題型七概要寫作

題型七概要寫作Writing1[2019浙江6月]高考真題閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。①Parentseverywherepraisetheirkids.②JennBerman,authorofTheAtoZGuidetoRaisingHappyandConfidentKids,says,"We'vegonetotheoppositeextremeofafewdecadesagowhenparentstendedtobemorestrict."③Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey'rebuildingtheirchildren'sconfidence,④when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.⑤Toomuchpraisecanbackfireand,whengiveninawaythat'sinsincere,makekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakeariskforfearofnotbeingabletostayontopwheretheirparents'praisehasputthem.第一段為整個(gè)語篇的"起"，⑤表達(dá)了作者的真實(shí)意圖,即本段的主旨"Toomuchpraisecanmakekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakearisk."。①Still,don'tgotoofarintheotherdirection.②Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.③Kidswillfeellikethey'renotgoodenoughorthatyoudon'tcareand,asaresult,mayseenopointintryinghardfortheiraccomplishments.第二段為第一段的"轉(zhuǎn)"指出另一個(gè)極端的危害"Notgivingenoughpraisecanbedamaging."。①Sowhatistherightamountofpraise?②Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.③Ifpraiseissincereandfocusedontheeffortnottheoutcome,youcangiveitasoftenasyourchilddoessomethingthatdeservesaverbalreward.④"Weshouldespeciallyrecognizeourchildren'seffortstopushthemselvesandworkhardtoachieveagoal,"saysDonahue,authorofParentingWithoutFear：LettingGoofWorryandFocusingonWhatReallyMatters.⑤"Onethingtorememberisthatit'stheprocessnottheendproductthatmatters."第三段為前兩段的"承"，也是整個(gè)語篇的"合"，提出了作者的觀點(diǎn)"It'stheprocessnottheendproductthatmatters.",即"Praiseshouldbefocusedontheeffortnottheoutcome."。①Yoursonmaynotbethebestbasketballplayeronhisteam.②Butifhe'soutthereeverydayandplayinghard,youshouldpraisehiseffortregardlessofwhetherhisteamwinsorloses.③Praisingtheeffortandnottheoutcomecanalsomeanrecognizingyourchildwhenshehasworkedhardtocleantheyard,cookdinner,orfinishabookreport.④Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate（相稱的）totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.第四段為第三段的"承"，用例子支撐作者的觀點(diǎn)。本段主題句是④。寫作指導(dǎo)Para.1①作本段的"起"，描述現(xiàn)象;②作"承"，引入專家的觀點(diǎn);③作"承"，分析出現(xiàn)該現(xiàn)象的原因;④作"轉(zhuǎn)"，引出作者的觀點(diǎn);⑤作第一段的"合"指出"Toomuchpraise"的后果。Para.2①作上一段的"承"和本段后文內(nèi)容的"起"，指出不要走向另一個(gè)極端;②作"承"指出"Notgivingenoughpraise"的危害;③作"承",分析其原因,且本句本身也呈現(xiàn)出因果關(guān)系。Para.3①作前兩段的"承"，也作本段的"起"，起過渡作用;②是對(duì)上一句的回答，引出專家的觀點(diǎn);③是對(duì)上一句的進(jìn)一步解釋;④引用了專家的說法;⑤作本段的"合"，與②相呼應(yīng)。Para.4①作上一段的"承"和本段第一個(gè)例子的"起";②作上一句的"轉(zhuǎn)"，呈現(xiàn)作者的真實(shí)意圖;③作前兩句的"承",是第二個(gè)例子;④作本段的"合"，對(duì)前面兩個(gè)例子進(jìn)行總結(jié)，回歸主題?！久}分析】本篇閱讀材料是一篇典型的議論文。文章指出,父母對(duì)孩子的表揚(yáng)要專注于孩子的努力過程而不是結(jié)果,其語言難度適中,表現(xiàn)出很好的區(qū)分度,體現(xiàn)了高考"立德樹人、服務(wù)選拔、導(dǎo)向教學(xué)"的命題原則。具體特點(diǎn)歸納如下:語篇結(jié)構(gòu)特征:描述表揚(yáng)孩子的現(xiàn)象-兩個(gè)極端｛一正確的表揚(yáng)一用例子支撐論點(diǎn)過少的表揚(yáng)-危害及原因這種行文結(jié)構(gòu)是考生非常熟悉的議論文的語篇結(jié)構(gòu),易于被廣大考生理解,體現(xiàn)了高考的基礎(chǔ)性和公平性原則。段內(nèi)句群之間呈現(xiàn)出嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)囊蚬P(guān)系和轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系等,考生應(yīng)注意理順這些邏輯關(guān)系。每一段都有長難句（畫線部分）,考生只有抓住關(guān)鍵信息、充分運(yùn)用語言能力,才能理解這些句子?！舅悸伏c(diǎn)撥】寫概要時(shí),首先要注意每段的主題句和關(guān)鍵詞,通過詞匯替換、句式轉(zhuǎn)變等多種方式改寫要點(diǎn),注意一定要用自己的語言,不可以完全照搬原文;然后,添加銜接詞,使各要點(diǎn)之間的銜接更順暢;最后要注意單詞拼寫不要出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤,也要注意大小寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),同時(shí)還要注意控制詞數(shù),不要少于40或多于80。本文的要點(diǎn)可以歸納如下:要點(diǎn)1,如今,父母總是給孩子相當(dāng)多的贊揚(yáng),希望建立他們的自信心,但是這可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生相反的效果;要點(diǎn)2,父母對(duì)孩子表揚(yáng)不夠同樣有損孩子的自信心;要點(diǎn)3,專家認(rèn)為,父母應(yīng)該因?yàn)榕^程而贊揚(yáng)孩子,而不是因?yàn)槭虑榈慕Y(jié)果;要點(diǎn)4,孩子如果很努力,確實(shí)值得被贊揚(yáng)?？傊?父母給孩子的贊揚(yáng)的多少取決于孩子的努力程度。【范文展示】Nowadays,parentstendtoofferconsiderablepraisetotheirchildren,hopingtobuildtheirconfidence,butitmayproducetheoppositeeffect.