功于他所讀過的數(shù)百篇非漢語散文以及僅有的一點醫(yī)學(xué)知識，他更宣稱現(xiàn)代中國散文幾乎完全是在西方文學(xué)影響下才得以發(fā)展的。3.從歷史角度看，一個新思想或藝術(shù)變革首先要經(jīng)歷長期的不被承認(rèn)，但經(jīng)過一段時間的檢驗，加之本身試圖讓世界承認(rèn)的努力，這一變革終將被接受，從邊緣走向中心。4.中國的中學(xué)生若不直到柏拉圖、亞里士多德、愛因斯坦、莎士比亞、歌德、吐溫、喬伊斯、艾略特、弗格納以及海明威，他會覺得無地自容；但是西方的文學(xué)學(xué)者若不知道像屈原、陶淵明、唐詩人李白、杜甫、蘇軾、王陽明、魯迅以及錢鐘書等杰出的中國作家，都會覺得理所當(dāng)然，更不用說那些普通的西方讀者了。5.這是一個悖論，雖然現(xiàn)代中國文學(xué)主要受到西方影響而有所發(fā)展，在翻譯方面卻遠(yuǎn)不及西方：詞匯所承載的一種語言的文化聯(lián)系和微妙的意義并不一定能夠在另一種語言中體現(xiàn)。V.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.IfyougotoanybookstoreinChina,youmayeasilyfindmanyforeignliteraryworkstranslatedintoChinese.ButbookswithsimilartitlesauthoredbyChinesescholarsoftenachievelittlecirculation,eveninthedomesticmarket.Therearethreereasonsforthisneglect.First,duetotheprevalenceandideologicalinterventionofOrientalism,Westernaudienceshaveassumedalong-lastingbiasnotjustagainstMiddleEasternculturesbutalsoagainstChinaandChinesepeople.ThesecondreasonforthisneglectbygeneralreadersintheWestisthedifficultyoftranslationor,morespecifically,itsfrequentinefficiency.ThethirdisthatChineseliteraturefailsininternationalappreciation.SinceclassicalChineseliteraryworksarefarfromtherealityofthecurrentconsumersociety,theymightnotattractcontemporaryreadersevenifEnglishtranslationswereavailable.Surly,importantChinesenovelistshavealreadybeenandwillbetranslatedintoEnglishandothermajorinternationallanguages.TextBKEYSTOEXERCISESReadingComprehensionT2.F3.T4.F5.T6.F7.T8.T9.T10.FLesson4WesternLiteratureTextAKEYSTOEXERCISESComprehensionHowmanyyearshasitbeensinceHarperLeepublishedhisnovelToKillaMockingbird?From1960to2018,ithasbeen58years.Accordingtothesurveyin1991conductedbyTheBookoftheMonthClubandtheLibraryofCongress,whatisthenovel,ToKillaMockingbird’spositioninAmericanpublicschools?Lee’sbooktrailedonlyTheBible.AlongsidetheworksofShakespeareandTwain,ToKillaMockingbirdremainsoneofthemostwidelytaughtbooksnationwide,reachinganestimated70%ofAmericanpublicschools.WhatmakesToKillaMockingbirdsuchacharming,seductivereadforyoungpeople?Roiledbyhormonesandangst,teenagersnavigateschoolwithconfusionandfrustration.Literatureisasafetyvalve–itpromisesrelief,aplacetofigureoutone’sproblemsandgettoknowoneselfbetter.ToKillaMockingbirdparticularlydistinguishesitselfinthisregard.Itspeaksinachild’svoicewithouttreatingitsreadershipaschildren.WhatarethecommentsfromcriticsandliterarystudentstothenovelToKillaMockingbird?Somecriticshavecalleditan“impossible”achievement,achildren’sbookpennedintheproseofawell-educatedadult–it’sunlikelyachildlikeScoutcouldexistintherealworld.Somestudentcallsit“oneofthefirstbooksthatkidsandyoungadultsreadthatdealswithseriousissues–rape,race,mentalissues”.Otherssay“Therearen’tmanyhardmoralquestionsbeingasked,butitopensupalltheseotherquestionsthatIhadn’tthoughtaboutbefore.”Whycanthenovel,ToKillaMockingbirdbesingleitselfandproventimelessamongtoday’sYAnovels?Asagatewaytomorematureideas,andasaYAdistillationofcomplexnotionsyoungpeoplemaynothavegrappledwithbefore,Lee’snovelisinvaluable.ToKillaMockingbirdhasitsdeeplyfelt,autobiographicalevocationofareal-lifetimeandplace.II.Languagefocus：grappled2.trailing3.commentary4.impending5.ambiguousevocative7.filter8.reaffirmation9.Empathy10.seduceCloze1.A2.D3.C4.B5.A6.A7.C8.B9.A10.DIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.約70%的美國公立學(xué)校選擇《殺死一只知更鳥》作教材，使它同莎士比亞和吐溫的作品一樣列為全國最廣泛應(yīng)用的教材之一。