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項(xiàng)目的特征——臨時(shí)性(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目的特征——獨(dú)特性(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目的特征一逐步完善(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目與日常業(yè)務(wù)的關(guān)系(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目和戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃(中英對(duì)照)

什么是項(xiàng)目管理(中英對(duì)照)

專業(yè)知識(shí)領(lǐng)域(中英對(duì)照)

應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與規(guī)章制度(中英對(duì)照)

理解項(xiàng)目環(huán)境(中英對(duì)照)

通用管理知識(shí)與技能(中英對(duì)照)

處理人際關(guān)系技能(中英對(duì)照)

管理環(huán)境及計(jì)劃與計(jì)劃管理(中英對(duì)照)

綜合行動(dòng)、管理及子項(xiàng)目(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目管理辦公室(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目生命期及其特征(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目階段的特征(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目生命期與產(chǎn)品生命期(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目利害關(guān)系者(中英對(duì)照)

組織的影響及制度(中英對(duì)照)

組織文化與作風(fēng)(中英對(duì)照)

組織結(jié)構(gòu)(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目辦公室在組織中的作用(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目管理系統(tǒng)(中英對(duì)照)

單個(gè)項(xiàng)目管理過(guò)程(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目管理的諸過(guò)程(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目管理過(guò)程組(中英對(duì)照)

啟動(dòng)過(guò)程組(中英對(duì)照)

規(guī)劃過(guò)程組(中英對(duì)照)

規(guī)劃過(guò)程組下的過(guò)程(中英對(duì)照)

監(jiān)控過(guò)程組(中英對(duì)照)

監(jiān)控過(guò)程組下的過(guò)程(中英對(duì)照)

收尾過(guò)程組(中英對(duì)照)

過(guò)程間的聯(lián)系與交互作用(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目管理過(guò)程圖解(中英對(duì)照)

過(guò)程流程圖(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目主要文件(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目整體管理(中英對(duì)照)

整體項(xiàng)目管理過(guò)程(中英對(duì)照)

制定項(xiàng)目章程(中英對(duì)照)

合同與項(xiàng)目工作說(shuō)明書(shū)(中英對(duì)照)

事業(yè)環(huán)境因素(中英對(duì)照)

組織過(guò)程資產(chǎn)(中英對(duì)照)

工具與技術(shù)(中英對(duì)照)

制定項(xiàng)目初步范圍說(shuō)明書(shū)(中英對(duì)照)

制定說(shuō)明書(shū)的工具與技術(shù)(中英對(duì)照)

制定項(xiàng)目管理計(jì)劃(中英對(duì)照)

制定計(jì)劃的工具與技術(shù)(中英對(duì)照)

指導(dǎo)與管理項(xiàng)目執(zhí)行(中英對(duì)照)

執(zhí)行的依據(jù)、工具與技術(shù)(中英對(duì)照)

指導(dǎo)與管理項(xiàng)目執(zhí)行成果(中英對(duì)照)

監(jiān)控項(xiàng)目工作(中英對(duì)照)

依據(jù)、工具、技術(shù)與成果(中英對(duì)照)

整體變更控制(中英對(duì)照)

整體變更控制相關(guān)(中英對(duì)照)(上)

項(xiàng)目收尾(中英對(duì)照)

收尾的依據(jù)、工具與技術(shù)(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目收尾的成果(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目范圍管理(中英對(duì)照)

范圍規(guī)劃(中英對(duì)照)

規(guī)劃的依據(jù)、工具與技術(shù)(中英對(duì)照)

范圍規(guī)劃的成果(中英對(duì)照)

范圍定義(中英對(duì)照)

范圍定義的依據(jù)(中英對(duì)照)

范圍定義的工具與技術(shù)(中英對(duì)照)

范圍定義的成果(中英對(duì)照)

制作工作分解結(jié)構(gòu)(中英對(duì)照)

指導(dǎo)與管理項(xiàng)目執(zhí)行(中英對(duì)照)

指導(dǎo)與管理項(xiàng)目執(zhí)行成果(中英對(duì)照)

項(xiàng)目主要文件(中英對(duì)照)

2

項(xiàng)目的特征——臨時(shí)性(中英對(duì)照)

ProjectCharacteristics

項(xiàng)目的特征

Aprojectisatemporaryendeavorundertakentocreateauniqueproduct,service,orresult.

項(xiàng)目是為提供某項(xiàng)獨(dú)特產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)或成果所做的臨時(shí)性努力。

Temporary

臨時(shí)性

Temporarymeansthateveryprojecthasadefinitebeginningandadefiniteend.Theendis

reachedwhentheprojectsobjectiveshavebeenachieved,oritbecomesclearthattheproject

objectiveswillnotorcannotbemet,ortheneedfortheprojectnolongerexistsandtheprojectis

terminated.Temporarydoesnotnecessarilymeanshortinduration;manyprojectslastforseveral

years.Ineverycase,however,thedurationofaprojectisfinite.Projectsarenotongoingefforts.

臨時(shí)性是指每一個(gè)項(xiàng)目都有確定的開(kāi)始和結(jié)束,當(dāng)項(xiàng)目的目的已經(jīng)達(dá)到,或者已經(jīng)清楚

地看到該目的不會(huì)或不可能達(dá)到時(shí),或者該項(xiàng)目的必要性已不復(fù)存在并已終止時(shí),該項(xiàng)目即

達(dá)到了它的終點(diǎn)。臨時(shí)性不一定意味著時(shí)間短,許多項(xiàng)目都要延續(xù)好幾年。然而,在任何情

況下項(xiàng)目的期限都是有限的,項(xiàng)目不是持續(xù)不斷的努力。

Inaddition,temporarydoesnotgenerallyapplytotheproduct,serviceorresultcreatedbythe

project.Mostprojectsareundertakentocreatealastingoutcome.Forexample,aprojecttoerecta

nationalmonumentwillcreatearesultexpectedtolastcenturies.Projectsalsomayoftenhave

intendedandunintendedsocial,economicandenvironmentalimpactsthatfaroutlasttheprojects

themselves.

