合同法與法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范實(shí)務(wù)講座課件

合同法與法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范實(shí)務(wù)講座

主講人：魏鎮(zhèn)勝 北京市盈科律師事務(wù)所合伙人業(yè)務(wù)部主任張家口發(fā)電廠法律培訓(xùn)

合同法與法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范實(shí)務(wù)講座1

【魏鎮(zhèn)勝律師簡(jiǎn)介】

魏鎮(zhèn)勝，男，43歲，中國(guó)政法大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)，法學(xué)學(xué)士，從事專職律師工作至今19年。現(xiàn)系盈科全球（北京總部）合伙人，公司業(yè)務(wù)部主任。主張把律師工作的重點(diǎn)放到預(yù)防階段！

【魏鎮(zhèn)勝律師簡(jiǎn)介】

2

第一部分合同管理1、合同管理的基本內(nèi)容簽訂歸檔履行檢查歸檔合同法與法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范實(shí)務(wù)講座課件32、合同簽訂前應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的事項(xiàng)第一：審查簽約對(duì)方主體合法性審查2、合同簽訂前應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的事項(xiàng)4★法人與法定代表人的關(guān)系，法定代表人的行為由誰(shuí)承擔(dān)？對(duì)外：法人不是人，法定代表人才是人法定代表人產(chǎn)生的言行由公司（法人）承擔(dān)★公司負(fù)債時(shí)股東是否承擔(dān)責(zé)任?不承擔(dān)股東義務(wù)：①按公司章程認(rèn)繳出資，在出資范圍內(nèi)對(duì)公司承擔(dān)有限責(zé)任。

②股東出資不到位，應(yīng)當(dāng)在出資不到位的額度內(nèi)承擔(dān)填補(bǔ)責(zé)任。★法人與法定代表人的關(guān)系，法定代表人的行為由誰(shuí)承擔(dān)？5第二：對(duì)簽約方履行合同能力的審查

A資信調(diào)查★B注冊(cè)資金≠公司資產(chǎn)

C公司資產(chǎn)=凈資產(chǎn)

D其他：有無(wú)不動(dòng)產(chǎn)投資股權(quán)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體經(jīng)營(yíng)項(xiàng)目第二：對(duì)簽約方履行合同能力的審查A資信調(diào)查63、合同簽訂時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的事項(xiàng)

第一審查合同條款A(yù)：審查管轄條款管轄的法律規(guī)定

★合同糾紛法定管轄----合同履行地、被告住所地

★合同糾紛約定管轄----原告被告標(biāo)的物合同履行地合同簽訂地注意：約定管轄不能違反級(jí)別管轄和專屬管轄3、合同簽訂時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的事項(xiàng)7B:審查違約金條款★違約金：指的是違約行為產(chǎn)生后約定應(yīng)當(dāng)給付守約方的金額?！镔r償金：指的是必須在產(chǎn)生損失以后給付的金額。★區(qū)別：違約金，只要有違約行為即可，不要求有損失的發(fā)生。賠償金要求對(duì)方有違約行為，同時(shí)還要有證據(jù)證明存在具體的損失?！锛s定違約金具體要求：細(xì)化違約行為明確違約金數(shù)額違約金不宜約定過(guò)高B:審查違約金條款8C:審查定金與預(yù)付款條款什么是定金？什么是訂金？定金與訂金有何區(qū)別？

★定金：在合同訂立或在履行之前支付的一定數(shù)額的金錢作為擔(dān)保的擔(dān)保方式。

★訂金：預(yù)付款

★定金的特點(diǎn)------定金罰則：給付定金的一方違約，無(wú)權(quán)要求退還定金，收到定金一方違約，雙倍返還定金。

C:審查定金與預(yù)付款條款9★在簽訂合同時(shí)如何巧用定金罰則？

我方存在違約可能，用“訂金”；我方無(wú)違約可能，用“定金”?！锒ń鸩荒艹^(guò)合同金額的20%★定金與違約金不能同時(shí)適用，只能選擇其一D:審查標(biāo)的物是否明確★在簽訂合同時(shí)如何巧用定金罰則？10

E:審查付款條款付款原則：作為買方,付款前提條件應(yīng)當(dāng)與貨到交付,安裝、運(yùn)行、調(diào)試,質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收為付款前提條件,不能只以時(shí)間作為付款前提條件。付款條件：①有安裝的，安裝、調(diào)試、運(yùn)行正常后；無(wú)安裝的，質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收合格后；

②書面的驗(yàn)收合格作為付款的前提件。E:審查付款條款11F:審查質(zhì)量異議與驗(yàn)收條款在設(shè)備購(gòu)銷合同中,作為買方,必須在合同條款中明確約定：①收到貨物時(shí),對(duì)品名、規(guī)格、型號(hào)、數(shù)量、包裝外觀驗(yàn)收和提出異議的方式；②約定質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收前提、方式,提出質(zhì)量異議的期限和方式；③約定買方申請(qǐng)驗(yàn)收,賣方不配合的法律后果。

F:審查質(zhì)量異議與驗(yàn)收條款12第二：簽字與蓋章的問題★①簽訂合同應(yīng)當(dāng)加蓋公章或者合同專用章，不能使用財(cái)務(wù)章、發(fā)票專用章?！铫诤炗喓贤瑢?duì)方最好有法定代表人或者代表人簽名并留手機(jī)號(hào)、通信地址，但不簽名不影響合同的效力?！铫蹧]有加蓋公章，只有簽名，必須要法定代表人簽名，或者由對(duì)方的代理人簽名，對(duì)方代理人必須出具加蓋公章的授權(quán)委托書明確有簽訂合同的權(quán)限。原則上簽訂合同應(yīng)當(dāng)加蓋公章，只有簽名風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大。第二：簽字與蓋章的問題13