2.它暗指一位受過良好教育的成年人在遭遇現(xiàn)實困境時的意識，但卻透過一位好奇的小女孩的口吻娓娓道來。3.故事的背景是二十世紀(jì)三十年代經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條時期阿拉巴馬的一個小鎮(zhèn)，現(xiàn)在讀到它的大部分孩子們似乎無法體會那種經(jīng)歷。4.但是她的小說成為青少年的優(yōu)秀教學(xué)工具書恰恰是因為其中的道德觀如同《伊索寓言》一樣清晰明了。5.“黃金法則”本身的道德力量無法闡釋制度化的偏見在美國那樣長久那樣根深蒂固的歷史。TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.Althoughtheauthorhasbeenoutofthepubliceyeformorethan50years,ToKillaMockingbirdstillenjoyabelovedplaceintheAmericanliterarycanon.ThebookremainscompetitiveimportancewiththeworksofShakespeareandTwain,asoneofthemostwidelytaughtbooksnationwideintheUSA.ToKillaMockingbirddistinguishesitselfbyprovidingitsreadersaplacetofigureoutone’sproblemsandgettoknowoneselfbetter.Itspeaksinachild’svoicewithouttreatingitsreadershipaschildren.Somecriticshavecalleditan“impossible”achievement,achildren’sbookpennedintheproseofawell-educatedadult.Somesaiditshouldbeoneofthefirstbooksthatkidsandyoungadultsreadthatdealswithseriousissues–rape,race,mentalissues.Whileothers’criticismisaccurateinthatToKillaMockingbirdmaypresenttoolimitedaviewofracisminAmerica.That’sespeciallyproblematicbecauseitisoneoftheonlybooksconsistentlyassignedtoAmericanstudentsthatacknowledgeracialdiscriminationatall.Lee’snovelisinvaluable,andwithitsdeeplyfelt,autobiographicalevocationofareal-lifetimeandplace,hasproventimeless.TextBKEYSTOEXERCISESReadingComprehensionF2.F3.F4.F5.T6.F7.T8.T9.F10.TChapter3HISTORYLesson5ChineseHistoryTextAEXERCISESI.Comprehension.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.HowmanycalendarsystemsdoChinesehave?TheChinesecivilizationistheonlyonewhichhasdevelopedandusedtwoparallelcalendarsystems,andthereby,onemightsay,hasenjoyedthebestofbothworlds,lunarandsolar.2.WhencanChineseastronomybetracedbackto?Traditionally,Chineseastronomyistracedbacktothetimeofthelegendaryemperor,Fu-hsi(2852.B.C.).3.Whatisthemostdifficultproblemfortheastronomerstoplotthealmanac?Themostdifficultproblemfortheastronomersplottingthealmanacwasthedeterminationofthelengthofthesolaryear–thatis,theexactlengthoftimerequiredtocompletethecycleofseasons.4.Accordingtothetext,whatgaveChinesepeopletheideaofamonth?TheChinesewatchedthewaxingandwaningofthemoonwhichgavethemtheideaofamonth,whichtheyappropriatelycalledYuehoracompletecycleofthemoonfromnewmoontonewmoon.5.WhyChinesecalendarisoftenreferredtoasHsiacalendar?Itwasnotuntiltheyear104B.C.thatWu-tioftheHandynastyabolishedthedifferencebyrestoringtheHsia-cheng,thatis,byrestoringtheYinmonthofficiallyasthefirstmonthoftheyear–asystemwhichhasbeenfolloweduptothepresenttimes.Therefore,inmoderntimestheChinesecalendarisoftenreferredtoasHsia-liortheHsiacalendar.II.Languagefocus.Fillintheblankswiththefollowingexpressionsyouhavelearnedinthetext.1.civilizations2.Overthrown3.Accurately4.Estimated5.measurement6.irrespective7.Trace8.Abolish9.Cumulate10.calculateIII.Cloze.Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandchoosethebestwordorphrasetofillineachblank.1-5ABSCC6-10DDBACIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.中華文明是唯一一個發(fā)展并使用了兩個平行歷法系統(tǒng)的文明。2.中國古代的天文學(xué)家為他們的需要提供了一個簡單而準(zhǔn)確的陰陽合歷。3.月亮的盈虧讓中國人產(chǎn)生了“月”這個想法。4.正常情況下，每個農(nóng)歷月將有一個“節(jié)”和一個“氣”，“氣”在月中發(fā)生。5.這十二種動物被歸為“十二生肖”，西方人將之稱為“世尊”。V.