閱讀理解藏而不露的推理判斷題【省一等獎】

第五講“藏而不露”的推理判斷題推理判斷題是閱讀理解題中難度較大的一類題，它包括判斷和推理的過程。解答推理判斷題要以文字信息為依據(jù)，既不能作出在原文中找不到依據(jù)的推理，也不能根據(jù)表面文字信息進(jìn)行多步推理?？忌忸}時通常需要透過文字的表層意思，在全文的背景下理解文章的深層含義。

(2013·湖北卷)AGermanstudysuggeststhatpeoplewhoweretoooptimisticabouttheirfutureactuallyfacedgreaterriskofdisabilityordeathwithin10yearsthanthosepessimistswhoexpectedtheirfuturetobeworse.Thepaper，publishedthisMarchinPsychology

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Aging，examinedhealthandwelfaresurveysfromroughly40,000Germansbetweenages18and96.Thesurveyswereconductedeveryyearfrom1993to2003.Surveyrespondents(受訪者)wereaskedtoestimatetheirpresentandfuturelifesatisfactiononascaleof0to10，amongotherquestions.Theresearchersfoundthatyoungadults(age18to39)routinelyoverestimatedtheirfuturelifesatisfaction，whilemiddle-agedadults(age40to64)moreaccuratelypredictedhowtheywouldfeelinthefuture.Adultsof65andolder，however，werefarmorelikelytounderestimatetheirfuturelifesatisfaction.Notonlydidtheyfeelmoresatisfiedthantheythoughttheywould，theolderpessimistsseemedtosufferalowerratio(比率)ofdisabilityanddeathforthestudyperiod.“Weobservedthatbeingtoooptimisticinpredictingabetterfuturethanactuallyobservedwasassociatedwithagreaterriskofdisabilityandagreaterriskofdeathwithinthefollowingdecade，”

wroteFriederR．Lang，aprofessorattheUniversityofErlangen-Nuremberg.Langandhiscolleaguesbelievedthatpeoplewhowerepessimisticabouttheirfuturemaybemorecarefulabouttheiractionsthanpeoplewhoexpectedarosyfuture.“Seeingadarkfuturemayencouragepositiveevaluationsoftheactualselfandmaycontributetotakingimprovedprecautions(預(yù)防措施)，”

theauthorswrote.Surprisingly，comparedwiththoseinpoorhealthorwhohadlowincomes，respondentswhoenjoyedgoodhealthorincomewereassociatedwithexpectingagreaterdecline.Also，theresearcherssaidthathigherincomewasrelatedtoagreaterriskofdisability.Theauthorsofthestudynotedthattherewerelimitationstotheirconclusions.Illness，medicaltreatmentandpersonallosscouldalsohavedrivenhealthoutcomes.However，theresearcherssaidapatternwasclear.“Wefoundthatfromearlytolateadulthood，individualsadapttheirexpectationsoffuturelifesatisfactionfromoptimistic，toaccurate，topessimistic，”

theauthorsconcluded.語篇解讀德國的一項(xiàng)研究表明，與悲觀者相比，對自己的未來過于樂觀的人在未來10年更容易出現(xiàn)殘疾或死亡。該研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，年輕人組對自己未來生活的滿意度的期望過高，中年人預(yù)測相對準(zhǔn)確，而老年人往往低估自己未來生活的滿意度。1．Accordingtothestudy，whomadethemostaccuratepredictionoftheirfuturelifesatisfaction?A．Optimisticadults.