此外,臨時(shí)性一般不適用于項(xiàng)目所產(chǎn)生的產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)或成果。大多數(shù)項(xiàng)目是為了得到持

久的結(jié)果。例如,興建國(guó)家紀(jì)念碑式建筑項(xiàng)目就是為了要達(dá)到世代相傳的目的。項(xiàng)目還經(jīng)常

會(huì)產(chǎn)生比項(xiàng)目本身更久遠(yuǎn)的、事先想到或未曾預(yù)料到的社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境后果。

Thetemporarynatureofprojectsmayapplytootheraspectsoftheendeavoraswell:

項(xiàng)目的臨時(shí)性質(zhì)也適用于努力的其他方面:

Theopportunityormarketwindowisusuallytemporary—someprojectshavealimitedtime

frameinwhichtoproducetheirproductorservice.

機(jī)遇或者市場(chǎng)窗口總是短暫的,即大部分項(xiàng)目都要在一定的時(shí)限內(nèi)推出產(chǎn)品或提供服務(wù)。

Theprojectteam,asaworkingunit,seldomoutlivestheproject-ateamcreatedforthesole

purposeofperformingtheprojectwillperformthatproject,andthentheteamisdisbandedandthe

teammembersreassignedwhentheprojectends.

項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)作為一個(gè)工作單位的存在時(shí)間很少超過(guò)項(xiàng)目本身,即大部分項(xiàng)目都是由特意為

其組建的專門(mén)團(tuán)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)實(shí)施,項(xiàng)目完成時(shí).,這個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)也就解散了,團(tuán)隊(duì)成員重新安排。

項(xiàng)目的特征——獨(dú)特性(中英對(duì)照)

UniqueProducts,Services,orResults

3

獨(dú)特的產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)或成果

Aprojectcreatesuniquedeliverables,whichareproducts,services,orresults.

項(xiàng)目創(chuàng)造獨(dú)特的可交付成果,如產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)或成果。

Projectscancreate:

項(xiàng)目可以創(chuàng)造:

Aproductorartifactthatisproduced,isquantifiable,andcanbeeitheranenditeminitselfora

componentitem.

生產(chǎn)出來(lái)可以量化的產(chǎn)品或制品,既可以本身就是最終物件,也可以是其他物件的組成

部分。

Acapabilitytoperformaservice,suchasbusinessfunctionssupportingproductionor

distribution.

提供服務(wù)的能力,如輔助生產(chǎn)或流通的商業(yè)職能。

Aresult>suchasoutcomesordocuments.Forexample,aresearchprojectdevelopsknowledge

thatcanbeusedtodeterminewhetherornotatrendispresentoranewprocesswillbenefit

society.

成果,如結(jié)果或文件。例如,研究項(xiàng)目提出可用以確定是否出現(xiàn)了一種趨勢(shì)或某過(guò)程,

是否能惠及社會(huì)的知識(shí)。

Uniquenessisanimportantcharacteristicofprojectdeliverables.Forexample,manythousands

ofofficebuildingshavebeendeveloped,buteachindividualfacilityisunique—differentowner,

differentdesign,differentlocation,differentcontractors,andsoon.Thepresenceofrepetitive

elementsdoesnotchangethefundamentaluniquenessoftheprojectwork.

獨(dú)特是項(xiàng)目可交付成果的一種重要特征。例如,辦公樓已經(jīng)建造了成千上萬(wàn)槿,但其中

每一橫都是獨(dú)特的,即不同的業(yè)主、不同的設(shè)計(jì)、不同的地點(diǎn)、不同的承建人,等等。重復(fù)

部件的存在并不改變整個(gè)項(xiàng)目工作的獨(dú)特本質(zhì)。

項(xiàng)目的特征——逐步完善(中英對(duì)照)

ProgressiveElaboration

逐步完善

Progressiveelaborationisacharacteristicofprojectsthataccompaniestheconceptsof

temporaryandunique.Progressiveelaborationmeansdevelopinginsteps,andcontinuingby

increments.Forexample,theprojectscopewillbebroadlydescribedearlyintheprojectandmade

moreexplicitanddetailedastheprojectteamdevelopsabetterandmorecompleteunderstanding

oftheobjectivesanddeliverables.Progressiveelaborationshouldnotbeconfusedwithscope

creep.

逐步完善是項(xiàng)目伴隨臨時(shí)性和獨(dú)特性兩個(gè)概念的特點(diǎn)之一。逐步完善意味著分步、連續(xù)

的積累。例如,在項(xiàng)目的早期項(xiàng)目范圍的說(shuō)明是粗略的,隨著項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)目標(biāo)和可交付成果

的理解更完整和深入時(shí),項(xiàng)目的范圍也就更具體和詳細(xì)。請(qǐng)勿將逐步完善與范圍潛變混淆。

4

Progressiveelaborationofaproject'sspecificationsneedstobecarefullycoordinatedwith

properprojectscopedefinition,particularlyiftheprojectisperformedundercontract.When

properlydefined,thescopeoftheproject-theworktobedone-shouldbecontrolledasthe

projectandproductspecificationsareprogressivelyelaborated.Therelationshipbetweenproduct

scopeandprojectscopeisdiscussedfurtherintheChapter5introductorymaterial.