★④多頁(yè)合同要求加蓋齊騎縫章。★⑤對(duì)方刪改、補(bǔ)充我方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)合同文本條款，應(yīng)按審批流程報(bào)批后再簽訂?！铫藓炗喓贤瑫r(shí),最好使用自己準(zhǔn)備好的合同文本,對(duì)方提供合同文本,必須核對(duì)合同條款,每份合同文本內(nèi)容是否一致?！铫弋惖睾炗喓贤谋?，最好對(duì)方先加蓋公章，我方收到對(duì)方合同文本后再加蓋公章?！铫嘟杩詈贤鳛槌鼋璺阶詈煤炗喗?jīng)過(guò)公證具有強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行力的借款合同★④多頁(yè)合同要求加蓋齊騎縫章。144、合同履行中應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的事項(xiàng)A、履行合同保留憑證B、對(duì)方違約固定證據(jù)C、經(jīng)營(yíng)情況隨時(shí)留意D、關(guān)注時(shí)效及時(shí)主張E、復(fù)印支票牢記帳號(hào)F、發(fā)現(xiàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)即時(shí)處理4、合同履行中應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的事項(xiàng)15★收集錄音證據(jù)注意事項(xiàng)：①對(duì)方公司名稱、通話人姓名；②錄音時(shí)間，要引導(dǎo)對(duì)方說(shuō)出年月日；③通話前擬定通話內(nèi)容提綱，要證明的錄音內(nèi)容自己少說(shuō)，盡量讓對(duì)方陳述；④重要錄音證據(jù)應(yīng)當(dāng)通過(guò)公證處進(jìn)行證據(jù)保全公證。公證處進(jìn)行錄音證據(jù)保全，能夠證明：雙方通話的電話號(hào)碼，雙方通話的時(shí)間，錄音內(nèi)容客觀真實(shí)。因此，通過(guò)公證處進(jìn)行的錄音，不需要在錄音中表明時(shí)間?！锸占浺糇C據(jù)注意事項(xiàng)：16★對(duì)方違約如何固定、收集證據(jù)

1、保留傳真、QQ記錄、微信、短信、錄音已經(jīng)其他書面材料或者電子記錄。

2、收到貨物與約定的品名、規(guī)格、型號(hào)、數(shù)量、包裝、外觀不相符，應(yīng)當(dāng)：

①在異議期內(nèi)，書面提出；提出方式必要時(shí)以公證形式辦理郵寄公證；②當(dāng)面交接的，雙方書面確認(rèn)不相符的部分；

③保留物流公司交接書面文件、資料，有數(shù)量、包裝、外觀異議的，應(yīng)當(dāng)在接收文件中注明★對(duì)方違約如何固定、收集證據(jù)173、對(duì)方未按時(shí)安裝調(diào)試設(shè)備如何收集證據(jù)①每次安裝調(diào)試應(yīng)當(dāng)進(jìn)行書面確認(rèn)。書面確認(rèn)內(nèi)容應(yīng)當(dāng)有時(shí)間、安裝調(diào)試的部分，對(duì)方人員簽名。特別提醒：對(duì)方人員應(yīng)當(dāng)有對(duì)方的授權(quán)委托書或者在合同中注明對(duì)方安裝調(diào)試技術(shù)人員的姓名。

②及時(shí)向?qū)Ψ教岢鰰嬉?。③要求?duì)方書面回函對(duì)未按時(shí)安裝、調(diào)試進(jìn)行書面說(shuō)明。特別提示：回函要求加蓋公章。3、對(duì)方未按時(shí)安裝調(diào)試設(shè)備如何收集證據(jù)18

第二部分訴訟實(shí)務(wù)與技巧

一、在法院進(jìn)行民事訴訟的流程介紹1、一審立案受理開庭判決2、二審上訴期：判決15日裁定10日3、再審判決生效后2年4、執(zhí)行判決生效后2年合同法與法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范實(shí)務(wù)講座課件19二、起訴準(zhǔn)備1、原告

A、收集證據(jù)①訴前完善證據(jù)，是訴訟取勝的關(guān)鍵;②了解經(jīng)營(yíng)情況③了解財(cái)產(chǎn)狀況(帳號(hào)、機(jī)器設(shè)備、庫(kù)房)④財(cái)產(chǎn)保全問題:訴訟中，在有可能的情況下采取財(cái)產(chǎn)保全措施。因此在經(jīng)營(yíng)中，要了解對(duì)方的開戶行和帳號(hào)，以及財(cái)產(chǎn)情況，特別提醒：對(duì)方給付支票的，一定要留存復(fù)印件。

合同法與法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范實(shí)務(wù)講座課件20

B、勝敗分析

C、確定管轄

D、調(diào)查財(cái)產(chǎn)

E、簡(jiǎn)化訴狀

F、財(cái)產(chǎn)保全

特別提醒：能否成功的采取財(cái)產(chǎn)保全措施，是訴訟案件最終取勝的關(guān)鍵。

212、被告

A、管轄異議

B、法院閱卷

C、收集證據(jù)

