英美文學賞析-英國文學部分

PAGEPAGE4英國文學史資料BritishWritersandWorksAnglo-Saxonperiod<Beowulf>貝奧武夫:thenationalepicoftheAnglo-SaxonsEpic:longnarrativepoemsthatrecordtheadventuresorheroicdeedsofaheroenactedinvastlandscapes.Thestyleofepicisgrandandelevated.(主題嚴肅，語言莊重)e.g.Homer’sIliadandOdysseyArtisticfeatures:Usingalliteration(押頭韻)（該文最大修辭特點，每行第一個詞輔音韻）Definitionofalliteration:arhetoricaldevice,meaningsomewordsinasentencebeginwiththesameconsonantsound（輔音）

Usingmetaphor（暗喻，隱喻）andunderstatementDefinitionofunderstatement:expressingsomethinginacontrolledwayUnderstatementisatypicalwayforEnglishmentoexpresstheirideas二.TheMiddleAges（MedievalAges）GeofferyChaucer杰弗里?喬叟1340(?)~1400(首創(chuàng)“雙韻體”，英國文學史上首先用倫敦方言寫作。約翰·德萊頓（JohnDryden）稱其為“英國詩歌之父”ThefatherofEnglishpoetry.firsttimetouse‘heroiccouplet’(英雄雙韻體)bymiddleEnglish代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》《TheCanterburytales》。Itis____alonewho,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,presentedtousacomprehensive(綜合的，廣泛的)realisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflife.(A)A.GeoffreyChaucerB.MatinLutherC.WilliamLanglandD.JohnGowerwritingstyle:wisdom,humor,humanity.=1\*GB3①<TheCanterburyTales>坎特伯雷故事集：firsttimetouse‘heroiccouplet’(英雄雙韻體)bymiddleEnglish=2\*GB3②<TroilusandCriseyde>特羅伊拉斯和克萊希德③<TheHouseofFame>聲譽之宮MedievalAges’popularLiteraryform:Romance(傳奇故事)Famousthree：KingArthurSirGawainandtheGreenKnightBeowulf三.TheRenaissancePeriodkeyword:humanism(Bacon, Shakespeare, Marlowe)Aperiodofdramaandpoetry.TheElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.Renaissance:theactivity,spirit,ortimeofthegreatrevivalofart,literature,andlearninginEuropebeginninginthe14thcenturyandextendingtothe17thcentury,markingthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.ThreehistoricaleventsoftheRenaissance–rebirthorrevival:newdiscoveriesingeographyandastrology(占星術(shù)/學、星座)thereligiousreformationandeconomicexpansionrediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekcultureThemostfamousdramatists:ChristopherMarloweWilliamShakespeareBenJohnson.1

FrancisBacon弗蘭西斯?培根1561~1626（散文之父）ThefirstEnglishessayist.（哲學家、散文家；在論述探究知識的著作中提出了知識就是力量這一著名論斷；近代唯物主義哲學的奠基人和近代實驗科學的先驅(qū)。）Philosopher,scientist,laythefoundationformodernscience.ThefirstEnglishessayist.Writingstyle:brevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblicalallusions,metaphorsandphilosophytoman’sreason.=1\*GB3①<TheAdvancementofLearning>學術(shù)的推進=2\*GB3②<Essays>隨筆(famousquotas:<Ofstudies>)ThethemeofOfStudies:usesandbenefitsofstudyanddifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies.2ChristopherMarlowe柯里斯托弗?馬洛1564~1595“UniversityWits”(大學才子派),thepioneerofEnglishdrama（完善了無韻體詩。）Blankverse:writteninunrhymediambicpentameter.（不押韻的抑揚格五音步）Marlowegavenewvigorto____withhis“mightylines”(D)A.thePetrarchansonnetB.sestinaC.terzarimaD.blankverse=1\*GB3①<TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus>浮士德博士的悲?。ǜ鶕?jù)德國民間故事書寫成）=2\*GB3②<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝

③<TheJewofMalta>馬耳他的猶太人（代表作《天路歷程》，宗教寓言，被譽為“具有永恒意義的百科全書”，是英國文學史上里程碑式著作。與但丁的《神曲》、奧古斯丁的《懺悔錄》并列為世界三大宗教題材文學杰作。）Puritanpoet(清教徒派詩人)=1\*GB3①ReligionaryAllegory:<ThePilgrim’sProgress>天路歷程五．The18thCentury：EnlightenmentandNeo-Classical(Pope, Swift, Defoe,)同時為美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭與法國大革命提供了框架，并且導致了資本主義和社會主義的興起，與音樂史上的巴洛克時期以及藝術(shù)史上的新古典主義時期是同一時期。Arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,order,logic,（秩序，邏輯）restrainedemotion(抑制情感)andaccuracyTheAgeofEnlightenment/Reason:themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15thand16thcentries,aprogressiveintellectualmovement,reason(rationality),equality&science(the18thcentury)小說崛起（theriseofEnglishnovel）：Inthemid-century,thenewlyliteraryform,modernEnglishnovelrised(realisticnovel現(xiàn)實主義小說)Gothicnovel(哥特式小說)：mystery,horror,castles(frommiddleparttotheendofcentury)CharacteristicsofNeo-ClassicalliteratureProse:shouldbeprecise,direct,smooth,flexiblePoetry:shouldbelyrical,epical,didacticanddramaticandeachclassshouldbeguidedbyitsownprinciples;Dram:shouldbewrittenintheheroiccouplets1

AlexanderPope亞歷山大?蒲柏1688~1744（18世紀英國最偉大的詩人，其詩多用“英雄雙韻體”/“heroiccouplets”。詞句工整、精練、富有哲理性。）AsarepresentativeoftheEnlightenment，Popewasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalism（理性主義）toEnglandAmongtherepresentativesoftheEnlightenment,whowasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland?(C)A.JohnBunyanB.DanielDefoeC.AlexanderPopeD.JonathanSwift=1\*GB3①<AnEssayonCriticism>批評論Artisticfeatures:1.Using“heroiccouplets”=2\*GB3②<TheRapeoftheLock>卷發(fā)遇劫記=3\*GB3③<MoralEssays>道德論

<EssayonMan>人論<TheDunciad>愚人記2.JonathanSwift喬納森?斯威夫特1667~1745諷刺小說家amastersatirist

