翻譯中的選詞法38張課件

翻譯中的選詞法(diction)翻譯中的選詞法(diction)1I.選擇語(yǔ)法意義(choiceofgrammaticalmeanings)----語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)分析Thesameword,whenusedasdifferentpartsofspeechandplayingdifferentrolesinasentence,hasdifferentmeanings.1.Takethecartbacktothebackyardandbackitintotheshedatthebackofthestable.2.Hehadnostomachtofollowus.Ican’tstomachthisjobanylonger.I.選擇語(yǔ)法意義(choiceofgrammatica2II.選擇搭配意義(choiceofcollocativemeanings)----語(yǔ)義分析Somewordshavethesamebasicmeanings,butdifferincollocation.Thatis,theyhavedifferentcollocativemeanings.Forinstance,“sense”and“meaning”aresynonymous,but“Johnisamanofsense”isacceptablewhile“Johnisamanofmeaning”isunacceptable.Oneproblemwithcollocationistranslationisthat,veryoftenwhatisgoodcollocationinEnglishmaynotbesowhenrenderedintoII.選擇搭配意義(choiceofcollocati3Chinese,orviceversa.Forinstance,“pretty”and“handsome”arerenderedinto“漂亮的”and“英俊的”respectively.Itisperfectlyallrighttosay“ahandsomecar”but“英俊的車(chē)子”wouldbetotallyunacceptabletotheChinesereader.ThusinE-Ctranslation,atranslatormustensurethattheversionisidiomaticorcollocativelyacceptableinthetargetlanguage.E.g.buildBuildahouse/aship/afire/acar/one’sconfidence/scholarsoftomorrow/ananswer/abridge/adam/astampcollectionChinese,orviceversa.Forin4III.選擇情感意義(choiceofafffectivemeanings)-----語(yǔ)義分析（情感）Affectivemeaningsreferstowhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingsandattitudesofthewritertowardsthereader.Youmayaddresssomebodyasan“idiot”toconveyyourdespise,ordescribesomethingas“marvelous”toexpressyourpositiveevaluation.Therearebasicallythreetypesofaffectivemeanings:positive(褒義),neutral(中性),andderogatory(貶義).III.選擇情感意義(choiceofafffecti5PositiveneutralderogatoryPortly(發(fā)福的)Overweight(超重的)Obese(臃腫的）Slender,slim((苗條的)Underweight(體重不夠的）Skinny(瘦削的)Senior,elder(長(zhǎng)者)Oldman/woman(老人)Fossil(老朽)Examples:1.Aggressivenationsthreatenworldpeace.侵略成性的國(guó)家威脅世界和平.Asalesmanmustbeaggressiveifhewantstosucceed.推銷(xiāo)員要成功,必須有闖勁.Positiveneutral62.Heincitedthesoldierstofightbravely.Hewaschargedwithincitingpeopletoviolence.3.Everydoghashisday.“Youchicken!”hecried,lookingatTomwithcontempt.2.Heincitedthesoldiersto7Ⅳ.選擇模糊意義(choiceofambiguousmeanings)------語(yǔ)義分析(歧義)Ambiguity,accordingtoD.Bolinger,isdefinedasonesurfacestructurecoveringtwoormoredeepstructures,thatis,onelinguisticexpressionallowsmorethanoneudnerstandingsorinterpretations.Ambiguitycanbeclassifiedaslexicalambiguity(詞匯歧義)andstructuralambiguity(結(jié)構(gòu)歧義).1.lexicalambiguity(詞匯歧義)Ⅳ.