D、勝敗分析

2、被告22第三部分仲裁基本知識(shí)一、仲裁的特點(diǎn)或裁或訴一裁終局二、仲裁的優(yōu)點(diǎn)一裁終局節(jié)省時(shí)間提高效力律師費(fèi)可以要求對(duì)方承擔(dān)三、仲裁的缺點(diǎn)仲裁收費(fèi)高不公平難以救濟(jì)財(cái)產(chǎn)保全流程復(fù)雜四、合同中仲裁條款的約定五、仲裁的收費(fèi)（受理費(fèi)+處理費(fèi)）

合同法與法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范實(shí)務(wù)講座課件231、北京仲裁委員會(huì)仲裁案件受理費(fèi)收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：

1、北京仲裁委員會(huì)仲裁案件受理費(fèi)收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：242、北京仲裁委員會(huì)仲裁案件處理費(fèi)收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：2、北京仲裁委員會(huì)仲裁案件處理費(fèi)收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：253、仲裁財(cái)產(chǎn)保全收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

財(cái)產(chǎn)數(shù)額不超過(guò)1000元或者不涉及財(cái)產(chǎn)數(shù)額的，每件交納30元；超過(guò)1000元至10萬(wàn)元的部分，按照1%交納；超過(guò)10萬(wàn)元的部分，按照0.5％交納。但是，當(dāng)事人申請(qǐng)保全措施交納的費(fèi)用最多不超過(guò)5000元。3、仲裁財(cái)產(chǎn)保全收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)26

四、仲裁的流程

27

文書送達(dá)流程：5日受理—10日送達(dá)—15日答辯（反請(qǐng)求）—10日答辯書交申請(qǐng)人選定首席仲裁員和仲裁員：收到仲裁通知之日起5日—15日組庭通知雙方審理方式：不公開開庭審理開庭通知：第一次開庭通知10日（延期開庭申請(qǐng),庭前5日）仲裁期限：4個(gè)月

28五、律師費(fèi)應(yīng)當(dāng)作為仲裁請(qǐng)求事項(xiàng)合同法與法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范實(shí)務(wù)講座課件29合同法與法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范實(shí)務(wù)講座課件30感謝您的下載，特贈(zèng)送精品文章《體能訓(xùn)練技巧-TRX懸掛訓(xùn)練系統(tǒng)》工作之余鍛煉身體，若不需要請(qǐng)刪除后使用，謝謝您的理解，祝您生意興隆，事業(yè)高攀。RX訓(xùn)練帶是源于美國(guó)海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)，剛開始的雛形是以高密度毛巾制成的訓(xùn)練道具，后來(lái)，有一名叫蘭迪的美國(guó)海豹突擊隊(duì)的指揮官，在退役后重新設(shè)計(jì)了該套裝備和訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃，變成民用的健身課程-------“TRX懸掛訓(xùn)練系統(tǒng)”，整套裝備的主要部分是寬

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2磅，1分鐘就能懸掛妥當(dāng)，裝在袋子里便于攜帶到任何地方，可固定在單杠上或卡在門縫里，或系在樹枝上，適合絕大多數(shù)的訓(xùn)練環(huán)境，如果加上啞鈴或健身球一起鍛煉，可增加更高階的難度。

??感謝您的下載，特贈(zèng)送精品文章《體能RX訓(xùn)練帶是源于美國(guó)海軍31懸掛訓(xùn)練：用練習(xí)者自身體重做負(fù)重，能夠允許肌肉在多個(gè)平面上做運(yùn)動(dòng)，同時(shí)保證更多的肌肉和關(guān)節(jié)參與，能夠打造更加結(jié)實(shí)的肌肉，穩(wěn)定靈活的關(guān)節(jié)，堅(jiān)固的核心力量和正確的體態(tài)，幫助在任何運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目上獲得更佳的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)，TRX還是運(yùn)動(dòng)康復(fù)的重要手段之一TRX動(dòng)作解讀：??增加阻力：1.身體角度越大，阻力越大

2.抬起一邊大腿，有助于鍛煉更多平衡力3.離支點(diǎn)越遠(yuǎn)，越吃力，對(duì)穩(wěn)定性要求越高減低難度：一腿向前踮地，有助于身體減重1.chestpress/flycombo(推胸飛鳥組合)：人背向繩子，手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向前，用胸肌發(fā)力慢慢打開雙手并讓它彎曲到

90度停下，再慢慢還原，然后雙手打開做飛鳥，同時(shí)一腳往前踮地，再還原，交替練習(xí)。??懸掛訓(xùn)練：用練習(xí)者自身體重做負(fù)重，能夠允許肌肉在多個(gè)平面上做322.chestpress(推胸)：人背向繩子，手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向前，用胸肌發(fā)力慢慢打開雙手并讓它彎曲到

90度停下，再慢慢還原(難度增加：雙腿合并或單腿抬起，或把身體斜度增加)??3.lungefly(弓步飛鳥)：1.手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，挺胸收腹，身體重心微向前傾，雙手打開做飛鳥，同時(shí)一腳往前踮地。用胸部發(fā)力，再還原4.chestpress-singlelegextended(推胸-單腿伸展)：人背向繩子，手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，一腳撐地，一腳向前抬起，身體重心微微向前，用胸肌發(fā)力慢慢打開雙手并讓它彎曲到