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.Thelunarcalendar,alsoknownastheHsiacalendar,isacombinationoflunarandsolarcalendar.Themonthisdecidedbywaxingandwaningofthemoon,whiletheyearisdecidedbysun.Thedayonwhichthemoonisnotseenonearthasthebeginningofthemonth.Themonthlylength,dependingonthemoonphase,maybe30or29days,and12monthsforayear.Itdividesthesolaryearinto24nodes,theoddnumbersareChieh,theevennumbersareCh’l.Duetotheinconsistencyofthesolarcycleandthe12monthsofthelunarphase,themonthhasnoChi’liscalledtheleapmonth.Forexample,themonthafterMay2009hasonlyonehsiaoshu,andthereisnoCh’l.Therefore,thismonthshouldbesetasaleapmonth,calledtheleapMay.Themonthsofthelunarcalendarandtheintercalarymonthsarenotfixedbecausethemonthofthemoonisnotfixedaccordingtothemonthlychangeofthemoon.Ineachnineteenyears,theChinesecalendarcontainssevenleapmonths.TEXTBEXERCISEI.ReadingComprehensionDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrue(T)orFalse(F)accordingtothetextyouhaveread.1.F2.T3.F4.F5.T6.T7.F8.F9.T10.FLesson6WorldHistoryTEXTAEXERCISESI.Comprehension:Answerthefollowingquestions.1.Basedonwhat,historyisusuallysplitintodifferentdivisions?Thefieldofhistoryissovastthathistorianshavetraditionallysplititintodivisions.Thethreemaindivisionsofhistoryarebasedonperiod,nation,andtopic.2.WhatperiodsdoEuropeansocietieshaveaccordingtothetext?(ancient,medieval,andmodern)HistoriansdivideWesternhistoryintothreeperiods.Theyare(1)ancienttimes,fromabout3000B.C.totheA.D.400’s;(2)medievaltimes,the400’stothe1500’s;and(3)moderntimes,the1500’stothepresent.3.WhatdoesB.C.andA.D.meanaccordingtothetext.WesternsocietyusesthebirthofJesusChristasadividingline.TheyearsbeforethebirthofChristaredesignatedB.C.(beforeChrist),andthosethereafterareconsideredA.D.(annoDomini-intheyearofourLord).4.Whatarethetwomaintypesofsourcesdohistoriansuseintheirresearchandwhatarethedifferencesbetweenthem?Historiansusetwomaintypesofsourcesintheirresearch,primarysourcesandsecondarysources.Primarysourcesconsistofdocumentsandotherrecordsproducedduringtheperiodbeingstudied.Theyincludebooks,diaries,letters,andgovernmentrecords.Motionpicturesandtaperecordingsmayserveasprimarysourcesforeventsofthe1900’s.Secondarysourcesarematerialspreparedlaterbypeoplewhostudiedtheprimarysources.5.WhatisthecontributionofRanketothedevelopmentofhistory?LeopoldvonRanke,aGermanhistorian,hadthemostsignificantimpactonthedevelopmentofhistoryinthe1800’s.Ranke,whoisknownasthe“FatherofModernHistory”,devisedthebasicmethodsusedbymodernhistorianstoanalyzeandevaluatedocuments.Healsointroducedtheuseofseminarsfortrainingfuturehistoriansinmethodsofresearch.II.Languagefocus:Fillintheblankswiththefollowingexpressionsyouhavelearnedinthetext.1.heritage 2.evidence 3.biography 4.reliably 5.significance6.prejudice 7.interpretation. 8.overwhelming 9.authentic 10.civilizationsIII.Cloze.Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandchoosethebestwordorphrasetofillintheeachblank.1-5CBBCB 6-10DDDCAIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.歷史常常被劃分為一門社會科學(xué)，同屬社會科學(xué)的還有如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、心理學(xué)和社會學(xué)等學(xué)科。2.多年來，歷史學(xué)家將中世紀(jì)看作是迷信與無序的時代；位于兩個較好的時代之間。3.研究中，歷史學(xué)家們使用兩種材料：一手資料和二手資料。4.有些最好的歷史學(xué)家使用小說家和劇作家的技巧，既提供信息，又有娛樂功能。5.中國第一位偉大的歷史學(xué)家司馬遷在大約公元前一百年時寫了最早的中國歷史著作。V.