選擇模糊意義(choiceofambiguousm8Themultiplemeaningsoftheutterancedependsonthemeaningofthesingleword.E.g.⑴Shecannotbearchildren.①Shecannotgivebirthtochildrenbecausesheissterile.②Shecannottoleratethechildren.⑵AsGreendesigedthemachine,hemusthaverealizeditscapability.①因?yàn)檫@臺(tái)機(jī)器是格林設(shè)計(jì)的,他一定事先知道它的性能.Themultiplemeaningsoftheu9②格林設(shè)計(jì)這臺(tái)機(jī)器的時(shí)候,一定事先知道它的性能.2.structuralambiguity(結(jié)構(gòu)歧義)Themultiplemeaningsoftheutterancedependsonthesentencestructure.Eg.Sheshowedherbabypictures.①她拿出了自己嬰兒時(shí)期的照片.②她把嬰兒的照片拿給她看.③她把一些照片/圖片拿給孩子看.②格林設(shè)計(jì)這臺(tái)機(jī)器的時(shí)候,一定事先知道它的性能.10Ⅴ.選擇引申意義(choiceofextendedmeanings)----語(yǔ)義分析（關(guān)聯(lián)義）ItisoftendifficulttofindasuitableChinesetranslationforanEnglishwordorexpressioninE-Cdictionaries,andamechanicaltranslationmaybeunintelligibletoourreaders.Onewayoutistoextendthemeaningfromtheconcreteorspecifictotheabstractorgeneral,orviceversa.Ⅴ.選擇引申意義(choiceofextendedme111.”實(shí)”→虛”.詞義從具體引向抽象,從特殊引向一般,從局部引向概括⑴Nowadaysastudentheadingforcollegemaypackafryingpanalongwithhisbooks.實(shí)譯:如今上大學(xué)的學(xué)生除了帶他的書(shū)上學(xué)校以外,還可以帶上一個(gè)煎烙餅的平底鍋了.虛譯:如今大學(xué)生在學(xué)校里也可以自己做點(diǎn)吃的了.⑵WhenIgoaroundonspeakingengagements,theyallexpectmetoassumeaQuakerOatslook.1.”實(shí)”→虛”.詞義從具體引向抽象,從特殊引向一般,從局部12實(shí)譯:我應(yīng)邀外出演講時(shí),他們都指望我擺出一副像麥片商標(biāo)中的老頭那樣的表情.虛譯:我應(yīng)邀外出演講時(shí),他們都指望我擺出一副毫無(wú)表情,一本正經(jīng)的面孔.(QuakerOats是歐美一種有名的麥片商標(biāo),商標(biāo)中畫(huà)的老頭模樣毫無(wú)表情,我國(guó)讀者不熟悉,應(yīng)虛譯.)2.虛”→”實(shí)”.詞義從抽象引向具體,從一般引向特殊,從概括引向局部⑴Thereismoretotheirlifethanpoliticalandsocialandeconomicproblems;morethantransienteverydayness.實(shí)譯:我應(yīng)邀外出演講時(shí),他們都指望我擺出一副像麥13虛譯:他們的生活遠(yuǎn)不止那些政治的,社會(huì)的和經(jīng)濟(jì)的問(wèn)題,遠(yuǎn)不止一時(shí)的日常性.實(shí)譯:他們的生活遠(yuǎn)不止那些政治的,社會(huì)的和經(jīng)濟(jì)的問(wèn)題,遠(yuǎn)不止每天的柴米油鹽.⑵Heisavaluableacquisitiontotheteam.虛譯:他是該隊(duì)一種寶貴的獲得.實(shí)譯:他是該隊(duì)不可多得的隊(duì)員.Ⅵ.選擇對(duì)應(yīng)意義(choiceofequivalentmeanings)-----語(yǔ)義分析（對(duì)概念義的誤解）SomeEnglishwordsorexpressionslookequivalenttotheirChinesecounterparts,butactuallytheyaredifferent.虛譯:他們的生活遠(yuǎn)不止那些政治的,社會(huì)的和經(jīng)濟(jì)14Theyarecalled“falsefriends”.Careshouldbetakennottobeconfinedortakenawaybywhatweseeintheoriginaltext.Eg.Busybody≠忙人=(貶義)好管閑事的人=apersonwhotakestoomuchinterestinotherpeople’saffairs.Thelongandtheshortofit≠它的長(zhǎng)短處=總的結(jié)果/情況/要點(diǎn)Shehasaweaknessforpork≠吃豬肉她可不行.=她有愛(ài)吃豬肉的嗜好.Theyarecalled“falsefriends15Ⅶ.