90度停下，再慢慢還原.??2.chestpress(推胸)：人背向繩子，手臂握住繩33?5.Suspendedinclinepress-legup(懸浮上斜推-抬腳)：雙手撐住地面，一腳勾住繩子，穩(wěn)定腹部，另一腿向上抬靠緊固定腿，然后做俯臥撐。6.Atomicpushup(俯臥撐收腹)：雙手撐住地面，雙腳勾住繩子，穩(wěn)定腹部，一下俯臥撐，還原后，雙腳以腹部力量靠向胸部，再慢慢伸直還原，交替練習(xí)。7.backrow(背部劃船)：手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向后，以背部發(fā)力，手臂夾緊身體兩側(cè)往后收，肩胛骨向后夾，把繩子拉到小腹，保持住再慢慢還原(難度增加：雙腿合并或單腿抬起，或把身體斜度增加)?5.Suspendedinclinepress-le34????8.elevatedbackrow(高位劃船)：手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，加大身體斜度，以背部發(fā)力，手臂夾緊身體兩側(cè)往后收，肩胛骨向后夾，把繩子拉到小腹，保持住再慢慢還原??9.powerpull-singlearm(力量拉伸-單臂)：雙腿分開與肩同寬，單手抓住繩子，張開身體，另一邊手臂繞身體旋轉(zhuǎn)

180度觸摸繩子，完后慢慢還原。10.lowdeltoidfly(低位三角肌飛鳥)：手臂握住繩子，掌心向上，雙手伸直向前，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向后，直手向下向后滑，慢慢還原。????8.elevatedbackrow(高位劃船)3511.‘’T’’deltoidfly(‘t‘型三角肌飛鳥)：手臂握住繩子，掌心向上，雙手伸直向前，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向后，張開雙手與身體呈‘T’型，再慢慢還原(難度增加：把身體斜度增加)12.‘Y’deltoidfly(‘Y’型三角肌飛鳥)：手臂握住繩子，掌心向上，雙手伸直向前，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向后，張開雙手與身體呈‘Y’型，再慢慢還原(難度增加：把身體斜度增加)13.‘W’deltoidfly(‘W’型三角肌飛鳥)：手臂握住繩子，掌心向上，雙手伸直向前，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向后，張開雙手與身體呈‘W’型，再慢慢還原(難度增加：把身體斜度增加)11.‘’T’’deltoidfly(‘t‘型三角肌飛3614.Hightricepspress(高位肱三頭肌彎曲)：人背向繩子，手臂向前握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向前，然后把肘部彎曲，肱三頭肌發(fā)力，再慢慢還原(難度增加：把身體斜度增加)15.Dips(臂屈伸)：手臂在身體兩側(cè)，雙手握住繩子，雙腿呈箭步姿勢(shì)，然后肱三頭肌和胸肌發(fā)力，雙臂彎曲成

90度再慢慢還原(難度增加：把一只腿往后抬或兩腿前放或抬高)16.Highbicepcurl(高位肱二頭肌彎曲)：手臂握住繩子，雙手伸直，肘保持一點(diǎn)彎曲，膝蓋一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)彎曲，兩腿跟肩一樣寬，身體重心微微向后，以肱二頭肌發(fā)力，彎曲手臂，再慢慢還原(難度增加：把身體斜度增加)14.Hightricepspress(高位肱三頭肌彎37Therearemomentsinlifewhenyoumisssomeonesomuchthatyoujustwanttopickthemfromyourdreamsandhugthemforreal!Dreamwhatyouwanttodream;gowhereyouwanttogo;bewhyouwanttobe,becauseyouhaveonlyonelifeandonechancetodoallthethingsyouwanttodo.?Mayyouhaveenoughhappinesstomakeyousweet,enoughtrialstomakeyoustrong,enoughsorrowtokeepyouhuman,enoughhopetomakeyouhappy?Alwaysputyourselfinothers’shoes.Ifyoufeelthatithurtsyou,itprobablyhurtstheotherperson,too.?Thehappiestofpeopledon’tnecessarilyhavethebestofeverything;theyjustmakethemostofeverythingthatcomesalongtheirway.Happinessliesforthosewhocry,thosewhohurt,thosewhohavesearched,andthosewhohavetried,foronlytheycanappreciatetheimportanceofpeoplewhohavetouchedtheirlives.Lovebeginswithasmile,growswithakissandendswithatear.Thebrightestfuturewillalwaysbebasedonaforgottenpast,youcan’tgoonwellinlifeuntilyouletgoofyourpastfailuresandheartaches.?Whenyouwereborn,youwerecryingandeveryonearoundyouwassmiling.Liveyourlifesothatwhenyoudie,you'retheonewhoissmilingandeveryonearoundyouiscryig.Pleasesendthismessagetothosepeoplewhomeansomethingtoyou,tothosewhohavetouchedyourlifeinonewayoranother,tothosewhomakeyousmilewhenyoureallyneedit,tothosethatmakeyouseethebrightersideofthingswhenyouarereallydown,tothosewhoyouwanttoletthemknowthatyouappreciatetheirfriendship.Andifyoudon’t,don’tworry,nothingbadwillhappentoyou,youwilljustmissoutontheopportunitytobrightensomeone’sdaywiththismessage.Sincewewenttoschool,wehaveaccesstoEnglishallthetime,becauseitisoneofthenecessarysubjects.Beforeweattendcollege,wekeepourattentiononthegrammar,butnowcollegemeansthenewstageandweshouldpayattentiontopracticalEnglish.Herearesomesuggestions.First,itisimportanttospeakoutloudly.ThepurposeoflearningEnglishistocommunicatewithforeigners,soastogettoknowmoreabouttheworld.Grammarisnottheonlythingwecareabout.WhatweshoulddoistoopenourmouthsandimproveourabilitytousespokenEnglish.Itbeginswithreadingtextbooks.Whenwelistentothetapesandrepeatmanytimes,thenourd.PresidentTrump,asheoftendoes,hadafewthingstosayAfteradmittingthathehadbeenlonelyovertheholidays,TrumptookadvantageofhisfirstpublicappearanceofthenewyearWednesdaytoairlingeringgrievances,makemultiplefalseclaimsandreinforcerecentdecisionsthathaverattledfinancialmarketsandhisparty’sleaders.Asheheldforthformorethan90minutesbeforeasmallpoolofTherearemomentsinlifewhen38本文為