=1\*GB3①<Gulliver’sTravels>格列佛游記(fictionalwork)Yahoos出自格列佛游記。半人半獸的馬Fourparts:Lilliput小人國Brobdingnag大人國FlyingIsland飛島Houyhnhnm馬島<AModestProposal>一個小小的建議=2\*GB3②<TheBattleofBooks>書戰(zhàn)=3\*GB3③<ATaleofaTub>木桶的故事④<TheDrapper’sLetters>一個麻布商的書信3.DanielDefoe丹尼爾?笛福1660~1731 <RobinsonCrusoe>魯賓遜漂流記（小說家，新聞記者，小冊子作者；十八世紀英國現(xiàn)實主義小說的奠基人。）Heisthefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular,andheisthefounderofrealisticnovel.=1\*GB3①<RobinsonCrusoe>魯賓遜漂流記ItpraisethefortitudeofthehumanlaborandthePuritan.Robinsongrewfromanaiveandartlessyouthintoashrewdandhardenedman,temperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife.Itisanadventurestory,Robinson,narrateshowhegoestosea,getsshipwreckedandmaroonedonalonelyisland,strugglestolivefor24-yearsthereandfinallygetsrelievedandreturnstoEngland.=2\*GB3②<MollFlanders>=3\*GB3③<ColonelJacque>④<Captainsingleton>4.RobertBurns羅伯特?彭斯1759~1796（前浪漫主義，蘇格蘭民間詩人,NationalpoetofScottish）ThegreatestScottishpoetinthelate18thcentury.PoemsChieflyintheScottishDialect主要用蘇格蘭方言寫的詩①<JohnAnderson,MyJo>約翰?安德生，我的愛人②<ARed,RedRose>一朵紅紅的玫瑰③<AuldLongSyne>往昔時光5.HenryFielding亨利?菲爾丁1707~1754（英國小說家，戲劇家，被譽為“英國小說之父”。）Heiscalled“FatherofEnglishnovel”.Hewasthefirsttowritea“Comicepicinprose”(散文體史詩),andthefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.=1\*GB3①novels:<TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling>棄嬰湯姆?瓊斯<TheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJosephAndrews>約瑟夫?安德魯<TheLifeofMrJonathanWild,theGreat>大詩人江奈生?威爾德<Amelia>愛米利亞=2\*GB3②plays:<TheHistoricalRegisterfor1736>一七三六年歷史記事<DonQuixoteinEngland>堂吉柯德在英國六．TheRomanticPeriodAgeofpassionrebellionandcreativityTheromanticperiodbeganin1798thepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge’s<LyricalBallads>,andendin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeath.Romanticism:Itemphasizethespecialqualitiesofeachindividual’smind.(人應該是獨立自由的個體)Init,emotionoverreason,spontaneousemotion,achangefromtheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules,imagination,nature,commonplace.TwomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott(romantic).1.WilliamWordsworth威廉?華茲華斯1770~1850被稱作Worshipperofnature,Nature’sprient（與柯爾律治(Coleridge)、騷塞(Southey)同被稱為“湖畔派”詩人。TheLakePoets）<LyricalBallads>抒情歌謠集(withSamuelTaylorColeridge):alandmarkinEnglishpoetry②<IWonderedLonelyAsACloud>Theme:1.Natureembodieshumanbeingsintheirdiversecircumstance.Itisnaturethatgivehim“strengthandknowledgefullofpeace”2.Itisblisstorecolledthebeautyofnatureinpoetmindwhileheisinsolitude.Comment:Thepoetisverycheerfulwithrecallingthebeautifulsights.Inthepoemonthebeautyofnature,thereaderispresentedavividpictureoflivelyandlovelydaffodils(水仙)andpoet’sphilosophicalideasandmysticalthoughts.③LinesComposedAFewMilesAboveTinternAbbey④TheSolitaryReaper孤獨的割麥女②<ThePrelude>序曲2.

SamuelTaylorColeridge塞繆爾?泰勒?科爾律治1772~1834

TheLakePoets①<TheRimeoftheAncientMariner>古舟子頌②<Christabel>柯里斯塔貝爾③<KublaKhan>忽必烈汗Artisticfeatures:mysticism,demonismwithstrongimagination,astrangeterritory④<FrostatNight>半夜冰霜⑤<Dejection,anOde>憂郁頌⑥<LyricalBallads>抒情歌謠集(withWilliamWordsworth)3.

GeorgeGordonByron喬治?戈登?拜倫1788~1824（拜倫式英雄Byronicheroes孤傲、狂熱、浪漫，卻充滿了反抗精神。內(nèi)心充滿了孤獨與苦悶，卻又蔑視群小。恰爾德·哈羅德是拜倫詩歌中第一個“拜倫式英雄”。）“Byronichero”isaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin,againsttyrannicalrulesormoralprinciples.=1\*GB3①<DonJuan>唐?璜<ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage>恰爾德?哈羅德爾游記<Cain>該隱 =2\*GB3②<WhenWeTwoParted>當初我們倆分別<SheWalksInBeauty>4.

