高考英語(yǔ)閱讀推斷題

高考英語(yǔ)閱讀推斷題英語(yǔ)閱讀中，有時(shí)作者并未把意圖說(shuō)出來(lái)，而是需要閱讀者通過(guò)閱讀理解整體語(yǔ)篇的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)字面意思,通過(guò)全篇邏輯關(guān)系，研究細(xì)節(jié)的暗示，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章的寓義，這就是判斷推理題。推理判斷題屬于主觀性極強(qiáng)的高層次閱讀理解題，做這類題目時(shí)，考生需要具備對(duì)事物進(jìn)行歸納分類的能力，在獲取信息事實(shí)后才能將已知細(xì)節(jié)加以分析，從而得出合理的判斷。培養(yǎng)考生的判斷推理能力可以從以下四方面著手：一是對(duì)理解詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)本身的意義進(jìn)行判斷推理；二是對(duì)文章中的事實(shí)、現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行歸納、推斷可能得出的結(jié)論；三是通過(guò)文章的用詞和修辭手段理解作者的立場(chǎng)、觀點(diǎn)和寫作目的；四是通過(guò)對(duì)話，推斷對(duì)話雙方的語(yǔ)氣和對(duì)問(wèn)題的不同看法。推斷題一般可以歸納為五大題型：細(xì)節(jié)推斷題、因果推斷題、人物性格、態(tài)度及觀點(diǎn)判斷題、預(yù)測(cè)想象推理題和寫作意圖推測(cè)題。一、細(xì)節(jié)推斷題要求考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇關(guān)系，推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)，如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件等.一般可根據(jù)短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷。典例：2006年山東卷A篇·····SaundershassincebecometheyoungestpersontoskialonetotheNorthPole。andhe‘sskiedmoreoftheArcticbyhimselfthananyotherBriton．Hisoldplaymateswouldnotbelievethetransformation．60．ItcanbeinferredthatSaunders’journeytotheNorthPole_______．A．wasaccompaniedbyhisoldplaymatesB．setarecordintheNorthPoleexpeditionC．wassupportedbyotherArcticexplorersD．madehimwell-knowninthe1960s[解析]答案是B。本小題是問(wèn)從文章中推斷出Saunder的北極之旅怎么樣?根據(jù)上面文章所提供的信息：Saunder是到目前為止獨(dú)自滑雪去北極的人中最年輕的一位，而且Saunder獨(dú)自滑雪去北冰洋的地方比其他任何一個(gè)英國(guó)人都要多。由此細(xì)節(jié)，我們可以推斷出Saunder的北極之旅在北極探險(xiǎn)中是創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)記錄。二、因果推斷題要求考生根據(jù)已知結(jié)果推測(cè)導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的可能原因?？忌獪?zhǔn)確掌握文章的內(nèi)涵，理解文章的真正含義。典例：2009年四川卷B篇····Althoughoursituationwasverybad，it’sdifficulttofeeltoosorryforyourselfwhenyoulookatwhat’shappeningelsewhere．IwatchedanewsreportaboutfloodsinNorthernIndiaandthought.“Wedidn’thaveastrawhut(茅草房)thatwassweptaway,andourhouseisstillstanding．We’relucky．”47．Whydoestheauthorsaythattheywereluckyinthethirdparagraph?A.Becausehersituationwasnotserious．B．Becausemanyotherpaceswereflooded．C．BecauseshehadbeentoNorthemIndia．D．Becausesomeotherssufferedevenmore．[解析】答案是D。作者提到IwatchedanewsreportaboutfloodsinNorthernIndiaandthought．“Wedidn‘thaveastrawhut(茅草房)thatwassweptaway，andourhouseispeoplearoundtheworldhavenowtriedbungeejumping.Otheractivitieswhichmostpeoplewouldsayasriskyasbungeejumpingincludejumpingfromtallbuildingsanddivingintotheseafromthetopofhighcliffs.Whydopeopletakepartinsuchactivitiesasthese?Somepsychologists（心理學(xué)家）suggestthatitisbecauselifeinmodernsocietieshasbecomesafeandboring.Notverylongago,people'sliveswereconstantlyindanger.Theyhadtogooutandhuntforfood,diseasescouldnoteasilybecuredandlifewasacontinuousbattleforsurvival（生存）.

Nowadays,accordingtomanypeople,lifeofferslittleexcitement.Theyliveandworkincomparativelysafeconditions;theybuyfoodinshops;andtherearedoctorsandhospitalstolookafterthemiftheybecomeill.Theanswerforsomeofthesepeopleistolookfordangerinactivitiessuchasbungeejumping.●Thewriterofthetexthasa____attitude（態(tài)度）towardsdangeroussports.