Word版資料，可以任意修改編輯。如果你看到我上傳的資料這個(gè)后綴，請(qǐng)刪除后使用。高效學(xué)習(xí)方法和技巧學(xué)習(xí)需要方法，找到適合自己的方法，學(xué)習(xí)才能事半功倍。接下來(lái)，我結(jié)合我自己的學(xué)習(xí)情況，給大家總結(jié)的高效學(xué)習(xí)《五部曲》一、預(yù)習(xí)是學(xué)習(xí)的重要環(huán)節(jié)上課前充分預(yù)習(xí)，考試前充分地復(fù)習(xí)，與“打有準(zhǔn)備之仗”有同曲之道。預(yù)習(xí)效果好，聽課才能有針對(duì)性；聽課有針對(duì)性，復(fù)習(xí)才能順利進(jìn)行；復(fù)習(xí)深刻，作業(yè)、考試才能得心應(yīng)手。所以說(shuō)預(yù)習(xí)是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中一個(gè)必不可少的環(huán)節(jié)。???二、掌握好高效的聽課方法課上集中精力聽課，是掌握知識(shí)的捷徑。聽講時(shí)，思想上必須與老師講解的思路保持一致，聽老師對(duì)事物是怎樣分析、推理；聽老師解決問題是用什么方法、技巧；聽老師對(duì)問題有哪些提問和解釋。這樣才能把握住聽課的重點(diǎn)。聽講中，要把自己在預(yù)習(xí)中的理解，和老師講解的相比較，看自己和老師有哪些相同點(diǎn)和區(qū)別點(diǎn)。???三、合理安排復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)間很多科學(xué)家通過(guò)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，有幾個(gè)時(shí)間段有利于鞏固記憶：一是學(xué)習(xí)后最初幾分鐘內(nèi)，電生理活動(dòng)引起蛋白質(zhì)的合成；二是學(xué)習(xí)后在

48小時(shí)內(nèi)復(fù)習(xí)；三是一周之后腦突觸發(fā)生永久性變化。根據(jù)人在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中這一生理變化，采用復(fù)習(xí)加強(qiáng)記憶就顯得特別重要了。如果我們能夠在學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容即將忘記時(shí)進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)，那么復(fù)習(xí)的效果最好，效率也最高。著名的心理學(xué)家艾賓浩斯通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)了人的記憶與遺忘規(guī)律。實(shí)驗(yàn)證明：在學(xué)習(xí)僅過(guò)了

20分鐘后，就忘記記憶內(nèi)容的

42%，1天后忘卻量已經(jīng)達(dá)到了

66%，到了第

31天，忘卻量高達(dá)79%。他根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，畫成了著名的遺忘曲線。并表明遺忘的規(guī)律是“先快后慢”。這條規(guī)律提示我們，—定要盡早、及時(shí)地對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)，以便在知識(shí)還在大腦內(nèi)時(shí)就加深印記，否則大腦中已經(jīng)沒有痕跡了，只能再費(fèi)精力重學(xué)。合理安排復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)間特別重要并且必要，制定復(fù)習(xí)計(jì)劃，嚴(yán)格按精英特計(jì)劃執(zhí)行，并力求形成習(xí)慣，是我們每一位學(xué)生都應(yīng)該力求努力做到。?我們?yōu)槭裁匆獜?fù)習(xí)呢？因?yàn)槲覀冇洃浶Ч麤]有那么好，不可能過(guò)目不忘，所以需要重復(fù)、增強(qiáng)記憶。同時(shí)，復(fù)習(xí)的進(jìn)展也有利于學(xué)習(xí)效率的提高。???四、做作業(yè)的科學(xué)方法這里有七種做作業(yè)的技巧：??1、先復(fù)習(xí)后做作業(yè)。復(fù)習(xí)是做好作業(yè)的關(guān)鍵，只有復(fù)習(xí)得好，作業(yè)才能做得好。做作業(yè)前先把老師這一節(jié)課所講的內(nèi)容認(rèn)真地看一看，弄清楚基本原理和概念后再去做作業(yè)，作業(yè)才能做得既快又好。??2、認(rèn)真審題。

做作業(yè)最關(guān)鍵的—步就是審題，連題都判斷錯(cuò)了，作業(yè)內(nèi)容就全錯(cuò)了。首先第—步要弄清楚題目的內(nèi)容，所給的條件，什么要求，需要聯(lián)系哪些知識(shí)等等；其次是考慮好解題思路、方法、步驟，要善于把—道題分成幾部分，化大為小、化難為易、分清其中的已知和未知，弄清各部分的聯(lián)系，設(shè)計(jì)好整個(gè)解題步驟，—定要讓自己做到不明白題意不做題，不清楚方法步驟不下筆。??3、細(xì)心的做題。