選擇準(zhǔn)確意義(choiceofexactmeanings)----語(yǔ)義分析（所指意義）AcarefultranslatorshouldweighthemeaningoftheoriginalbefroechoosingasuitableChinesewordorexpression.Threecriteriaareproposedhereforchoosingsuitablewords:preciseness(準(zhǔn)確),conciseness(精練),andgracefulness(優(yōu)美),commonmistakesinthisrespectmaybechieflyduetothefollowing:Ⅶ.選擇準(zhǔn)確意義(choiceofexactmeani16⑴lappingupawordorexpressionwithoutdigestingit(囫圇吞棗)⑵extendingthemeaningbeyonditslimits(引申過(guò)頭)⑶Rigidlyadheringtoletterorform(拘泥字面)Thusacomparativestudyofsynonymousexpressionsinthetwolanguagesisalwaysnecessaryforappropriatetranslation.Ingivencontext,thechoiceofwordsisamatterofdictioncallingforourcarefulconsideration.⑴lappingupawordorexpressi17Eg.inChinese:*詞義輕重不同祝賀(輕)—慶祝(重)批評(píng)(輕)—批判(重)輕視(輕)—鄙視(重)欺侮(輕)—欺壓(重)損壞(輕)—?dú)?重)責(zé)備(輕)—責(zé)罵(重)*詞義范圍大小不同信件(大)—信(小)樹(shù)木(大)—樹(shù)(小)時(shí)代(大)—時(shí)期(小)河流(大)—河(小)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)(大)—戰(zhàn)役(小)車(chē)輛(大)—車(chē)(小)*詞語(yǔ)搭配不同充足(陽(yáng)光)—充分(理由)侵犯(主權(quán))—侵占(土地)發(fā)揮(作用)—發(fā)揚(yáng)(精神)召集(眾人)—召開(kāi)(會(huì)議)Eg.inChinese:18Ⅷ.選擇語(yǔ)境意義(Choiceofcontextualmeanings)----大語(yǔ)境分析Thesameword,whenusedindifferentcontextsorfieldsofdiscourse(business,law,medicine,education,politics,forestry,etc.),hasdifferentmeanings.Forinstance,insomecontexts“mad”means“foolish”,insome“angry”,andinothers“insane”.Eg.Book1.Showmethecomplaintbook,please.2.Milton’sParadiseLostconsistsoftwelvebooks.Ⅷ.選擇語(yǔ)境意義(Choiceofcontextual193.That’sallIremember,sir,ontheBook.4.Heclaimstohavebeengraduatedfromthiscollege,buthisnameisnotonthebooks.5.Heisalwayspainstakinglyathisbooks.6.Themusicwasfine,butthebookwasverypoor.7.Areyouinthebook?3.That’sallIremember,sir,20Ⅸ.選擇文體意義(choiceofstylisticmeanings)----大語(yǔ)境分析Somewordsconveythesameideabutdifferinstylisticfeatures.Thesewordsareknownasstylisticsynonyms.Insomedictionaries,thesestylisticfeaturesareclearlymarkedas“formal”,“informal”,“l(fā)iterary”,“archaic”,“slang”andsoon.Wordsthatoccurindifferentsettingsarestylisticallymarked.Thoseusedforsomeseriouspurpose,forexample,inofficialreports,businesslettersandregulationsarelabeledasformalwhereasthoseusedⅨ.選擇文體意義(choiceofstylisticm21inprivateconversationorpersonallettersarelabeledasinformal.Inmostcasesformallanguageoccursinwrittenlanguageandinformallanguageinspokenlanguage.Translatorshavetochooseamongformalwords,neutralwords,andinformalwordstoensurethatthestyleisappropriatetotheoriginalcontext.Theymustalsodeterminewhethertousestandarddialectsorregionaldialects,archaicwordsorcontemporarywords,generalwordsortechnicalterms,etc.inprivateconversationorper22Table1.ExamplesofChinesestylisticsynonyms書(shū)面語(yǔ)詞母親誕辰清晨逝世散步恐嚇口語(