項(xiàng)目產(chǎn)品技術(shù)要求說(shuō)明書(shū)的逐步完善務(wù)必要與項(xiàng)目范圍的恰當(dāng)定義謹(jǐn)慎地協(xié)調(diào)起來(lái),在

項(xiàng)目是按合同實(shí)施時(shí),尤其應(yīng)當(dāng)如此。如果項(xiàng)目范圍即需要完成的任務(wù),規(guī)定得恰如其分,

則即便是在產(chǎn)品技術(shù)要求說(shuō)明書(shū)的逐步完善過(guò)程中,項(xiàng)目范圍仍應(yīng)保持控制狀態(tài)。第5章的

引言將進(jìn)一步討論產(chǎn)品范圍與項(xiàng)目范圍之間的關(guān)系。

Thefollowingexamplesillustrateprogressiveelaborationintwodifferentapplicationareas:

下面舉兩個(gè)在不同應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域中的例子,說(shuō)明逐步完善的含義。

Developmentofachemicalprocessingplantbeginswithprocessengineeringtodefinethe

characteristicsoftheprocess.Thesecharacteristicsareusedtodesignthemajorprocessingunits.

Thisinformationbecomesthebasisforengineeringdesign,whichdefinesboththedetailedplant

layoutandthemechanicalcharacteristicsoftheprocessunitsandancillaryfacilities.Allofthis

resultsindesigndrawingsthatareelaboratedtoproducefabricationandconstructiondrawings.

Duringconstruction,interpretationsandadaptationsaremadeasneededandaresubjecttoproper

approval.Thisfurtherelaborationofthedeliverablesiscapturedinas-builtdrawings,andfinal

operatingadjustmentsaremadeduringtestingandturnover.

化工廠的建設(shè)開(kāi)始時(shí)要進(jìn)行流程設(shè)計(jì),確定該流程的工藝特點(diǎn),主要的加工設(shè)備就要根

據(jù)這些工藝特點(diǎn)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)。這些資料就是工程設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)。設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程既規(guī)定了加工設(shè)施的詳細(xì)

布局,又規(guī)定了加工設(shè)備和輔助設(shè)施的力學(xué)特征。所有這些最后都要用設(shè)計(jì)圖紙表現(xiàn)出來(lái),

這些圖紙要一步?步地具體化,變成建筑施工圖。在施工過(guò)程中,必要時(shí)還要對(duì)施工圖進(jìn)行

解釋與修改,并取得有關(guān)方面的批準(zhǔn)。這些特征的逐步完善最終都反映在竣工圖中。在檢測(cè)

和移交階段,通常還以最終運(yùn)行調(diào)整的形式進(jìn)一步完善這些特征。

Theproductofaneconomicdevelopmentprojectmayinitiallybedefinedas:"Improvethe

qualityoflifeofthelowestincomeresidentsofcommunityX."Astheprojectproceeds,the

productsmaybedescribedmorespecificallyas,forexample:''Provideaccesstofoodandwaterto

500low-incomeresidentsincommunityX."Thenextroundofprogressiveelaborationmight

focusexclusivelyonincreasingagricultureproductionandmarketing,withprovisionofwater

deemedtobeasecondaryprioritytobeinitiatedoncetheagriculturalcomponentiswellunder

way.

經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目的產(chǎn)品在開(kāi)始時(shí)很可能被定義為“改善X地區(qū)最低收入居民的生活質(zhì)量”。

隨著項(xiàng)目的績(jī)效,項(xiàng)目的產(chǎn)品可能就變得更為具體,如變成“為X地區(qū)的500名最低收入居

民提供食品和水”。下一輪逐步完善的重點(diǎn)也許就完全放到了提高農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量和銷(xiāo)售量,把

供水部分的重要性降到第二位,留待農(nóng)業(yè)部分取得相當(dāng)績(jī)效后,再開(kāi)始付諸實(shí)施。

項(xiàng)目與日常業(yè)務(wù)的關(guān)系(中英對(duì)照)

Projectsvs.OperationalWork

項(xiàng)目與日常業(yè)務(wù)的關(guān)系

5

Organizationsperformworktoachieveasetofobjectives.Generally,workcanbecategorized

aseitherprojectsoroperations,althoughthetwosometimesoverlap.Theysharemanyofthe

followingcharacteristics:

每個(gè)組織都為實(shí)現(xiàn)某些目標(biāo)而從事某種工作。一般說(shuō)來(lái),工作可以指日常運(yùn)作或項(xiàng)目,

雖然兩者有時(shí)重疊。日常運(yùn)作和項(xiàng)目也有許多共同之處,它們是:

Performedbypeople

由人來(lái)做;

Constrainedbylimitedresources

受制于有限的資源;

Planned,executed,andcontrolled.

需要規(guī)劃、執(zhí)行和控制。

Projectsandoperationsdifferprimarilyinthatoperationsareongoingandrepetitive,while

projectsaretemporaryandunique.

日常運(yùn)作和項(xiàng)目?jī)烧咧g的區(qū)分主要在于:日常運(yùn)作是持續(xù)不斷和重復(fù)進(jìn)行的,而項(xiàng)目

是臨時(shí)性的、獨(dú)特的。

Theobjectivesofprojectsandoperationsarefundamentallydifferent.Thepurposeofaproject

istoattainitsobjectiveandthenterminate.Conversely,theobjectiveofanongoingoperationisto

sustainthebusiness.Projectsaredifferentbecausetheprojectconcludeswhenitsspecific

objectiveshavebeenattained,whileoperationsadoptanewsetofobjectivesandthework

continues.