做題是表達(dá)思路的全過(guò)程，這個(gè)過(guò)程要求既動(dòng)腦、又動(dòng)手。做題的關(guān)鍵是要保證“規(guī)范”、“準(zhǔn)確”。要做到這兩點(diǎn)就要求學(xué)生認(rèn)真的抄好題，書寫格式必須正確、規(guī)范，嚴(yán)格按照各類題的解題要求，仔細(xì)演算解題的每—步，得出正確的結(jié)果。只有平時(shí)做題認(rèn)真細(xì)致，步驟完整，思路正確，表達(dá)嚴(yán)密，準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤，考試時(shí)才能按照這種良好的習(xí)慣進(jìn)行??五、重視錯(cuò)題積累在學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程中，同學(xué)們可能遇到過(guò)一錯(cuò)再錯(cuò)的現(xiàn)象究其原因，多數(shù)是由于在學(xué)習(xí)中不求甚解，不注意總結(jié)積累所致。那么，該怎么辦呢？實(shí)踐證明，自編一本“易錯(cuò)題集”是避免做題一錯(cuò)再錯(cuò)的最好辦法。錯(cuò)題本的復(fù)習(xí)方法：1、每周把該周錯(cuò)題本中記錄的題目快速瀏覽一遍；2、每月把該月錯(cuò)題本中記錄的題目再快速瀏覽一遍；3、每個(gè)季度把錯(cuò)題本中三個(gè)月記錄的題目再快速瀏覽一遍；4、大考前把該錯(cuò)題本中的所有題目認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)一遍，確保題不二錯(cuò)↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧－￥???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧－￥???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜≧ɑ←‰ɡ?≥←‰???↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧－￥???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜↓×√㎜↓←②￥←‰???←‰???←‰???←‰???←‰???←‰??↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧－￥???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜↓×√㎜↓←②￥←‰???←‰???←‰???←‰???←‰???←‰???↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?↓←≠￥θ￥?÷㎝??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜②￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧￥◎…ɡ?≥≧ɑ←‰?ɡ?≥≧－￥???￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√㎜￥＄§|β↓×√㎜??￥＄§|β↓×√精編資料