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.Historyisthestudyofthepastasitisdescribedinwrittendocuments.Itrelatestopasteventsaswellasthememory,discovery,collection,organization,presentation,andinterpretationofinformationabouttheseevents.Scholarswhowriteabouthistoryarecalledhistorians.Historycanalsorefertotheacademicdisciplinewhichusesanarrativetoexamineandanalyzeasequenceofpastevents,andobjectivelydeterminethepatternsofcauseandeffectthatdeterminethem.Historianssometimesdebatethenatureofhistoryanditsusefulnessbydiscussingthestudyofthedisciplineasanendinitselfandasawayofprovidingperspectiveontheproblemsofthepresent.Ancientinfluenceshavehelpedspawnvariantinterpretationsofthenatureofhistorywhichhaveevolvedoverthecenturiesandcontinuetochangetoday.Themodernstudyofhistoryiswide-ranging,andincludesthestudyofspecificregionsandthestudyofcertaintopicalorthematicalelementsofhistoricalinvestigation.Oftenhistoryistaughtaspartofprimaryandsecondaryeducation,andtheacademicstudyofhistoryisamajordisciplineinuniversitystudies.TEXTBEXERCISEI.ReadingComprehensionDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrue(T)orFalse(F)accordingtothetextyouhaveread.F2.T3.F4.T5.T6.T7.F8.T9.F10.FChapter4EDUCATIONLesson7ChineseEducationTEXTAEXERCISESI.Comprehension.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.WhatistheroleofcivilserviceexaminationinChinesehistory?Thecivilserviceexaminationsystem,amethodofrecruitingcivilofficialsbasedonmeritratherthanfamilyorpoliticalconnections,playedanespeciallycentralroleinChinesesocialandintellectuallifefrom650to1905.2.Whatarethecontributionsofthecivilserviceexamination?Aclassicaleducationbasedonnontechnicalmoralandpoliticaltheorywasassuitableforselectionofelitestoservetheimperialstateatitshighestechelons.3.Whyeachdynastyputgreatemphasisontheexamination?Moreover,classicalexaminationswereaneffectivecultural,social,political,andeducationalconstructionthatmettheneedsofthedynasticbureaucracywhilesimultaneouslysupportinglateimperialsocialstructure.4.Howistheexaminationrelatedwithpoliticsandpower?Civilserviceexaminationsalsoconferredsocialandculturalstatusonfamiliesseekingtobecomeormaintaintheirstatusaslocalelites.5.Whataretherelationbetweeneconomicadvantagesandcandidate?Candidatesfromthesouthperformedbetteronthecivilserviceexaminationsthancandidatesfromless-prosperousregionsinthenorth,northwest,andsouthwest.II.Languagefocus.Fillintheblankswiththefollowingexpressionsyouhavelearnedinthetext.1.intellectual2.ideology3.official4.prestige5.complicit6.status7.candidate8.dynastic9.consequences10.bureaucracyIII.Cloze.Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandchoosethebestwordorphrasetofillineachblank.1-5DABBC6-10ADCBDIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.科舉考試將近代中國政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會、知識分子的生活等各個方面聯(lián)系在一起。2.精英士紳和商人地位部分由考試等級所決定。3.我們必須看到成千上萬參加科舉考試失利的人所帶來的影響。4.無論是統(tǒng)治者還是和改革派普遍低估了科舉考試衰亡產(chǎn)生的后果。5.科舉考試除了官方作用之外，它同時賦予了家庭成為當(dāng)?shù)鼐⒌牡匚缓蜕鐣匚?。V.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.TheimperialexaminationswerethesystemofselectingofficialsinthefeudaldynastiesofChinabysettingupvarioussubjectsforpublicexaminations.FoundedintheSuiDynasty,itwasformedinTangDynasty,completedinSongDynasty,strengthenedinMingDynasty,anddeclinedtowardsQingDynasty.Overthepast1300years,ithashadasignificantimpactonthepolitical,economic,educational,culturalconceptsandsocialcustomsofthefeudalsocietyinChina.Ithasbeenplayinganintangibleintegrationfunction,closelyconnectingthecultural,socialandeconomicfieldswiththestructureofpoliticalpowertoformamultifacetedandinteractivewhole.TEXTBEXERCISEI.ReadingcomprehensionDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrue(T)orFalse(F)accordingtothetextyouhaveread.1.T2.F3.F4.F5.T6.T7.T8.T9.T10.FLesson8AmericanEducationTEXTAEXERCISESI.Comprehension.