項(xiàng)目和日常運(yùn)作的目標(biāo)有本質(zhì)的不同。項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)是實(shí)現(xiàn)其目標(biāo),然后結(jié)束項(xiàng)目,而持

續(xù)進(jìn)行的日常運(yùn)作的目標(biāo)一般是為了維持經(jīng)營(yíng)。項(xiàng)目的本質(zhì)與日常運(yùn)作大相徑庭,因?yàn)楫?dāng)宣

布的目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)時(shí),項(xiàng)目就結(jié)束了。相比之下,日常運(yùn)作是確定一組新目標(biāo),然后持續(xù)進(jìn)行。

Projectsareundertakenatalllevelsoftheorganizationandtheycaninvolveasinglepersonor

manythousands.Theirdurationrangesfromafewweekstoseveralyears.Projectscaninvolve

oneormanyorganizationalunits,suchasjointventuresandpartnerships.Examplesofprojects

include,butarenotlimitedto:

項(xiàng)目是在組織中的所有層次上進(jìn)行的。項(xiàng)目可能僅需一人,也可能需要成千上萬(wàn)人的參

與。完成項(xiàng)目可能需要兒個(gè)星期,也可能需要多年。項(xiàng)目可能只涉及組織中的一個(gè)單位,也

可能要跨越若干個(gè)單位,如組成聯(lián)合體和伙伴關(guān)系。下面是項(xiàng)目的一些例子:

Developinganewproductorservice

開(kāi)發(fā)一項(xiàng)新產(chǎn)品或者新服務(wù);

Effectingachangeinstructure,staffing,orstyleofanorganization

實(shí)現(xiàn)組織機(jī)構(gòu)、人員配備或工作作風(fēng)的變革;

Designinganewtransportationvehicle

設(shè)計(jì)一種新的運(yùn)輸車(chē)輛;

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Developingoracquiringanewormodifiedinformationsystem

開(kāi)發(fā)或購(gòu)買(mǎi)一套新的或改進(jìn)的信息系統(tǒng);

Constructingabuildingorfacility

建造一座房屋或設(shè)施;

Buildingawatersystemforacommunity

為某個(gè)社區(qū)建造供水系統(tǒng);

Runningacampaignforpoliticaloffice

謀取政治職位的競(jìng)選運(yùn)動(dòng);

Implementinganewbusinessprocedureorprocess

實(shí)施一種全新的經(jīng)營(yíng)程序或流程;

Respondingtoacontractsolicitationo

響應(yīng)某合同的招標(biāo)。

項(xiàng)目和戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃(中英對(duì)照)

ProjectsandStrategicPlanning

項(xiàng)目和戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃

Projectsareameansoforganizingactivitiesthatcannotbeaddressedwithintheorganization's

normaloperationallimits.Projectsare,therefore,oftenutilizedasameansofachievingan

organization'sstrategicplan,whethertheprojectteamisemployedbytheorganizationorisa

contractedserviceprovider.

項(xiàng)目是組織在目常運(yùn)作范國(guó)內(nèi)無(wú)法處理的活動(dòng)的一種手段。因此,項(xiàng)目經(jīng)常當(dāng)做實(shí)現(xiàn)組

織戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃的?種手段使用,不管項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)是該組織的員工,還是服務(wù)合同的承包者。

Projectsaretypicallyauthorizedasaresultofoneormoreofthefollowingstrategic

considerations:

以下的一項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)戰(zhàn)略考量,是項(xiàng)目批準(zhǔn)的典型依據(jù):

Amarketdemand(e.g.,anoilcompanyauthorizesaprojecttobuildanewrefineryin

responsetochronicgasolineshortages)

市場(chǎng)需求(例如,由于汽油短缺,某汽車(chē)公司批準(zhǔn)制造低油耗汽車(chē))。

Anorganizationalneed(e.g.,atrainingcompanyauthorizesaprojecttocreateanewcoursein

ordertoincreaseitsrevenues)

營(yíng)運(yùn)需要(例如,某培訓(xùn)公司批準(zhǔn)新設(shè)課程項(xiàng)目,以增加收入)。

Acustomerrequest(e.g.,anelectricutilityauthorizesaprojecttobuildanewsubstationto

serveanewindustrialpark)

客戶要求(例如,電業(yè)局批準(zhǔn)新建變電站項(xiàng)目,為新工業(yè)園區(qū)供電)。

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Atechnologicaladvance(e.g.,asoftwarefirmauthorizesanewprojecttodevelopanew

generationofvideogamesaftertheintroductionofnewgame-playingequipmentbyelectronics

firms)

技術(shù)進(jìn)步(例如,電子公司在電腦內(nèi)存技術(shù)改進(jìn)后,批準(zhǔn)研制新視頻游戲機(jī)項(xiàng)目)。

Alegalrequirement(e.g.,apaintmanufacturerauthorizesaprojecttoestablishguidelinesfor

thehandlingofanewtoxicmaterial)。

法律要求(例如,油漆廠批準(zhǔn)制定有毒材料使用須知項(xiàng)目)。

什么是項(xiàng)目管理(中英對(duì)照)

WhatisProjectManagement?

什么是項(xiàng)目管理?

Projectmanagementistheapplicationofknowledge,skills,toolsandtechniquestoproject

activitiestomeetprojectrequirements.Projectmanagementisaccomplishedthroughthe

applicationandintegrationoftheprojectmanagementprocessesofinitiating,planning,executing,

monitoringandcontrolling,andclosing.Theprojectmanageristhepersonresponsiblefor

accomplishingtheprojectobjectives.

項(xiàng)目管理就是把各種知識(shí)、技能、手段和技術(shù)應(yīng)用于項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)之中,以達(dá)到項(xiàng)目的要求。

項(xiàng)目管理是通過(guò)應(yīng)用和綜合諸如啟動(dòng)、規(guī)劃、實(shí)施、監(jiān)控和收尾等項(xiàng)目管理過(guò)程來(lái)進(jìn)行的。

項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理是負(fù)責(zé)實(shí)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)的個(gè)人。

Managingaprojectincludes:

管理一個(gè)項(xiàng)目包括:

Identifyingrequirements

識(shí)別要求;

Establishingclearandachievableobjectives

確定清楚而乂能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)的IM標(biāo);

Balancingthecompetingdemandsforquality,scope,timeandcost

權(quán)衡質(zhì)量、范國(guó)、時(shí)間和費(fèi)用力一面互不相讓的要求;

Adaptingthespecifications,plans,andapproachtothedifferentconcernsandexpectations

ofthevariousstakeholders.