歡迎下載Therearemomentsinlifewhenyoumisssomeonesomuchthatyoujustwanttopickthemfromyourdreamsandhugthemforreal!Dreamwhatyouwanttodream;gowhereyouwanttogo;bewhatyouwanttobe,becauseyouhaveonlyonelifeandonechancetodoallthethingsyouwanttodo.?Mayyouhaveenoughhappinesstomakeyousweet,enoughtrialstomakeyoustrong,enoughsorrowtokeepyouhuman,enoughhopetomakeyouhappy?Alwaysputyourselfinothers’shoes.Ifyoufeelthatithurtsyou,itprobablyhurtstheotherperson,too.?Thehappiestofpeopledon’tnecessarilyhavethebestofeverything;theyjustmakethemostofeverythingthatcomesalongtheirway.Happinessliesforthosewhocry,thosewhohurt,thosewhohavesearched,andthosewhohavetried,foronlytheycanappreciatetheimportanceofpeoplewhohavetouchedtheirlives.Lovebeginswithasmile,growswithakissandendswithatear.Thebrightestfuturewillalwaysbebasedonaforgottenpast,youcan’tgoonwellinlifeuntilyouletgoofyourpastfailuresandheartaches.?Whenyouwereborn,youwerecryingandeveryonearoundyouwassmiling.Liveyourlifesothatwhenyoudie,you'retheonewhoissmilingandeveryonearoundyouiscryig.Pleasesendthismessagetothosepeoplewhomeansomethingtoyou,tothosewhohavetouchedyourlifeinonewayoranother,tothosewhomakeyousmilewhenyoureallyneedit,tothosethatmakeyouseethebrightersideofthingswhenyouarereallydown,tothosewhoyouwanttoletthemknowthatyouappreciatetheirfriendship.Andifyoudon’t,don’tworry,nothingbadwillhappentoyou,youwilljustmissoutontheopportunitytobrightensomeone’sdaywiththismessage.Sincewewenttoschool,wehaveaccesstoEnglishallthetime,becauseitisoneofthenecessarysubjects.Beforeweattendcollege,wekeepourattentiononthegrammar,butnowcollegemeansthenewstageandweshouldpayattentiontopracticalEnglish.Herearesomesuggestions.First,itisimportanttospeakoutloudly.ThepurposeoflearningEnglishistocommunicatewithforeigners,soastogettoknowmoreabouttheworld.Grammarisnottheonlythingwecareabout.WhatweshoulddoistoopenourmouthsandimproveourabilitytousespokenEnglish.Itbeginswithreadingtextbooks.Whenwelistentothetapesandrepeatmanytimes,thenourd.PresidentTrump,asheoftendoes,hadafewthingstosayAfteradmittingthathehadbeenlonelyovertheholidays,TrumptookadvantageofhisfirstpublicappearanceofthenewyearWednesdaytoairlingeringgrievances,makemultiplefalseclaimsandreinforcerecentdecisionsthathaverattledfinancialmarketsandhisparty’sleaders.Asheheldforthformorethan90minutesbeforeasmallpoolofreportersandphotographers,membersofhisCabinet,ostensiblycalledtotheWhiteHouseforameeting,satquietlyaroundalongconferencetable.TrumpdefendedhisdecisionlastmonthtowithdrawU.S.troopsfromSyriaandsharplycutthedeploymenttoAfghanistan,movesthatdisturbedRepublicanalliesinCongressandpromptedtheresignationofDefenseSecretaryJamesN.Mattis.Indoingso,hecontradictedhisownrecentclaimthattheU.S.hadachieveditsobjectivesoftotalvictoryoverIslamicStatemilitantsinSyria.“Look,wedon'twantSyria,”hecontinued.“We'retalkingaboutsandanddeath.That'swhatwe'retalkingabout.We'renottalkingaboutvastwealth.We'retalkingaboutsandanddeath,”hesaid,seeminglycontrastingthewar-wrackedcountrywithIraqanditsvastoilreserves.Iran“candowhattheywantthere,frankly,”headded,acommentlikelytounnerveofficialsinIsrael,whohaveworriedthataU.S.withdrawalfromitspositionsineasternSyriawouldallowIrantoexpanditsinfluencethere.“It’snotmyfault,”hesaid.“Ididn’tputusthere.”TrumpofferedlittlefurtherclarityontheU.S.withdrawalfromSyria,whichheinitiallysaidwouldtakeplacein30days,sayingnowthatthepulloutwill“takeplaceoveraperiodoftime.”Later,inalongriffaboutAfghanistan,TrumpseemedtoendorseMoscow’s1979invasionofthecountry—anactthattheU.S.viewedasanattempttospreadcommunismandwagedalong,covertoperationtocombatduringtheCarterandReaganadministrations.“ThereasonRussiawasinAfghanistanwasbecauseterroristsweregoingintoRussia,”Trumpsaid,makingacasetoleavethepolicingofhotspotsintheMideastandCentralAsiatocountriesintheregion.“Theywererighttobethere.Theproblemisitwasatoughfight.”TheSovietUnioneventuallywasbankruptedbyitsAfghanwar,Trumpadded.“RussiausedtobetheSovietUnion.AfghanistanmadeitRussia,becausetheywentbankruptfightinginAfghanistan.”HistoriansgenerallyagreethattheRussianinvasionandsubsequentoccupationofmuchofAfghanistanwasoneofseveralfactorsthatcontributedtothecollapseoftheSovietUnion,althoughthecountryneverwentbankrupt.Foryears,RepublicanshavecreditedPresidentReaganwithbringinganendtotheSovietUnionbyhisaggressiveincreaseinU.S.militaryspending.Trump’scommentsstoodinstarkcontrasttotheviewMattisespousedintheresignationletterhepresentedlastmonthafterfailingtoconvincethepresidenttoholdoffonwithdrawingfromSyria.“Wemustdoeverythingpossibletoadvanceaninternationalorderthatismostconducivetooursecurity,prosperityandvalues,andwearestrengthenedinthiseffortbythesolidarityofouralliances,”Mattiswrote.Mattis’commentsclearlystungTrump,whorespondedlastmonthwithcriticismofhisformerPentagonchief.OnWednesday,hesteppedthatup,claimingthathefiredMattis.“What'shedoneforme?HowhadhedoneinAfghanistan?Nottoogood,”Trumpsaid.“Asyouknow,PresidentObamafiredhim,andessentiallysodidI.”O(jiān)bamadidnotfireMattis,althoughthegeneraldidretireseveralmonthsearlyin2013fromhispositionastheheadofthemilitary’sCentralCommandafterdissentingfromObamaadministrationpolicydecisions.TuesdaywasMattis’finaldayatthePentagon.Trump,inafitofpiqueaftertheresignationletterbecamepublic,hadmovedupMattis’terminationdateInadditiontohisforeignpolicycomments,TrumpalsodownplayedDecember’sstockmarketlosses,whicherasedallpositivegainsfortheyear,as“alittleglitch”andasserted—wrongly—thatthereare“probably30-35million”immigrantsintheU.S.illegally.ThenonpartisanPewResearchCenterestimatesthatasof2016,therewere10.7millionunauthorizedimmigrantslivinginthecountry,anumberthathasdeclinedinrecentyears.TrumprepeatedhiscallforDemocratstoagreeto$5.6billioninfundingforaborderwall,andexpressedsurprisenottohavereceivedoverturesfromthemovertheholidaystonegotiateanendtothegovernmentshutdown.