B．Middle-agedadults.C．Adultsinpoorhealth. D．Adultsoflowerincome.解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第四段說，18～39歲的年輕人組高估自己對未來生活的滿意度，65歲及以上年齡組往往低估，而40～64歲的中年人組對自己未來生活的滿意度估計更準(zhǔn)確一些。答案：B2．Pessimismmaybepositiveinsomewaybecauseitcausespeople________.A．tofullyenjoytheirpresentlifeB．toestimatetheircontributionaccuratelyC．totakemeasuresagainstpotentialrisksD．tovaluehealthmorehighlythanwealth解析：推理判斷題。第六段說，Lang和他的同事認(rèn)為，對自己未來悲觀的人比樂天派對自己的日常行為更小心，第七段說，這樣的人可能會采取預(yù)防措施(應(yīng)對潛在的危險)，因此選C項(xiàng)。答案：C3．Howdopeopleofhigherincomeseetheirfuture?A．Theywillearnlessmoney.B．Theywillbecomepessimistic.C．Theywillsuffermentalillness.D．Theywillhavelesstimetoenjoylife.解析：推理判斷題。第八段說，與身體不好、收入不高的人相比，身體好或者收入高的受訪者往往預(yù)料自己這兩方面(好身體或高收入)將來會下降得更厲害，研究者說高收入往往與身體出現(xiàn)殘疾的風(fēng)險相聯(lián)系，因此選A項(xiàng)。B項(xiàng)說他們將來會很悲觀，而文章講的是他們現(xiàn)在對將來的估計；C項(xiàng)說他們將來會出現(xiàn)精神疾病，而本段說的是這樣的人群對將來的預(yù)計，覺得自己將來的身體和收入狀況都會下降，因此B、C不對。答案：A4．Whatistheclearconclusionofthestudy?A．Pessimismguaranteeschancesofsurvival.B．Goodfinancialconditionleadstogoodhealth.C．Medicaltreatmentdetermineshealthoutcomes.D．Expectationsoffuturelifesatisfactiondeclinewithage.解析：推理判斷題。文章前幾段提到不同年齡組對自己未來生活滿意度的估計。從敘述看，年輕人太樂觀，中年人較實(shí)際，老年人更悲觀，看來對未來生活滿意度的期望是隨著年齡而遞減的，最后一段也有明確的提示，因此選D項(xiàng)。答案：D1．細(xì)節(jié)性推理判斷題不同于一般的細(xì)節(jié)理解題，它要求考生要根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容去推斷言外之意，而細(xì)節(jié)理解題只需要在原文中去尋找恰當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容。因此此類命題往往是以文章要體現(xiàn)的觀點(diǎn)、作者對某一事件的認(rèn)識為命題點(diǎn)，往往會出現(xiàn)在文章本身或某個段落的開頭、結(jié)尾的要點(diǎn)歸納的地方。例如：真題示例第4題為推理判斷題。由第四段可知，年輕人對未來太樂觀，中年人較實(shí)際，老年人太悲觀，故推斷出對未來生活的滿意度是隨著年齡遞減的，故D項(xiàng)正確。2．綜合性推理判斷題通常圍繞文章的若干個段落或整個文章提出，如果單純只看文章中的某一個句子或段落都很難得出全面而準(zhǔn)確的答案，因此要綜合考慮。在所給的選項(xiàng)中，有的是閱讀材料中的細(xì)節(jié)，并非推理；而有的推理，雖然在文章中可以找到依據(jù)，但只是從某個細(xì)節(jié)或段落得出的內(nèi)容，而不能概括整篇的內(nèi)容要求，因此解答這類題目時一定要把所有的信息都綜合起來考慮，與整篇文章相吻合，而不只是與一個點(diǎn)相吻合。Test1(2013·湖北省襄陽市普通高中調(diào)研統(tǒng)一測試)Cryingbabies，buzzingmosquitoes，ringingcaralarms—they’reallannoyingnoises.Butwhat’stheworst？Arecentsurveyliststhethingswehatetohear.However，numberoneonthelistwasthesoundofadentist’sdrill.“That_sound_sends_shivers_down_my_spine，”

saidonerespondent.“Afteravisittothedentist，Isometimeswakeupatnightwiththatsoundinmyhead.It’shorrible，”