使技術(shù)規(guī)定說(shuō)明書(shū)、計(jì)劃和力一法適合于各種各樣利害關(guān)系者的不同需求與期望。

Projectmanagersoftentalkofa“tripleconstraint”—projectscope,timeandcost—inmanaging

competingprojectrequirements.Projectqualityisaffectedbybalancingthesethreefactors.High

qualityprojectsdelivertherequiredproduct,serviceorresultwithinscope,ontime,andwithin

budget.Therelationshipamongthesefactorsissuchthatifanyoneofthethreefactorschanges,at

leastoneotherfactorislikelytobeaffected.Projectmanagersalsomanageprojectsinresponseto

uncertainty.Projectriskisanuncertaineventorconditionthat,ifitoccurs,hasapositiveor

negativeeffectonatleastoneprojectobjective.

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項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理經(jīng)常提到,在出現(xiàn)管理互不相讓的要求時(shí)遇到的項(xiàng)目范國(guó)、時(shí)間和費(fèi)用“三重制

約''的問(wèn)題。項(xiàng)目的質(zhì)量受這三個(gè)因素權(quán)衡的不利影響。高質(zhì)量的項(xiàng)目能在預(yù)算內(nèi)按時(shí)提交

滿足要求的產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)或成果。上述因素之間的關(guān)系是,如果三個(gè)因素之一發(fā)生了變化,其

他因素中至少有一個(gè)會(huì)受到影響。項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理還根據(jù)不確定性來(lái)管理項(xiàng)目。項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是一旦發(fā)

生至少會(huì)積極或消極影響一個(gè)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)的不確定事件或條件。

Theprojectmanagementteamhasaprofessionalresponsibilitytoitsstakeholdersincluding

customers,theperformingorganization,andthepublic.PMImembersadheretoa“Codeof

Ethics“andthosewiththeProjectManagementProfessional(PMP?)certificationadheretoa

“CodeofProfessionalConduct."ProjectteammemberswhoarePMImembersand/orPMPsare

obligatedtoadheretothecurrentversionsofthesecodes.

項(xiàng)目管理團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)包括顧客、實(shí)施組織和公眾在內(nèi)的利害關(guān)系者負(fù)有職業(yè)責(zé)任。項(xiàng)目管理

協(xié)會(huì)會(huì)員應(yīng)遵守“道德規(guī)范'取得項(xiàng)目管理專業(yè)人員資格的人應(yīng)遵守“職業(yè)行為規(guī)范:身為

項(xiàng)目管理協(xié)會(huì)會(huì)員和項(xiàng)目管理專業(yè)人員的項(xiàng)目管理團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的行為,必須符合上述規(guī)范最新

版本的要求。

Itisimportanttonotethatmanyoftheprocesseswithinprojectmanagementareiterative

becauseoftheexistenceof,andnecessityfor,progressiveelaborationinaprojectthroughoutthe

project'slifecycle.Thatis,asaprojectmanagementteamlearnsmoreaboutaproject,theteam

canthenmanagetoagreaterlevelofdetail.

值得注意的是,項(xiàng)目管理的許多過(guò)程都具有一再重復(fù)的性質(zhì)。其部分原因是由于項(xiàng)目在

其整個(gè)生命期中存在并需要逐步完善,即項(xiàng)目管理團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)項(xiàng)目了解得越多、越透徹,這個(gè)團(tuán)

隊(duì)就能夠更具體和更好地進(jìn)行管理。

Theterm"projectmanagemenf9issometimesusedtodescribeanorganizationalormanagerial

approachtothemanagementofprojectsandsomeongoingoperations,whichcanberedefined

asprojects,thatisalsoreferredtoas''managementbyprojects.^^Anorganizationthatadopts

thisapproachdefinesitsactivitiesasprojectsinawaythatisconsistentwiththedefinitionofa

projectprovidedinsection1.2.2.Therehasbeenatendencyinrecentyearstomanagemore

activitiesinmoreapplicationareasusingprojectmanagement.Moreorganizationsareusing

"managementbyproject.^^Thisisnottosaythatalloperationscanorshouldbeorganizedinto

projects.Theadoptionof'"managementbyproject^^isalsorelatedtotheadoptionofan

organizationalculturethatisclosetotheprojectmanagementculturedescribedinSection2.3.

Although,anunderstandingofprojectmanagementiscriticaltoanorganizationthatisusing

"managementbyprojects,adetaileddiscussionoftheapproachitselfisoutsidethescopeofthis

standard.