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.HowmanyidentitiesdidNunnhaveinhislife?Hewasanattorney,industrialistandromantic.2.Whatisthenotionof“meritocracy”accordingtothetext?Societywouldbeledandimprovedby“thefew”whoshouldarisenotonthebasisofprivilegebutshouldemergethroughtalentandbeguidedbytheidealofservicetohumanity.3.HowmanymajorstudentsofficesdidNunnprovide?Whataretheirfunction?Nunnprovidedforthreemajorstudento?ces:(1)astudenttrusteewithfullvotingrightsoftheBoard;(2)alaborcommissionerwithresponsibilityforassigninganddirectingthelaborofstudentsintheworkprogram;and(3)astudentpresidentwithdutiesasstudent-bodyadministratorando?cialliaisonwiththedeanorcollegepresident.4.WhatdoyouthinkofDeepSpring’sgeographicalisolation?Students’answersshouldbevaried.5.HowdoyoucommentonNunn’seducationalideas?Students’answersshouldbevaried.II.Languagefocus.Fillintheblankswiththefollowingexpressionsyouhavelearnedinthetext.1.faculty 2.leadership 3.commitment 4.enforce 5.Curiosity6.virtually 7.foster 8.strengthened 9.sustained 10.institutionIII.Cloze.Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandchoosethebestwordorphrasetofillineachblank.1-5AAAB6-10DBCBBIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.學(xué)校共有教員6名，學(xué)生24名，牛350頭，所招收學(xué)生的能力水平在全國高等教育機構(gòu)中排名第二。2.深泉學(xué)院的地理位置將之與周遭的喧囂自然而然的隔離，但這種隔絕并不能保證使人們免受內(nèi)心干擾。3.從這方面來講，盡管學(xué)生通常會轉(zhuǎn)入那些與深泉有密切合作關(guān)系的幾所主要大學(xué)，但深泉學(xué)院同這些學(xué)校之間的學(xué)分轉(zhuǎn)換的可行性成為一種制約。4.納恩希望培養(yǎng)好口才；如果學(xué)生利用他所提供的不同尋常的教育，他相信他們一定會成為有能力的演講者和作家。5.創(chuàng)立者的初衷是以培養(yǎng)人才為主。因此，不論其家庭財富或社會地位，進(jìn)入深泉學(xué)院的學(xué)生都將獲得全額獎學(xué)金。V.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.DeepSpringsCollege,locatedinthevalleyineasternCalifornia,hasitsuniquefeaturescomparedwithmanyotherhigherinstitutionsintheworld.Firstofall,Nunnadvocatesbothintellectualandphysicaldevelopment.Hebelievesthemanuallaborbepartoftheliberalartscolleges.Tofosterstudents’commitmentandresponsibility,Nunnintroducesworkingplanintocurriculum.Hebelievesthatmanuallaborcouldnotonlymakestudentsmasternecessaryskills,butalsodevelopcharacterandleadershipwhichshouldbefullydevelopedonlyinanisolatedenvironment.Therefore,hechosedeepvalleyasthelocation.Insuchinsulation,Nunnhopestohelpstudentcultivateidealandresponsibilityinthecommunity,sothattheywouldalsoserveasacitizenwithoutlosingtheirownideals.TEXTBEXERCISESI.ReadingcomprehensionDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrue(T)orFalse(F)accordingtothetextyouhaveread.1.T2.T3.F4.T5.F6.T7.T8.T9.F10.FChapter5MASSMEDIALesson9ChineseMassMediaTextAEXERCISES=1\*ROMANI.Conprehension:Answerthefollowingquestions.1.Suchchangesaresignificantbecausetheyhavesignificantpolitical,social,cultural,andeconomicimplications.2.Whereasprivatespacealwaysbelongstosomeone,beitapersonoragroup,acompanyoranindividualadministration,publicspaceiscommontoall..Thebasicfeatureofpublicspaceisitsinclusivecharacterasopposedtotheexclusivecharacterofprivatespace.3.TheChineseintellectualsstillmoreenjoyedinteractingorflirtingwiththepoliticalandbusinessestablishmentsthanseekingknowledgeandtruthasacademia,theirmainfocusisonch