“IwasintheWhiteHouseallbymyselfforsixorsevendays,”hesaid.“Itwasverylonely.MyfamilywasdowninFlorida.Isaid,‘Staythereandenjoyyourself.’IfeltIshouldbeherejustincasepeoplewantedtocomeandnegotiatethebordersecurity.”Trump,whometlaterinthedaywithcongressionalleadersawayfromTVcameras,hasalreadydismissedafundingproposalfromHouseDemocraticleaderNancyPelosithatincludes$1.3billioninbordersecurityfunding.Whileleavingthedooropentoacompromise,Trumpcontinuedtoarguefortheimportanceofawall,pointingtootherexamplesofbarriers.HeincorrectlyassertedthatObama’sWashingtonresidenceissurroundedbya10-footwallandcitedtheVatican,whichhesaid“hasthebiggestwallofthemall.”“Whentheysaythewallisimmoral,thenyoubetterdosomethingabouttheVatican,”hesaid.“Wallswork.”AsTrumpspoke,a“GameofThrones”-stylemovieposterteasingIransanctions—“SANCTIONSARECOMING,”itread—layunfurledacrossthetabledirectlyinfrontofhim.Buthemadenoremarksonthesubject.Hedid,however,commentonSen.-electMittRomneyofUtah,whowroteintheWashingtonPostonTuesdaythathewastroubledbyTrump’s“deepdescentinDecember”andthathisdeficitin“presidentialleadershipinqualitiesofcharacter…h(huán)asbeenmostglaring.”“IwishMittcouldbemoreofateamplayer,”Trumpsaid.“Andifhe’snot,that’sOKtoo.”SeemingtowarnRomneyaboutthefatethatliesaheadforRepublicanlawmakerswhovocallycriticizehimandhispresidency,Trumpboastedthathe“gotridof”formerSens.JeffFlakeofArizonaandBobCorkerofTennessee,bothofwhomoptednottoseeknewtermslastyear.Accusingbothmenofseekingpublicityintakingstandsagainsthim,TrumpsuggestedthatFlakewouldbeseekingajobasapaidcablenewscontributor—orperhapsinanotherprofessionthatTrumphimselfonceplied.“JeffFlakeisnowsellingrealestateorwhateverhe’sdoing,”hesaiddismissively.Therearemomentsinlifewhenyoumisssomeonesomuchthatyoujustwanttopickthemfromyourdreamsandhugthemforreal!Dreamwhatyouwanttodream;gowhereyouwanttogo;bewhatyouwanttobe,becauseyouhaveonlyonelifeandonechancetodoallthethingsyouwanttodo.?Mayyouhaveenoughhappinesstomakeyousweet,enoughtrialstomakeyoustrong,enoughsorrowtokeepyouhuman,enoughhopetomakeyouhappy?Alwaysputyourselfinothers’shoes.Ifyoufeelthatithurtsyou,itprobablyhurtstheotherperson,too.?Thehappiestofpeopledon’tnecessarilyhavethebestofeverything;theyjustmakethemostofeverythingthatcomesalongtheirway.Happinessliesforthosewhocry,thosewhohurt,thosewhohavesearched,andthosewhohavetried,foronlytheycanappreciatetheimportanceofpeoplewhohavetouchedtheirlives.Lovebeginswithasmile,growswithakissandendswithatear.Thebrightestfuturewillalwaysbebasedonaforgottenpast,youcan’tgoonwellinlifeuntilyouletgoofyourpastfailuresandheartaches.?Whenyouwereborn,youwerecryingandeveryonearoundyouwassmiling.Liveyourlifesothatwhenyoudie,you'retheonewhoissmilingandeveryonearoundyouiscryig.Pleasesendthismessagetothosepeoplewhomeansomethingtoyou,tothosewhohavetouchedyourlifeinonewayoranother,tothosewhomakeyousmilewhenyoureallyneedit,tothosethatmakeyouseethebrightersideofthingswhenyouarereallydown,tothosewhoyouwanttoletthemknowthatyouappreciatetheirfriendship.Andifyoudon’t,don’tworry,nothingbadwillhappentoyou,youwilljustmissoutontheopportunitytobrightensomeone’sdaywiththismessage.Sincewewenttoschool,wehaveaccesstoEnglishallthetime,becauseitisoneofthenecessarysubjects.Beforeweattendcollege,wekeepourattentiononthegrammar,butnowcollegemeansthenewstageandweshouldpayattentiontopracticalEnglish.Herearesomesuggestions.First,itisimportanttospeakoutloudly.ThepurposeoflearningEnglishistocommunicatewithforeigners,soastogettoknowmoreabouttheworld.Grammarisnottheonlythingwecareabout.WhatweshoulddoistoopenourmouthsandimproveourabilitytousespokenEnglish.Itbeginswithreadingtextbooks.Whenwelistentothetapesandrepeatmanytimes,thenourd.PresidentTrump,asheoftendoes,hadafewthingstosayAfteradmittingthathehadbeenlonelyovertheholidays,TrumptookadvantageofhisfirstpublicappearanceofthenewyearWednesdaytoairlingeringgrievances,makemultiplefalseclaimsandreinforcerecentdecisionsthathaverattledfinancialmarketsandhisparty’sleaders.Asheheldforthformorethan90minutesbeforeasmallpoolofreportersandphotographers,membersofhisCabinet,ostensiblycalledtotheWhiteHouseforameeting,satquietlyaroundalongconferencetable.TrumpdefendedhisdecisionlastmonthtowithdrawU.S.troopsfromSyriaandsharplycutthedeploymenttoAfghanistan,movesthatdisturbedRepublicanalliesinCongressandpromptedtheresignationofDefenseSecretaryJamesN.Mattis.Indoingso,hecontradictedhisownrecentclaimthattheU.S.hadachieveditsobjectivesoftotalvictoryoverIslamicStatemilitantsinSyria.“Look,wedon'twantSyria,”hecontinued.“We'retalkingaboutsandanddeath.That'swhatwe'retalkingabout.We'renottalkingaboutvastwealth.We'retalkingaboutsandanddeath,”hesaid,seeminglycontrastingthewar-wrackedcountrywithIraqanditsvastoilreserves.Iran“candowhattheywantthere,frankly,”headded,acommentlikelytounnerveofficialsinIsrael,whohaveworriedthataU.S.withdrawalfromitspositionsineasternSyriawouldallowIrantoexpanditsinfluencethere.“It’snotmyfault,”hesaid.“Ididn’tputusthere.”TrumpofferedlittlefurtherclarityontheU.S.withdrawalfromSyria,whichheinitiallysaidwouldtake