yǔ)詞媽媽生日早上死溜達(dá)嚇唬古語(yǔ)詞/舊詞殆乘致木匠廚子大夫現(xiàn)代詞/新詞危險(xiǎn)坐給木工廚師醫(yī)生普通用語(yǔ)給現(xiàn)在辦法安排私下這公文用語(yǔ)給予茲措施部署擅自此普通用語(yǔ)飛心靜半夜寂寞文藝作品用語(yǔ)飛翔心靈安靜子夜寂寥Table1.ExamplesofChineses23Table2.examplesofEnglishstylisticsynonymswiththeirtranslationsFormal(literary)Poverty-striken,penniless,inwant,underprivileded,impecunious,indigent身無(wú)分文,一文不名,窮困,貧困NeutralPoor貧窮InformalBroke,flatbroke,hardup窮,衣袋空空,窮光蛋,一個(gè)子兒也沒(méi)有Table2.examplesofEnglishs24Table3.examplesofEnglishwordswiththeirChinesestylisticsynonymsWordsexplanatorydescriptivelively生動(dòng)的栩栩如生Irrelevant無(wú)關(guān)的風(fēng)馬牛不相及identical相同的千篇一律thick厚的,稠的如膠似漆withdiscretion小心謹(jǐn)慎穩(wěn)扎穩(wěn)打witheloquence以雄辯的口才娓娓動(dòng)聽(tīng)greatcontribution巨大貢獻(xiàn)豐功偉績(jī)Table3.examplesofEnglishw25invulnerability無(wú)法攻破固若金湯meagerfood簡(jiǎn)單的食物粗茶淡飯frightened害怕膽戰(zhàn)心驚Agoodtranslatorshouldrepresentnotonlytheoriginalthoughtbutalsotheoriginalstyleaswellinthetargetlanguage.invulnerability無(wú)法攻破固若金湯26譯句比較(comparisonoftranslatedsentences)1.Whoevertriestotwistyouup,maytheendofhisnosetakeatwist.①誰(shuí)要是想捉弄你,誰(shuí)的鼻子尖就會(huì)歪.②誰(shuí)要是捉弄你,就叫誰(shuí)的鼻子尖歪了.③誰(shuí)騙你,誰(shuí)就不得好死.(誰(shuí)騙你,誰(shuí)就是小狗.)譯句比較(comparisonoftranslated272.Eitheraflat“yes”oraflat“no”---gobackwhereyoucamefrom.①要么干脆說(shuō)”行”,要么干脆說(shuō)”不行”,要不然,你從什么地方來(lái)還是回到什么地方去吧.②干脆說(shuō)”行”或者”不行”----否則你哪里來(lái)就回哪里去.③要就要,不要就拉倒----你請(qǐng)便吧.(行就行,不行就拉倒----你請(qǐng)便吧.)2.Eitheraflat“yes”orafl283.Ignoreitasyouignorethecoldoflastwinter.①你別去理他,就像別理上一個(gè)冬天有多冷一樣.②別理睬它,就像你不理睬去年冬天的寒冷那樣.③管他們干什么?他們的話,當(dāng)作耳邊風(fēng)好了.3.Ignoreitasyouignorethe294.TheyconfusedmesothatIdidn’tknowthebigendfromthesmall.①我連粗細(xì)大小都分不清了.②他們使我真假不分.③他們把我搞得不知東西南北了.4.TheyconfusedmesothatId305.退休工人邵勸幫對(duì)小兒子在春說(shuō),”那時(shí)候,干一天活累得連炕都上不去,渾身疼得要命,睡也睡不著.”①ShaoQuanbang,aretiredworker,saidtohislittlesonZaichun,“Atthattime,Iwassofatiguedafteraday’sdrudgerythatIfounditveryhardtomountthekang.Mywholeframeachingacutely,Icouldn’tgotosleephoweverhardItried.②ShaoQuanbang,aretiredworker,saidtohislittlesonZaichun,“Inthosedays,Iwasusuallysodoneupafteraday’shardworkthatIcouldn’tgetonthekang.Asmywholebodyachedlikeanything,Isimplycouldn’tgettosleepevenItriedto.”5.退休工人邵勸幫對(duì)小兒子在春說(shuō),”那時(shí)候,干一天活累得連炕316.無(wú)論是街道、房屋或公園,這個(gè)地方都有一種難以描繪的難過(guò)情調(diào).隨便走到哪里,我都可以看到新鮮有趣的東西.①Allstreets,housesandparksherehaveanindescribablelookofthesouth.NomatterwhereIgo,I’msuretofindthingsnewandinteresting.②Theplace,withitsstreets,itshousesanditsparks,wearsanindescribableairofthesouth.Everycornerbringsmeintoacquaintancewithsomenewint