saidanother.“I’veseenpatientsshakingwithfearwhenIbringoutthedrill，”

explainedadentist.Ofcourse，anyonewho’sactuallybeentothedentistandheardthesoundwillprobablyagreewiththat.Butthere’ssomegoodnews.AnewdevicedevelopedbyexpertsatKing’sCollegeLondon，BrunelUniversityandLondonSouthBankUniversitycancanceloutthesoundofthefrighteningdrill.ThetinymachineallowspatientstolistentomusiconanMP3playerwhilethesoundofthedrilliseliminated.However，patientsarestillabletohearthedentist’svoicebecausenotallsoundsarefilteredout(濾除)．Thetheorybehinditisfairlystraightforward.Microphonesareplacedclosetothedentaldrill.Theypickupanysoundsandtransformthemintodigitalsignals.Then，electronicfilterscanceloutanyunwantedsoundwaves.Thiscanbedoneevenifthewave’samplitude(振幅)andfrequencychange.However，thegreatthingisthatthistechnologyalsoallowsothersounds，suchasthedentist’svoicetocomethrough.It’seasytouse，too.Patientssimplyplugthesound-filteringmachineintotheirMP3players.Then，viaheadphones，theycanlistentomusicandhearthedentist’svoicewithoutbeingdisturbedbythenoiseofthedrill.Fantastic!So，nexttimeyougotothedentist，remembertobringyourMP3player.語篇解讀一項(xiàng)調(diào)查表明，最煩人的噪音是牙醫(yī)手中鉆頭的聲音，這讓人不寒而栗。然而，最近的一項(xiàng)發(fā)明能將這種噪音選擇性地濾除，這必將受到牙科病人的喜愛。1．Whatisthepurposeofthetext?A．Toannouncearecentsurvey.B．Tointroduceanewproduct.C．Tolistsomeannoyingnoises.D．ToremindpatientstobringtheirMP3player.解析：寫作意圖題。本文主要介紹了一項(xiàng)新發(fā)明，該發(fā)明可以將鉆頭鉆牙齒的聲音選擇性地濾除，以此來消除病人對鉆頭的恐懼，因此選B。答案：B2．WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph2mostprobablymean?A．Itmakesmesurprised.B．Itmakesmedelightful.C．ItmakesmewideawakeD．Itmakesmescared.解析：句意猜測題。根據(jù)畫線部分前面的“被列為頭號的噪音是牙醫(yī)的鉆頭聲”以及畫線部分后面的“有時半夜醒來腦子里還有那鉆頭的聲音，它太可怕了”可知，畫線部分的含義是“讓我感到害怕”。答案：D3．Whattechnologyisthetinymachinebasedon?A．Itcangetridofallsounds.B．Itcantransformsoundwavesintodigitalsignals.C．Itcanfilteroutunwantedsounds.D．Itcanchangethesoundwave’samplitudeandfrequency.解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段的內(nèi)容可知，在牙醫(yī)的鉆頭附近安置麥克風(fēng)可以把各種聲音都轉(zhuǎn)化成數(shù)字信號，然后電子過濾器把不需要的聲波去掉……然而，重要的是該技術(shù)能讓其他的比如牙醫(yī)的聲音被病人聽見，因此選C。答案：C4．Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribethetinymachine?A．Heavyanduseless. B．Simpleandpractical.C．Clearbutfrightening. D．Fantasticbutnoisy.解析：推理判斷題。從文章對這項(xiàng)發(fā)明的描述看，B項(xiàng)“操作簡單、實(shí)用”符合文意。答案：BTest2(2013·湖北省八校高三第二次聯(lián)考)Forbessetouttodeterminewhichmaster’sdegreeswouldprovidethebestlong-termopportunities，basedonthesalaryandemploymentoutlook.Tofindthemid-careeraveragepayforthe35populardegrees，weturnedtoP，whichletsuserscomparetheirsalarieswiththoseofotherpeopleinsimilarjobsbygatheringreal-timesalarydatafromits35millionprofiles.WethenlookedattheBureauofLaborStatistics’employmentestimatedatatoseehowfastemploymentwasexpectedtoincreasebetween2010and2020inpopularjobsheldbypeoplewitheachdegree.Finallyweaveragedeachdegree’spayrankandestimatedgrowthranktofindthebestandworstmaster’sdegreesforjobs.PhysicianassistantdegreeisatthetopoftheForbes’third-annuallookatthebestmaster’sdegreesforjobs.Physicianassistantsaremedicalprofessionalswhoprovidediagnosticandpreventativehealthcareservicesundertheguidanceofdoctors.“Bothanagingpopulationandhealthcarereformarecontributingtoahigherdemandforhealthcareservices，”

