北美歷史1500之后-課件

HISTORYOFNORTHAMERICA

--after1500AD1500-1700ADMysteriousdiseases：smallpox

天花measles

麻疹NorthAmerica：Alandofghost麻疹是由麻疹病毒引起的急性呼吸道傳染病。臨床癥狀有發(fā)熱、咳嗽、流涕、眼結(jié)膜充血、口腔粘膜有紅暈的灰白小點(diǎn)（Koplik’sspots斑）。單純麻疹預(yù)后良好，重癥患者病死率較高。天花（Smallpox）是由天花病毒引起的一種烈性傳染病，也是到目前為止，在世界范圍被人類消滅的第一個(gè)傳染病。天花是感染痘病毒引起的，無(wú)藥可治，患者在痊愈后臉上會(huì)留有麻子，“天花”由此得名。天花病毒外觀呈磚形，約200納米×300納米，抵抗力較強(qiáng)，能對(duì)抗干燥和低溫，在痂皮、塵土和被服上，可生存數(shù)月至一年半之久French,EnglishandSpanishtraderssawthattheAlgonquin(阿爾岡琴族),theIroquois(易洛魁人-北美印第安人)andtheCherokee(徹羅基族人)andtheMississippiansandthePueblo（普韋布洛）peoplewerenotabletofightback（回?fù)?，抵抗）anymore,becausesomanyhaddied.AllacrossthesouthernpartofNorthAmerica,

Spanish

settlersbuiltvillagesandcitieslikeSantaFeandTaosinNewMexicoandLosAngelesandSanFranciscoinCalifornia.TheNavajo（納瓦霍人，美國(guó)最大的印第安部落）begantoraisesheep.

EnglishtradersbegantobringovergroupsofEnglishsettlerstoliveintheoldIroquoisvillagesandfarmtheirfields.FrenchsettlerscametoliveontheAlgonquins'andIroquois'land(inmodernQuebecprovince,Canada).ThefewsurvivingIroquoistriedtofightofftheinvaders,buttheycouldn't.In1763ADEnglandwontheFrenchandIndianWaragainstFrance(whichhadbeenfoughtmainlyinNorthAmerica),andsotheEnglish-speakingsettlersontheEastCoastcouldstopworryingthattheywereabouttobetakenoverbyFrance.EnglandwontheFrenchandIndianWaragainstFrance

TheEnglishgovernmentbegantomakethetheEnglish-speakingsettlerspaymoreandmoretaxes.ThisbroughttheEnglishalotofmoney,butitmadethesettlersmoreandmoreangry.Theywereespeciallyangrybecausetheycouldn'tvoteorspeakforthemselvesinEnglandaboutthesetaxes.ThesettlersdecidedtoboycotteverythingtheyhadbeenbuyingfromEnglishtraders-theywouldnotbuytheirtea,clothes,glass,paper,andsoon(ThisiswhenmanyAmericansbegantodrinkcoffee).In1773theythrewalotofteaonanEnglishshipoverboard,intotheocean-thisiscalledthe"BostonTeaParty（波士頓傾茶事件）."被吊死的印花稅法執(zhí)行者反映北美人民對(duì)印花稅法看法的漫畫波士頓傾茶事件的主要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人——塞繆爾·亞當(dāng)斯(SamuelAdams)在這塊由波士頓人樹立起的方碑上，一個(gè)印第安人正向英王喬治三世下跪，以感謝他撤銷印花稅法theHistoryofMexicoIn1521,SpainconqueredandcolonizedtheterritoryfromitsbaseinMéxico-Tenochtitlan,whichwasadministeredastheViceroyaltyofNewSpain.ThisterritorywouldeventuallybecomeMexicofollowingrecognitionofthecolony'sindependencein1821.theMexicanRevolutionin1910,whichculminatedwiththepromulgationofthe1917Constitutionandtheemergenceofthecountry'scurrentpoliticalsystem.Since2006thecountryhasbeeninthemidstofadrugwarwhichhascaused60,000deaths.Recenthistory:TheEndoftheColdWarandthebeginningoftheeraofsustainedeconomicexpansioncoincidedduringthe1990s.OnJanuary1,1994Canada,MexicoandtheUnitedStatessignedtheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement,creatingtheworld'slargestfreetradearea.In2000,VicenteFoxbecamethefirstnon-PRIcandidatetowintheMexicanpresidencyinover70years.Theoptimismofthe1990swasshatteredbythe9/11attacksof2001ontheUnitedStates,whichpromptedmilitaryinterventioninAfghanistan,whichCanadaalsoparticipatedin.CanadaandMexicodidnotsupporttheUnitedStates'slatermovetoinvadeIraq.AmericanLiteratureThebeginningofAmericanliteratureLackoforalliteraturefortheWhitesThebeginningofRomanticism

(post-revolutionfiction)ThethrivingofaNationalliterature

Representativewriters:WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)WashingtonIrvingThefatherofAmericanliteraturethefirstAmericanwriterwhowoninternationalfamethefirstAmericanwhomadeshortstoriesaveryeffectiveartisticandnarrativeform.RipVanWinkle