（要點(diǎn)一）However,notenoughpraisefromparentsalsodoesharmtochildren'sself-confidence.（要點(diǎn)二［Therefore,expertsclaimthatsincerepraiseshouldbegivenfortheprocessnotfortheresult.（要點(diǎn)三）Meanwhile,kidsdodeservepraiseiftheymakegreateffort.Anyway,theamountofpraiseparentsgiveshoulddependonhowhardtheirkidswork.（要點(diǎn)四）【亮點(diǎn)點(diǎn)評(píng)】1.范文準(zhǔn)確把握了每一段的要點(diǎn),且各要點(diǎn)之間的邏輯關(guān)系清晰,行文順暢、連貫。2?各要點(diǎn)之間使用了恰當(dāng)?shù)你暯釉~，如:but,However,Therefore,Meanwhile,Anyway等。3.作者在寫作中也特意轉(zhuǎn)換了一些原文中的關(guān)鍵詞匯:toomuch-considerable;bejusttheopposite—producetheoppositeeffect;say-claim等。過關(guān)檢測(cè)Writing1［2018浙江11月］閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。It'sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybeliketoliveonacollegecampus（校園）likevisitingandseeingforyourselfthedorms,classroomsandathleticequipmentand,ofcourse,thestudents.Itseemsalittlecrazyoncesenioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyiftheschoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.Butkeepinmindthatyouaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyoucantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.There'snoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.Infact,alotofcollegeapplicationsevenaskifyouhavevisitedcampus,andobviously,ifyouliveacrossthecountrythatwon'tbeasmuchofapossibility,butifyoulivenearby,gocheckitout!Ifcampusvisitsaren'tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,attheveryleastyoushouldfindsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou'dliketoattend.Itcansaveyoualotofheartacheifyouruleoutnowthethingsthatyoudon'tlikeaboutcertaincampuses,thingsthatyouwouldn'tknowunlessyouactuallyvisit.Now,iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,thencheckouttheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLive.It'sachancetochatonlinewithadmissionsofficers,students,andcollegecounselors（顧問）,anditwon'tcostyouapenny!Y.Whilevisitinganonlinecollegefaircan'ttaketheplaceofanactualcampusvisit,itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearchwillhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou'dliketoattend.Writing2閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Withtheincreasinglygrowingpopularityofdistanceeducation,studentsarenowabletostudyathomebythemselves.Someexpertsineducationareadvocatesoftheindividualwayoflearning,whileothereducationalistsstronglyopposeit,claimingthatthisnewapproachmayleadtopooracademicperformance.Inmyopinion,groupstudy(studyingasagroup)hasmanymoretooffer,andthereforeweshouldalwaysputgroupstudyfirst.Itistruethatweshouldvalueindividualism,pridingourselvesonourindependenceandourabilitytomakeupourownminds.This,however,doesnotnecessarilymeanthat,withself-relianceinmind,wecanalwaysstartacoursethatleadstosuccess,nomatterwhatwedo.Afterall,sometimesthingsgotheotherwayround.Letusbeginbyhavingacloseexaminationofstudying,whichmightinvolveinteractionbetweenteachersandstudentsatfirstthought.Butdoescommunicationamonglearnerscount?Theanswerisabsolutely"Yes".Byexchangingthoughtswithourstudypartners,wecanhaveawiderrangeofknowledgeofthesubjectandoftenatadeeperlevel;bycomparingourselveswithotherstudents,wecangetaclearideaofwherewearesothatwemaybemotivatedtoworkhardtokeeppacewithothersifwelagbehindothers.Itisknowntoallthathumansare"gregarious(群群居的)animals".Notonlydowestudyorplaytogetherbutalsoweworkingroups.Almostallmembersofoursocietyneedtogainsocialskillsinpreparationfortheircareers,andstudyingwithotherpeopleoffersthegreatestopportunitytolearnhowtocommunicateandcooperatewithothers.Peoplewhostudyallbythemselvesmayprovetheirlearningability,buttheymaynotsurviveinthecompetitivejobmarket,fortheylackrelevantsocialskills.Whileweshouldencouragestudentstodeveloptheirownmindset,theimportantroleplayedbygroupstudyshouldneverbeundervalued