saysKatieBardaro，Payscale’sleadeconomist.”Theydon’tearnasmuchasdoctors，buttheirmid-careeraveragepayis$97,000.Anotheradvantageofaphysicianassistantdegree：employmentopportunitiesareexpectedtogrow30%by2020(fromthe2010employmentnumbers)，accordingtotheBureauofLaborStatistics.Byourcount，computersciencefollowsclosebehindastheNo.2bestadvanceddegreeforjobs.Mid-careeraveragepayforthesegradsis$109,000，sixthbestoutofthe35degreesinoursurvey.Employmentopportunitiesforcomputersciencedegreeholdersareexpectedtoexpandabout22%between2010and2020.Electricalengineering，physicsandeconomicsdegreesalsomakethetop10，allwithanaveragemid-careersalaryofmorethan$110,000ayear.Notallmaster’sdegreeholdersenjoyanywherenearsuchoptimisticjobprospects(前景)orextraordinarypay.Biology，chemistryandhistorydegreesaretowardthebottomofthelist，butthatdoesn’tmeanthey’reuseless.Ifyou’reenthusiasticaboutthesefields，thelowerpayandslimmerjobprospectsshouldn’tpreventyoufrompursuingamaster’sdegree.Beforeyoumakeadecision，youshouldbearonethinginmind：master’sdegreeholdersdon’tnecessarilyearnmorethanotherpeopleinsimilarjobs，sodon’tbaseyourdecisiontopursueoneontheideathatyou’llbringinbiggerpaychecks.It’salsoimportanttothinkaboutwork-lifebalanceandemployeesatisfactionforthecommonjobsassociatedwiththesedegrees.“Youneedtoconsideroverallhappiness，”