PersyByssheShelley波西?比希?雪萊1792~1822=1\*GB3①PoeticDrama：<PrometheusUnbound>解放了的普羅米修斯Theme:thedramacelebraiesman’svictoryovertyrannyandoppression=2\*GB3②<QueenMab>麥布女王<RevoltofIslam>伊斯蘭的反叛<TheCenci>欽契一家<ADefenceofPoetry>詩辯<TheNecessityofAtheism>無神論的必要性Lyrics:<OdetotheWestWind>西風頌(destroyerandpreserver)Theme:Theauthorexpresshiseagernesstoenjoytheboundlessfreedomfromthereality.Comparethewestwindtodestroyeroftheoldwhodrivesthelastsignsoflifefromthetrees,andpreserverofthenewwhoscattertheseadsshichsillcometolifeinthespring.Thisisapoemaboutrenewal,aboutthewindblowinglifebackintodeadthings,implyingnotjustanarcoflife(whichwouldendatdeath)butacycle,whichonlystartsagainwhensomethingdies.Comment:PercyByssheShelley's"OdetotheWestWind"iswritteniniambicpentameter.Itcontainsfivesonnetlengthstanzas,eachwithaclosingcouplet.Therhymingschemeformisababcbcdcdedee.Thetoneispoignant.Manywillagreethatthispoemisaninvocationforanunseenforcetotakecontrolandrevivelife.Artisticfeatures:Usingrerzarima(三行詩ababcbcdcdedefe…)<ToaSkylark>致云雀Ode:Alonglyricpoemthatis Seriousinsubjectandtreatment;Elevatedinstyle;Elaborateinstanzaicstructure

5.

JohnKeats約翰?濟慈1795~1821(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名詩句。)

=1\*GB3①Fourgreatodes:<OdeonaGrecianUrn>希臘古甕頌<OdetoaNightingale>夜鶯頌<OdetoPsyche>心靈頌<OdeOnMelancholy>憂郁頌=2\*GB3②<ToAutumn>秋頌Theme:ThethemeofJohnKeats'poem,"ToAutumn",isthatchangeisbothnaturalandbeautiful.Thepoempraisesthegloriesofthefallseasonbyusingalmosteverytypeofimagerytobothcharmandappealtothereader.Comment:Thespeakerinthepoemacknowledgesthattimepassesby,butalsoassertsthatthischangeusuallyyieldssomethingnewandbetterthanwhatcamebefore.Eachofthepoem'sthreestanzasrepresentstheevolvingoftwodifferenttypesofchange.Onetypeofchangeshowninthepoemisthechangeofperiodsinaday.《Onfirstlookingintochapman’shomer》6.

JaneAusten簡?奧斯丁1775~1817Shecomparedherworkstoafineengravinguponaliterarypieceofivoryonlyinchessquire.=1\*GB3①<SenseandSensibility>理智與感情<PrideandPrejudic>傲慢與偏見(chapterI)7.WalterScott沃爾特?斯科特1771~1832(歷史小說之父”)Fatherofhistorynovels=1\*GB3①<RobRoy>羅伯?羅伊=2\*GB3②<Ivanhoe>艾凡赫PoetryintheNeo-classicalperiod:Tooartificial;toorhetoricalinlanguage;toorestrainedinitsexpressionofemotion;toorepressiveoftheimagination“prefaceto《LyricalBallads》”:Spontaneousoverflowofemotion;poetasmantalkingtoman;languageofcommonman;commonpeoplerepresentnaturalman

七TheVictorianPeriod1832-1900(RealismandNaturalism)(現(xiàn)實主義Realism，小說為主)Commonsenseandmoralpropreity,againbecamethepredominantpreoccupation.Criticalrealistswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeopleandeverydayevents.1.

CharlesDickens查爾斯?狄更斯1812~1870（批判現(xiàn)實主義小說家）criticalrealistwriter①<ThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub>匹克威克外傳②<OliverTwist>奧利弗?特維斯特（霧都孤兒）③<TheOldCuriosityShop>老古玩店④

<AChristmasCarol>圣誕頌歌⑤<DombeyandSon>董貝父子⑥

<DavidCopperfield>大衛(wèi)?科波菲爾⑦<BleakHouse>荒涼山莊<HardTimes>艱難時世⑧<ATaleofTwoCit