項(xiàng)目管理這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)有時(shí)用來(lái)說(shuō)明管理目常運(yùn)作的一種組織手段。這種手段說(shuō)得更準(zhǔn)確點(diǎn),

應(yīng)稱為以項(xiàng)目為手段進(jìn)行管理(ManagementbyProjects),它把目常運(yùn)作的許多方面作為項(xiàng)

目對(duì)待,并確保應(yīng)用的是經(jīng)過(guò)實(shí)踐證明過(guò)的項(xiàng)目管理技術(shù)。盡管對(duì)于采用以項(xiàng)目為手段進(jìn)行

管理的組織機(jī)構(gòu)而言,通曉項(xiàng)目管理是成敗的關(guān)鍵,但是對(duì)這種手段本身的詳細(xì)討論并不在

本指南討論的范國(guó)之內(nèi)。

專業(yè)知識(shí)領(lǐng)域(中英對(duì)照)

AreasofExpertise

專業(yè)知識(shí)領(lǐng)域

9

Muchoftheknowledgeandmanyofthetoolsandtechniquesformanagingprojectsareunique

toprojectmanagement,suchasworkbreakdownstructures,criticalpathanalysis,andearned

valuemanagement.However,understandingandapplyingtheknowledge,skills,tools,and

techniques,whicharegenerallyrecognizedasgoodpractice,arenotsufficientalonefor

effectiveprojectmanagement.Effectiveprojectmanagementrequiresthatthe

projectmanagementteamunderstandanduseknowledgeandskillsfromatleastfiveareasof

xpertise:

管理項(xiàng)目所需的許多知識(shí)和許多工具和技術(shù)都是項(xiàng)目管理獨(dú)有的,如工作分解結(jié)構(gòu)、關(guān)

鍵路徑分析和實(shí)現(xiàn)價(jià)值管理。然而,單單理解和應(yīng)用上述知識(shí)、技能和技術(shù)還不足以有效地

管理項(xiàng)目。有效的項(xiàng)目管理要求項(xiàng)目管理團(tuán)隊(duì)理解和利用至少5個(gè)專業(yè)知識(shí)領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)與技

能:

TheProjectManagementBodyofKnowledge

項(xiàng)目管理知識(shí)體系;

Applicationareaknowledge,standards,andregulations

應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域知識(shí)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與規(guī)章制度;

Understandingtheprojectenvironment

理解項(xiàng)目環(huán)境;

Generalmanagementknowledgeandskills

通用管理知識(shí)與技能;

Interpersonalskills.

處理人際關(guān)系技能。

Althoughtheyappearasdiscreteelements,theygenerallyoverlap;nonecanstandalone.

Effectiveprojectteamsintegratethemintoallaspectsoftheirproject.Itisnotnecessaryforevery

projectteammembertobeanexpertinallfiveareas.Infact,itisunlikelythatanyonepersonwill

havealltheknowledgeandskillsneededfortheproject.However,itisimportantthattheproject

managementteamhasfullknowledgeofthePMBOK?Guideandisconversantintheknowledge

oftheProjectManagementBodyofKnowledgeandtheotherfourareasofmanagementto

effectivelymanageaproject.

它們雖然表面上自成-體,但是一般有重疊之處,任何一方都不能獨(dú)立。有效的項(xiàng)目團(tuán)

隊(duì)在項(xiàng)目的所有方面都要綜合運(yùn)用之,但沒(méi)有必要項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)每一個(gè)成員都成為所有這5個(gè)領(lǐng)

域的專家,任何一個(gè)人都具備項(xiàng)目所需要的所有知識(shí)和技能事實(shí)上也是不可能的。然而,項(xiàng)

目管理團(tuán)隊(duì)具備本指南的全部知識(shí),熟悉項(xiàng)目管理知識(shí)體系與其他4個(gè)管理領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)對(duì)十

有效地管理項(xiàng)目是十分重要的。

應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與規(guī)章制度(中英對(duì)照)

ApplicationAreaKnowledge,StandardsandRegulations

應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域知識(shí)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與規(guī)章制度

10

Applicationareasarecategoriesofprojectsthathavecommonelementssignificantinsuch

projects,butarenotneededorpresentinallprojects.Applicationareasareusuallydefinedin

termsof:

應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域是本類項(xiàng)目具有明顯的(但并非所有項(xiàng)目所具備或所必須具備的)共同因素的

項(xiàng)目類型。應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域一般按以下方式定義:

Functionaldepartmentsandsupportingdisciplines,suchaslegal,productionandinventory

management,marketing,logistics,andpersonnel

職能部門(mén)和輔助學(xué)科,如法律、生產(chǎn)和庫(kù)存管理、營(yíng)銷(xiāo)、物流和人事管理。

Technicalelements,suchassoftwaredevelopmentorengineering,andsometimesaspecific

kindofengineering,suchaswaterandsanitationengineeringorconstructionengineering

技術(shù)因素,如軟件開(kāi)發(fā)或工程,有些時(shí)候是一種具體的工程,如給水排水工程或土建工

程。

Managementspecializations,suchasgovernmentcontracting,communitydevelopment,andnew

productdevelopment

管理專門(mén)化,如政府合同、社區(qū)開(kāi)發(fā)或新產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)。

Industrygroups,suchasautomotive,chemical,agriculture,andfinancialservices.

工業(yè)集團(tuán),如汽車(chē)、化工、農(nóng)業(yè)或金融服務(wù)。

Eachapplicationareagenerallyhasasetofacceptedstandardsandpractices,oftencodifiedin

regulations.TheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO)differentiatesbetween

standardsandregulationsasfollows:

每一個(gè)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域一般都有一套公認(rèn)的經(jīng)常以規(guī)章制度形式頒布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和做法。國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

化組織(Iso)把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)章制度做了如下區(qū)分(ISO/IECGuide2:1996):

Astandardisa''documentestablishedbyconsensusandapprovedbyarecognizedbodythat

provides,forcommonandrepeateduse,rules,guidelinesorcharacteristicsforactivitiesortheir

results,aimedattheachievementoftheoptimumdegreeoforderinagivencontext.^^Some

examplesofstandardsarecomputerdisksizesandthethermalstabilityspecificationsofhydraulic

fluids.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是一個(gè)“在經(jīng)常和反復(fù)的使用中構(gòu)成了活動(dòng)或其結(jié)果的規(guī)則、原則或特征,并由共識(shí)

確立或者公認(rèn)機(jī)構(gòu)批準(zhǔn)的文件,其目的是在既定的環(huán)境中實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳程度的秩序”。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的?