A.positive（肯定的）B.negative（否定的）C.neutral（中立的）D.nervous四、預(yù)測(cè)想象推理題有些內(nèi)容文章中沒(méi)有明確說(shuō)明，要求考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇，對(duì)事件可能的結(jié)局或下段可能涉及的內(nèi)容等進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)推理。做這類題時(shí)應(yīng)把握作者的寫作思路(如文章可能按事件發(fā)展的經(jīng)過(guò)描寫，也可能按因果關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系來(lái)敘述)，從而做出比較科學(xué)的、合情合理的預(yù)測(cè)。典例：2007年天津卷A篇ThecityofRomehaspassedanewtopreventcrueltytoanimals．Allgoldfishbowlsarenolongerallowedanddogownersmustwalktheirdogs．36．ThenewlawpassedinRomewill______.A．helpimprovefishingenvironmentB．guaranteebetterconditionsforgoldfishC．stoppeoplefromcatchinggoldfishD．discouragekeepinggoldfishathome[解析】答案是B。文章第一段指出羅馬通過(guò)了一項(xiàng)新的法律，禁止對(duì)動(dòng)物的殘忍行為，不允許再用魚缸飼養(yǎng)金魚。由此可推斷，這項(xiàng)新的法律會(huì)確保金魚有更好的生存條件。Whenearlyhumanshuntedandgatheredfood,theywerenotincontroloftheirenvironment.Theycouldonlyinteractwiththeirsurroundingsaslowerorganismsdid.Whenhumanslearnedtomakefire,however,theybecamecapableofalteringtheirenvironment.Toprovidethemselveswithfueltheystrippedbarkfromtrees,causingthetreestodie.Clearingswereburnedinforeststoincreasethegrowthofgrassandtoprovideagreatergrazingareaforthewildanimalsthathumansfedupon.Thisdevelopmentledtofarmingandthedomesticationofanimals.Firealsoprovidedthemeansforcookingplantswhichhadpreviouslybeeninedible.Onlywhentheprocessofmeetingthebasicneedforfoodreachedacertainlevelofsophisticationwasitpossibleforhumanstofollowotherpursuitssuchasthefoundingofcities.（3分鐘）●Theparagraphfollowingthispassagewouldmostlikelybeabout____________.A.fireB.huntingC.farmingD.urbanization（城市化）五、寫作意圖推測(cè)題此題型要求考生根據(jù)文章的論述，推測(cè)作者的寫作意圖及運(yùn)用某種寫作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過(guò)文章所提供的事實(shí)和形象，客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或意見(jiàn)。這種題型要求同學(xué)們不但能理解文章的內(nèi)容，同時(shí)還要具備對(duì)作者闡述問(wèn)題的寫作方法進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)和分析的能力。典例：2011年某省考卷A篇····NowthepleasureoflearningJaneAusten"knewit,keepinginitsstreetsandpublicbuildingsthewell-orderedworldthatshedescribedsowellinhernovels．一AfteryourvisittotheCentre，youcan’’’‘‘‘YouCallalsohavewalkingtooursofJaneAusten’sBath，??58．Theauthorwritesthispassageinorderto______．A．a(chǎn)ttractreaderstovisitthecityofBathB．a(chǎn)skreaderstobuyAusten’sbooksC．tellreadersaboutJaneAusten’sexperienceD．giveabriefintroductiontotheJaneAustenSociety【解析】答案是A。從這篇義章上面所節(jié)選出來(lái)的信息，可以推斷出TheauthorissuggestingthereadersvisittoBath．判斷推理是一種創(chuàng)造性的思維活動(dòng)，但它并非無(wú)章可循，可以在閱讀理解整體語(yǔ)篇的基礎(chǔ)上，吃透文章的字面意思，對(duì)文字的表面信息進(jìn)行挖掘加工，以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)，把握句、段之間的邏輯關(guān)系。然后通過(guò)分析、綜合、判斷等方法進(jìn)行深層處理，這樣就可以做出符合邏輯的推理判斷?！癏aveyoueverbeenoutonaboatandfeltitliftedupbyawave?Orhaveyoujumpedinthewaterandfelttherushofenergyaswavescameoveryou?”askedJamieTayloroftheWaveEnergyGroupattheUniversityofEdinburgh.“Thereiscertainlyalotofenergyinwaves,”hesaid.●Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto______.A.testthereaders’knowledgeaboutwavesB.drawthereaders’attentiontothetopicC.showJamieTaylor’simportanceD.invitethereaderstoanswerthem高考連接-----2010北京卷TheCostofHigherEducationManypeoplebelievethathighereducationshouldbefreebecauseitisgoodfortheeconomy(經(jīng)濟(jì)).Manygraduatesclearlydocontributetonationalwealth,butsodoallthebusinessesthatinvest(投資)andcreatejobs.Ifyoubelievethatthegovernmentshouldpayforhighereducationbecausegraduatesareeconomicallyproductive,youshouldalsobelievethatthegovernmentshouldpaypartofbusinesscosts.Anyonepromisingtocreatejobsshouldreceiveagiftofcapitalfromthegovernmenttoinvest.Therefore,itistheindividual,notthegovernment,whoshouldpayfortheiruniversityeducation.TheauthormentionsbusinessesinParagraph5inorderto________.A．a(chǎn)rgueagainstfreeuniversityeducationB．callonthemtofinancestudents’studiesC．encouragegraduatestogointobusinessD．showtheircontributiontohighereducationAyoungmanfromavillagecalledNawalapitiyamarriedayoungwomanfromMaliyuwa,anearbyvillage.Theylivedwiththeman'sbigfamily-hisparents,hisbrothers,theirwivesandchildren.Thefamilykeptanelephant,inwhichtheyoungwomansoontookagr