瑞普-凡-溫克爾

華盛頓·歐文

JamesFenimoreCooper

Cooper’ssuccessliesinthefactthathecreatedamythabouttheformativeperiodofAmericannation–aprocessofexploringandpushingtheAmericanfrontierforeverwestward.LeatherstockingTales

皮裹腿故事集1ThePioneers2TheLastoftheMohicans3ThePrairie4ThePathfinder5TheDeerslayer19thcentury

1.TranscendentalismRalphWaldoEmerson拉爾夫·沃爾多·愛默生(1803-82):NatureHenryDavidThoreau亨利·戴維·梭羅(1817-62):Walden《瓦爾登湖》Bystudyingandrespondingtonature,individualscouldreachahigherspiritualstatewithoutformalreligion.ImaginationandemotionEdgarAllanPoe埃德加·愛倫·坡(1809-49):

TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍府的倒塌》TheBlackCat《黑貓》2.ImaginationandemotionNathanielHawthorne納撒尼爾·霍桑(1804-64):

TheScarletLetterImaginationandemotionHermanMelville赫爾曼·梅爾維爾

(1819-91):

MobyDick《白鯨記》ReformandLiberationHarrietBeecherStowe比徹·斯托夫人(1811-96)UncleTom’sCabin《湯姆叔叔的小屋》CivilWarRegionalismSamuelClemens/MarkTwain(1835-1910)TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,TheAdventuresofTomSawyer,TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty

WilliamFaulknercalledTwain"thefatherofAmericanliterature”RegionalismEmilyDickinson艾米莉·狄金森

ThePoemsofEmilyDickinsonAnewwave-NaturalismFollowingtheAmericanCivilWarDiscontentedwithgrowingmaterialismConcernedwiththegrimsocialreality

TakingadeterministicviewoflifeNaturalismTheodoreDreiser西奧多·德萊塞SisterCarrier《嘉莉妹妹》AyoungcountrygirlwhomovestothebigcitywhereshestartsrealizingherownAmericanDreambyfirstbecomingamistresstomenthatsheperceivesassuperiorandlaterasafamousactress.the"greatestofallAmericanurbannovels."

NaturalismJackLondon杰克倫敦

CalloftheWildPrimitiveurgesunderliealllife,reducinghumanstothelevelofanimals.RebelliousspiritTheurbanizationintheearly20thcenturySherwoodAnderson舍伍德.安德森SinclairLewis辛克萊·劉易斯(1stAmericanwinningNobelPrize)

Babbitt《巴比特》TheModernistsEzraPound埃茲拉·龐德InaStationoftheMetro《在地鐵站內(nèi)》imagismTheModernistsT.S.EliotT.S.艾略特(1888-1965):

fragmented,pessimisticimagesofthepost-WWIsocietyTheWasteLand《荒原》ThelostgenerationF.ScottFitzgerald司各特·菲茨杰拉德

TheGreatGatsby《了不起的蓋茨比》ErnestHemingway歐內(nèi)斯特·米勒爾·海明威

TheSunAlsoRises《太陽(yáng)照常升起》

AFarewelltoArms《永別了武器》

ForWhomtheBellTolls《喪鐘為誰(shuí)而鳴》WilliamFaulkner威廉·?？思{

TheSoundandtheFury《喧嘩與騷動(dòng)》pastWorldWar1TheGreatGatsbywaspublishedin1925,itissetonLongIslandandinNewYorkCity.NewDramaEugeneO’Neill尤金·格拉斯通·奧尼爾DesireundertheElms《榆樹下的欲望》LongDay’sJourneyintoNight《長(zhǎng)夜漫漫路迢迢》RealismandEscapismTheDepressioninthe1920sand30s.JohnSteinbeck約翰·斯坦貝克TheGrapesofWrath《憤怒的葡萄》amajorstatementoftheDepressionMargaretMitchell瑪格麗特·米切爾GONEWITHTHEWINDpostWWⅡGONEWITHTHEWINDPostwarVoicesandtheBeatGenerationRalphEllison拉爾夫·艾利森

InvisibleMan《隱形人》ArthurMiller阿瑟·米勒

DeathofaSalesman《推銷員之死》ToniMorrison托妮莫里森SongofSolomon《所羅門之歌》AmyTan譚恩美

TheJoyLuckClub《喜福會(huì)》FrenchLiteratureSomecriticismofCanadianliteraturehasfocusedonnationalisticandregionalthemes,althoughthisisonlyasmallportionofCanadianLiterarycriticism.CriticsagainstsuchthematiccriticisminCanadianliterature,suchasFrankDavey,havearguedthatafocusonthemediminishestheappreciationofcomplexityoftheliteratureproducedinthecountry,andcreatestheimpressionthatCanadianliteratureissociologically-oriented.WhileCanadianliterature,liketheliteratureofeverynationstate,isinfluencedbyitssocio-politicalcontexts,Canadianwritershaveproducedavarietyofgenres.InfluencesonCanadi