些例子有,電腦磁盤(pán)的尺寸和液壓流體的熱穩(wěn)定性。

Aregulationisagovernment-imposedrequirement,whichspecifiesproduct,processorservice

characteristics,includingtheapplicableadministrativeprovisions,withwhichcomplianceis

mandatory.Buildingcodesareanexampleofregulations.

規(guī)章制度是一個(gè)“政府機(jī)構(gòu)施加的要求。這些要求可能會(huì)決定產(chǎn)品、過(guò)程或服務(wù)遵守政府

強(qiáng)制要求的特征,包括適用的行政管理?xiàng)l文:建筑法規(guī)就是規(guī)章制度的一個(gè)例子。

Thereisanoverlapintheconceptsofstandardsandregulationsthatcauseconfusion.For

example:

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)章制度這兩個(gè)概念因有重復(fù)之處會(huì)引起混亂,例如:

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Standardsoftenbeginasguidelinesthatdescribeapreferredapproachandlater,with

widespreadadoption,becomegenerallyacceptedasiftheywereregulations

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)常常以描述一項(xiàng)為多數(shù)人選用的最佳方案的準(zhǔn)則形式開(kāi)始,然后,隨著其得到廣泛

采用而得到了普遍公認(rèn),如規(guī)章制度一樣。

Differentorganizationallevelscanmandatecompliance,suchaswhenagovernmentagency,

themanagementoftheperformingorganization,ortheprojectmanagementteamestablishes

specificpoliciesandprocedures.

不同的組織層次可能要求強(qiáng)制遵守,如當(dāng)政府機(jī)構(gòu)、實(shí)施組織的管理層,或者項(xiàng)目管理

團(tuán)隊(duì)確立了具體的方針和程序時(shí)。

理解項(xiàng)目環(huán)境(中英對(duì)照)

UnderstandingtheProjectEnvironment

理解項(xiàng)目環(huán)境

Virtuallyallprojectsareplannedandimplementedinasocial,economic,andenvironmentalcontext,and

haveintendedandunintendedpositiveand/ornegativeimpacts.Theprojectteamshouldconsidertheprojectin

itscultural,social,international,political,andphysicalenvironmentalcontexts.

兒乎所有的項(xiàng)目都是在某種社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境的條件下對(duì)之進(jìn)行規(guī)劃與付諸實(shí)施的,因此都會(huì)產(chǎn)生意

料之中的和未曾意料的積極和消極影響。項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)當(dāng)將項(xiàng)目置于其所處的文化、社會(huì)、國(guó)際、政治和

自然的環(huán)境及其同這些環(huán)境之間的關(guān)系中加以考慮。

Culturalandsocialenvironment.Theteamneedstounderstandhowtheprojectaffectspeopleandhow

peopleaffecttheproject.Thismayrequireanunderstandingofaspectsoftheeconomic,demographic,

educational,ethical,ethnic,religious,andothercharacteristicsofthepeoplewhomtheprojectaffectsorwho

mayhaveaninterestintheproject.Theprojectmanagershouldalsoexaminetheorganizationalcultureand

determinewhetherprojectmanagementisrecognizedasavalidrolewithaccountabilityandauthorityfor

managingtheproject.

文化與社會(huì)環(huán)境c項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)需要理解項(xiàng)目與人們之間是如何相互影響的。要做到這一點(diǎn),也許要求理

解項(xiàng)目影響或?qū)ζ溆欣﹃P(guān)系人群的經(jīng)濟(jì)、人口、教育、道德、種族、宗教狀況,以及其他特征。項(xiàng)目

經(jīng)理還應(yīng)當(dāng)研究組織文化并確定組織是否已經(jīng)承認(rèn)管理該項(xiàng)目是有正當(dāng)手續(xù)的,可以向各方面說(shuō)明情況

并獲得了管理權(quán)限的角色。

Internationalandpoliticalenvironment.Someteammembersmayneedtobefamiliarwithapplicable

international,national,regional,andlocallawsandcustoms,aswellasthepoliticalclimatethatcouldaffectthe

project.Otherinternationalfactorstoconsideraretime-zonedifferences,nationalandregionalholidays,travel

requirementsforface-to-facemeetings,andthelogisticsofteleconferencing.

國(guó)際與政治環(huán)境。某些團(tuán)隊(duì)成員需要熟悉相應(yīng)的國(guó)際、國(guó)家、地區(qū)和當(dāng)?shù)氐姆珊土?xí)慣,以及可能影

響本項(xiàng)目的政治氣候。需要考慮的其他國(guó)際因素是舉行面對(duì)面會(huì)議時(shí)的時(shí)區(qū)差別、國(guó)家與地區(qū)節(jié)假日、

旅行出差要求與電話會(huì)議的后勤保證問(wèn)題。

Physicalenvironment.Iftheprojectwillaffectitsphysicalsurroundings,someteammembersshouldbe

knowledgeableaboutthelocalecologyandphysicalgeographythatcouldaffecttheprojectorbeaffectedbythe

project.