Bardarosays.“Ifobtainingamaster’sdegreecausesanimbalanceduetotimedevotedtoeducationandpotentiallymorestressatwork，thenonewillneedtodecideifthesecostsareworthit.”語篇解讀為了弄清楚哪些碩士學(xué)位能提供最好的長期的機(jī)會，福布斯從薪水和就業(yè)前景兩個方面對獲得碩士學(xué)位的人作了一個調(diào)查。調(diào)查表明，醫(yī)師助理最熱門，其次是計算機(jī)行業(yè)，而生物、化學(xué)和歷史學(xué)位墊底。5．ForbesturnedtoPto________.A．letuserscomparetheirsalarieswiththoseofotherpeopleindifferentjobsB．seehowfastemploymentwasexpectedtoincreasebetween2010and2020C．sumupthepayofthosegraduateswiththe35populardegreesindifferentfieldsD．figureoutthemid-careeraveragepayinpopularjobsheldbypeoplewithdifferentdegrees解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第一段說，福布斯借助這個網(wǎng)站是為了找到35個熱門碩士學(xué)位的職業(yè)中期的平均薪酬數(shù)據(jù)，以比較出就業(yè)最好和最差的碩士學(xué)位，因此選D。答案：D6．Physicianassistantdegreeranksfirstonthelistbecause________.A．physicianassistantsaremedicalprofessionalsB．physicianassistantsenjoythehighestpaycomparedwithothergradsC．thequalificationsofphysicianassistantsarenotsecondtothoseofdoctorsD．thedemandofphysicianassistantsisexpectedtoexpandlargelyandtheyarewellpaid解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第三、四段在分析其原因時說，人口老齡化和醫(yī)療改革都使人們對醫(yī)療保健的需求增加，醫(yī)師助理的薪水不如醫(yī)生高，但職業(yè)中期的平均薪酬能達(dá)到97000美元，由此可判斷這一行業(yè)的薪水較高，且人們對這一職業(yè)的需求在上升，因此選D。答案：D7．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A．$100,000isasatisfyingpayformostofthegrads.B．ItisthefirsttimethatForbeshasdoneasurveyofthiskind.C．Biologydegreeswereoncehotforthosemaster’sdegreepursuers.D．Doctorsearnmorethanthoseinelectricalengineeringonaverage.解析：推理判斷題。第五段最后說排名前十位的平均薪水是一年十一萬美元，因此A項(xiàng)“對大多數(shù)畢業(yè)生來說，年薪十萬美元是一個令人滿意的薪水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”正確。答案：A8．AccordingtowhatBardarosaidinthelastparagraph，wemayconcludethat________.A．obtainingamaster’sdegreeisamustB．a(chǎn)master’sdegreeisnotalwaysworthpursuingC．obtainingamaster’sdegreeleadstoanimbalancebetweenworkandlifeD．thosewithmaster’sdegreesareboundtoearnmorethanotherpeopleinsimilarjobs解析：推理判斷題。在最后一段中Bardaro說，你要綜合考慮幸福的內(nèi)涵，如果為了獲得碩士學(xué)位而引起對教育投入時間的不平衡和更大的工作壓力，那么就需要判斷一下這樣的代價是否值得，故B項(xiàng)正確。答案：BTest3(2013·湖北省八校高三第二次聯(lián)考)Hewrotethatthe“humanmindiscapableofexcitementwithouttheapplicationofgross(粗俗的)andviolentstimulants(刺激物)”．AnditappearsthatsimplyreadingthosewordsbyWilliamWordsworthcanprovehispoint.ResearchersattheUniversityofLiverpoolfoundtheworksofShakespeareandWordsworthandthelikehadabeneficialeffectonthemind，liftingthereaders’spiritsbycatchingtheirattentionandleadingtomomentsofself-reflection.Usingequipment，theyexaminedthebrainactivityofvolunteersastheyreadpiecesofclassicalEnglishliteraturebothintheiroriginalformandinamoresimplified，moderntranslation.And，accordingtoThe

Sunday

Telegraph，theexperimentshowedthemore“challenging”workssetofffarmoreelectricalactivityinthebrainthantheordinaryversions.Theresearchalsofoundpoetry，inparticular，increasedactivityintherighthemisphereofthebrain，anareaconcernedwith“autobiographicalmemory”，whichhelpedthereadertoreflectonandreevaluatetheirownexperiencesinlightofwhattheyhadread.Theacademicssaidthismeanttheclassicsweremoreusefulthanself-helpbooks.Thebrainresponsesof30volunteersweremonitoredinthefirstpartoftheresearchastheyreadShakespeareinitsoriginaland“modern”form.Inoneexample，volunteersreadalinefromKing

Lear，“Afatherandagracious(仁慈的)agedman：himhaveyoumadded”，beforereadingthesimpler.“Afatherandagraciousagedman：himyouhaveenraged(使暴怒)．”Shakespeare’suseoftheadjective“mad”asaverbcausedahigherlevelofbrainactivitythanthestraightforwardtranslation.“Readingclassicsisnotjustamatterofstyle.Itisamatterofdeepversionsofexperiencethatpromotesthecognitive(認(rèn)知的)ability，”

saidProf.Davis，whowillpresentthefindingsattheNorthofEnglandeducat