.Allinall,studentswhostudyindependentlymightneedtochangetheirstudyinghabitsinordertoachievesuccessinthefuture.Writing3閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Areyoutryingtomakeabigdecisionwhileyou'realsopreparingforastressfulpresentation?Youmightwanttoholdoffthat.Feelingstressfulchangeshowpeopleweighriskandreward.AnarticlepublishedinCurrentDirectionsinPsychologicalSciencesuggestspeopleunderstresspaymoreattentiontothepositivesidesofapossibleoutcome.It'sabitsurprisingthatstressmakespeoplefocusonthewaythingscouldgoright,saysMaraMatherfromtheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.Sheco-wrotethereviewpaperwithNicholeR.Lighthall."Thisissortofnotwhatpeoplewouldthink,"Mathersays."Stressisusuallyassociatedwithnegativeexperiences,soyou'dthink‘MaybeI'mgoingtobemorefocusedonthenegativeoutcomes'."Butresearchershavefoundthatwhenpeopleareunderstress,theystartpayingmoreattentiontopositiveinformationanddiscountingnegativeinformation."Stressseemstohelppeoplelearnfrompositivefeedbackandimpair（削弱）theirlearningfromnegativefeedback,"Mathersays.Whenpeopleunderstressaremakingadifficultdecision,theymaypaymoreattentiontothegoodsidesofthealternativesthey'reconsideringandlesstotheproblems.Sosomeonewho'sthinkingwhethertotakeanewjobandisfeelingstressfulaboutitmightfocusontheincreaseinsalarymorethanthelongercommute（上下班路程）.Theincreasedfocusonthepositivesalsohelpsexplainwhystressplaysaroleinevokingaddictions.Peopleunderstresshaveahardertimecontrollingtheirurges."Thecompulsiontogettherewardcomesstrongerandthey'relessabletoresistit,"Mathersays.Stressalsoincreasesthedifferencesinhowmenandwomenthinkaboutrisks.Whenmenareunderstress,theybecomeevenmorewillingtotakerisks;whenwomenarestressful,theygetmoreconservative.Previousresearchbacksthisup—atdifficulttimes,mentendtowardsthefight-or-flightresponse,whilewomentrytobondmorewithothersandimprovetheirrelationships.Writing4閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Somepeopledoubttheaccuracyandreliabilityofthefacialrecognitiontechnology.Theyneednot,becausethetechnologyishighlyadvanced.Itcandistinguishahumanfacewithorwithoutglasses.Testsshowithasaprecisionrateofmorethan99percent.Somearguethatthefingerprintoriris（虹膜）recognitionsystemisperhapsmoreaccuratethanthefacialrecognitionsystem.True,butforirisrecognition,apersonhastoholdhisorherheadstillandlookatthecamera,whichistime-consumingandthusnotsuitableforpublicspacessuchassubwaystations.Andthefingerprintrecognitionsystemisnotsosecure,assomepeoplecancheatthesystembycopyingandusingthefingerprintsofotherpeopletoenterorexitastation.Thefacialrecognitionsystemisrathermature.Itcollectspeople'sfacialimagesfromdifferentangles,insteadofone,andthereforeminimizesthechanceofcheating.Actually,itisalreadybeingappliedtomanyfieldssuchasunlockingsmartphonesandcomputers.Besides,thefacialrecognitiontechnologycanalsohelpthepolicetohuntescapedcriminalsinpublicspaces.However,thelawsaysacitizen'sphotoshouldnotbecollectedforcommercialusewithouthis/herpermission.Toavoidsuchlegalrisks,somemeasuresshouldbetakenbeforethecollectionofpassengerinformation.First,companiesmustensurethecollectedfacialimagesareonlyforpublicconvenience,andwillneverbeusedforcommercialpurposes,suchasadvertising.Second,companiesmusttakenecessarymeasurestomakesurenotevenasingleoneisleakedorsoldtoanythirdpartywithoutthepassenger'spermission.Generally,advancedtechnologiescanbeusedinpublicspaces,butpeople'srightsmustberespected,atleasttoavoidlegalrisks.Writing5閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Environmentalproblemsarebecomingmoreandmoreseriousallovertheworld.Forexample,carshavemadetheairunhealthyforpeopletobreatheandpoisonousgasisgivenoffbyfactories.Treesonthehillshavebeencutdownandwastewaterisbeingpouredcontinuouslyintorivers.Furthermore,whereverwegotoday,wecanfindrubbishdisposed（處理）carelessly.Therearedif