自然環(huán)境。如果項(xiàng)目影響到自然環(huán)境,某些團(tuán)隊(duì)成員應(yīng)當(dāng)具備有關(guān)能夠影響本項(xiàng)目或受本項(xiàng)目影響的

12

通用管理知識(shí)與技能(中英對(duì)照)

GeneralManagementKnowledgeandSkills

通用管理知識(shí)與技能

Generalmanagementencompassesplanning,organizing,staffing,executing,andcontrollingtheoperationsof

anongoingenterprise.Itincludessupportingdisciplinessuchas:

通用管理包括對(duì)經(jīng)營(yíng)中的企業(yè)的11常運(yùn)作進(jìn)行規(guī)劃、組織、配備人員、實(shí)施與控制。通用管理還涉及

一些輔助學(xué)科,例如:

Financialmanagementandaccounting

財(cái)務(wù)管理與會(huì)計(jì)

Purchasingandprocurement

采購(gòu)與采辦

Salesandmarketing

銷(xiāo)售與市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)

Contractsandcommerciallaw

合同與商業(yè)法

Manufacturinganddistribution

制造與批發(fā)

Logisticsandsupplychain

物流與供應(yīng)鏈

Strategicplanning,tacticalplanning,andoperationalplanning

戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃、戰(zhàn)術(shù)規(guī)劃與實(shí)施規(guī)劃

Organizationalstructures,organizationalbehavior,personneladministration,compensation,benefits,and

careerpaths

組織結(jié)構(gòu)、組織行為、人事管理、補(bǔ)償、福利與成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程

Healthandsafetypractices

健康與安全做法

Informationtechnology.

信息技術(shù)

Generalmanagementprovidesthefoundationforbuildingprojectmanagementskillsandisoftenessentialfor

theprojectmanager.Onanygivenproject,skillinanynumberofgeneralmanagementareasmayberequired.

Generalmanagementliteraturedocumentstheseskills,andtheirapplicationisfundamentallythesameona

project.

13

通用管理是掌握項(xiàng)目管理技能的基礎(chǔ),因此對(duì)于項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理而言是十分重要的。在任何具體的項(xiàng)目上,

可能要求使用許多通用項(xiàng)目管理領(lǐng)域的技能。通用管理文獻(xiàn)介紹這些技能,它們?cè)陧?xiàng)目上的應(yīng)用基本相

同。

處理人際關(guān)系技能(中英對(duì)照)

InterpersonalSkills

處理人際關(guān)系技能

Themanagementofinterpersonalrelationshipsincludes:

管理人際關(guān)系包括:

Effectivecommunication.Theexchangeofinformation

有效的溝通。交流信息。

Influencingtheorganization.Theabilityto“getthingsdone”

對(duì)組織施加影響。“把事情辦成”的能力。

Leadership.Developingavisionandstrategy,andmotivatingpeopletoachievethatvisionandstrategy

領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。構(gòu)見(jiàn)遠(yuǎn)景和戰(zhàn)略,并激勵(lì)人們實(shí)現(xiàn)之。

Motivation.Energizingpeopletoachievehighlevelsofperformanceandtoovercomebamerstochange

激勵(lì)。讓人們充滿活力去取得高水平的業(yè)績(jī)并克服變革的障礙。

Negotiationandconflictmanagement.Conferringwithotherstocometotermswiththemortoreachan

agreement

談判與沖突管理。與他人商討,與其取得一致或達(dá)成協(xié)議。

Problemsolving.Thecombinationofproblemdefinition,alternativesidentificationandanalysis,and

decision-making.

解決問(wèn)題。將明確問(wèn)題、識(shí)別解決辦法與分析和做出決定結(jié)合起來(lái)。

管理環(huán)境及計(jì)劃與計(jì)劃管理(中英對(duì)照)

ProjectManagementContext

項(xiàng)目管理環(huán)境

Projectmanagementexistsinabroadercontextthatincludesprogrammanagement,portfoliomanagement

andprojectmanagementoffice.Frequently,thereisahierarchyofstrategicplan,portfolio,program,projectand

subproject,inwhichaprogramconsistingofseveralassociatedprojectswillcontributetotheachievementofa

strategicplan.

項(xiàng)目管理處于廣泛的環(huán)境之中,包括計(jì)劃管理、綜合行動(dòng)和項(xiàng)目管理辦公室。戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃、綜合行動(dòng)、

計(jì)?劃、項(xiàng)目與子項(xiàng)目經(jīng)常組成為多層次的系統(tǒng),其中山若干項(xiàng)目聯(lián)系的項(xiàng)目組成的計(jì)劃有助于戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃

的實(shí)現(xiàn)。

ProgramsandProgramManagement

14

計(jì)劃與計(jì)劃管理

Aprogramisagroupofrelatedprojectsmanagedinacoordinatedwaytoobtainbenefitsandcontrolnot

availablefrommanagingthemindividually.Programsmayincludeelementsofrelatedworkoutsideofthe

scopeofthediscreteprojectsintheprogram.Forexample:

計(jì)劃是經(jīng)過(guò)協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一管理以便獲取單獨(dú)管理時(shí)無(wú)法取得的效益和控制的?組互相聯(lián)系的項(xiàng)目。許多計(jì)

劃還包括處于計(jì)劃中各單個(gè)項(xiàng)目范圍之外的有關(guān)工作的因素。例如:

Anewcarmodelprogramcanbebrokenupintoprojectsforthedesignandupgradesofeachmajorcomponent

(forexample,transmission,engine,interior,exterior)whiletheongoingmanufacturingoccursonthe

assemblyline

某新型汽車(chē)計(jì)劃可分解為各個(gè)主要部件(如傳動(dòng)、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、車(chē)箱內(nèi)部和外部)設(shè)計(jì)和更新的若干項(xiàng)目,

而不打斷裝配線上的制造過(guò)程。

Manyelectronicsfirmshaveprogrammanagerswhoareresponsibleforbothindividualproductreleases

(projects)andthecoordinationofmultiplereleasesoveraperiodoftime(anongoingoperation)。

許多電子器件公司都有“計(jì)劃經(jīng)理”,他們既負(fù)責(zé)單項(xiàng)產(chǎn)品的推出(項(xiàng)目),也負(fù)責(zé)長(zhǎng)期協(xié)調(diào)多項(xiàng)產(chǎn)品

的推出(持續(xù)運(yùn)作)。

Programsalsoinvolveaseriesofrepetitiveorcyclicalundertakings.Forexample:

計(jì)

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