學士建設(shè)工程招投標中存在的問題及對策

學號xxxxxxxxxxxxxxXXXXXXXXXXXX本科畢業(yè)論文建設(shè)工程招投標中存在的問題及對策探討院（系）名稱：XXXX學院專業(yè)名稱：工程管理學生姓名：XX斜指煮套導洲蹄教愛稍師告缺衡：夜趁掛X紹該譽云X氧X終X宿X倡X蘭年毯X拋月午鄭盯挪重主冰聲蝴虜明誓本間人鋪呈富交瘋的羨學錯位押論薯文舒，成是堪在青導恐師快的廳指益導會下矛，盒獨勁立勝進姓行據(jù)研她究徒工制作壤所麗取扇得假的優(yōu)成搬果可，堡所荒有件數(shù)平據(jù)織、州圖慎片它資且料免真慘實具可晴靠給。和盡腥我霉所欄知唯，谷除征文獵中鹿已膝經(jīng)暮注飄明尸引棵用孟的丹內(nèi)瓜容愈外扛，記本夾學家位歌論晌文愛的就研覆究培成否果自不消包對含換他命人落享窄有籠著筋作氏權(quán)贈的產(chǎn)內(nèi)影容奴。帥對通本辦論廣文糧所悲涉抹及春的爐研豎究季工翠作歲做院出談貢飯獻婚的縣其絨他培個嫂人僅和唇集丸體犬，理均折已垂在炸文啟中唇以螞明叮確稍的削方腸式粱標根明豆。曠本賺學么位梳論啦文速的注知欄識置產(chǎn)史權(quán)奇歸礦屬素于家X牛X蠅X退X趣X箭學曉院西。齊本跌人鹽簽裙名示：朱傘那偵浴沒族眉日治期忍：妹目佛去錄TOC\o"1-5"\h\z\uHYPERLINKsince1999,thecountryandreorganizestheconstructionmarketasthestandardthemarketeconomyorderthekeypoint,eachregionputsinthemassivemanpowerandresourcestolaunchmammothreorganization,alsoinvestigatedsomeleadingcases,howeverfundamentallyhasnotreversedthemorechaoticmarketorder.Theconstructionprojectincursthebidhasbeenconstructsthedomaintomultiplythecorruptionandproducesthecommercialbribevictimizedpersons,Chinaconstructstheconstructionprofessiondevelopmentreportaccordingto(in2006"pointedoutthat2006JanuarytoJuly,thenationProcuratorialagencyaltogetherputsacaseonfileandbegininvestigationsconstructiondomaincommercialbribecriminalcase1608,approximatelycomposesthecommercialbribecriminalcasetotal30%,occursisincurringbidslink'scommercialbribequestiontobemoreserious.Atpresent,theconstructionmarketincursinbidtohavetheproblemthefocalpoint(thisarticlealsomainlytoaimattheseprojectsinthegovernmentinvestmentprojecttomakeanalysis),speciallytheseprojectsareincurringthebidstage“thesafetystrip”,“thecontraryoperation”andsoon,haseliminatedthepotentialtendererfaircompetitionopportunity,simultaneouslygavebadgerhatstoprovidethecorruptfertilesoil.Atpresenttheprojectincurredinthebid“thecontraryoperation”alreadytospreadtoincursbideachlink,andthesinglelinkbehaviorwasalsodifficulttorecognizeillegallytocontrary.Assoonastheconstructionmarketpassedthroughreorganizesmanytimesobtainshasdecidedtheresult,buttheillegalactivitiescarriedoutofficialdutiesarriveatthehiding,fromthefewpeople“contraryoperation”totheentiremoveoftenderprocedureimproper“seriesoperation”,hasformedintheprocedurelegitimateandmateriallyisseepingthecorruption.Thiskindofconditiondoesnotgivetorenovate,thehazardousnatureisbigger,willcausetheconstructionmarkettobeatthenon-benigncompetitioncondition,theharmprofessionhealthydevelopment,andpoisonsthepartyspiritandthesocialconvention.Willincurthequestionwhichinviewoftheconstructionmarketinbidwillexist,thefollowingfromthelawsandregulations,thesystem,thesocialenvironmentaswellasthebuildingproductcharacteristic,aspectsandsoonmoveofbidoperationmechanismanalyzesitsorigin.Atpresent,thearchitecturalengineeringincursthebidbasisthelawsandregulationsismainly"aMoveofTender","Buildingordinance"andtherelatedcommand(hereafterreferstoas“moveofbidlawsandregulations”withthelocalcodeandregulation)."aMoveofTender"someprovisionstipulationitselfleavestheownerortheproxyorganizationelasticspace,ifthe12thtax(tendersvoluntarilyintheprojectownerorprincipal-agentorganization)handlesthetendermattersconcernedtheauthority;The18tharticlesecondsection,20threlateddonothavetheprejudiceprovisionstipulationtothetenderer;The40tharticletheevaluationoftenderscommitteecarriesontheappraisalandthecomparisonprovisiontothetenderdocumentsandsoon.Speakingoftheseprovision'sassurancefromsomekindofsignificance,ishigherthanthelegalrestrainttopartyconcerned'smoralrestraint.Lastyear1inJanuary,theHangzhoumunicipalconstructioncommitteereleased"HangzhouConstructionprojectTenderToactMarketregulationMeans",thegoalwasforthestandardtenderproxyorganizationbehavior.But,theauthordiscoverssometenderproxyorganization,initstenderproxymoves,whatparamountconsiderationisowner'smanner,thenregardingowner'ssubjectivewillformulationcorrespondingtenderdocument,andfromthelaw,thelawsandregulationsdiscoversthebasis,causesitstenderbehaviorlegalization.Inthetenderprocess,thetenderproxyorganizationintelligencerankwhichtheownerchooseswhetherwiththeengineeringprojectsizematch,inthisquestionordinarycircumstancestobeneglectedeasily.Hasapartofownerfordemonstrationtenderfair,fairandtherationality,hastakenthetenderagentowncorruptingpracticesonecovertmethod;Moreover,theproxyorganizationexpensecapriciousnessesandsoontenderdocumentwhich,blueprintgatherstothetendererisquitebig,therefore“thetenderpersonisauthorizedtochoosethetenderproxyorganizationvoluntarily”theexistencebigelasticspace.Atpresent,incursthecompetitivebidtobeintense,thecompetitorscore(synthesisreviewtechnique)thedisparityisweak,thelawprovidessmallelasticspatialimmediateinfluenceevaluationoftendersresult.Iftheevaluationoftenderscommitteetotenderdocuments'appraisalandthecomparison,regardingtenderdocuments'significantdeviationandtheslightdeviation,islowerthanthecostpricetorecognizeisquitefuzzy,hasnotbeenpossibletooperatetherefinementprinciple,dependsontheevaluationoftendersexpert'svocationallevelandthemoralrestraintcompletely.Thereforealsohastheelasticspaceintheappraisalstage."aMoveofTender"theachievementinstructsourcountrytoincurbidthelaw,itmustgiveallquartersmainbodypursueefficiencythespace,butasthegovernmentinvestmentproject,shouldhavesevererrulesandregulations.Thesuggestionneedstofurtherconsummatethecorrespondinglawsandregulationsandthesupervisingmechanism,maximumlimitreducesthelawsandregulationsrelatedprovisiontheflexibility,thejammingcrack,protectsincursbidslitigant'slegitimaterightsandinterests,urgesthelitiganttofulfillthelegalobligationwell,causesittoachievehaslegalsupport,guaranteedthatthetenderworkfairness,maximumlimitreducestheelasticspace.Atpresent,incursthecompetitivebidtobeintense,thecompetitorscore(synthesisreviewtechnique)thedisparityisweak,thelawprovidessmallelasticspatialimmediateinfluenceevaluationoftendersresult.Iftheevaluationoftenderscommitteetotenderdocuments'appraisalandthecomparison,regardingtenderdocuments'significantdeviationandtheslightdeviation,islowerthanthecostpricetorecognizeisquitefuzzy,hasnotbeenpossibletooperatetherefinementprinciple,dependsontheevaluationoftendersexpert'svocationallevelandthemoralrestraintcompletely.Thereforealsohastheelasticspaceintheappraisalstage."aMoveofTender"theachievementinstructsourcountrytoincurbidthelaw,itmustgiveallquartersmainbodypursueefficiencythespace,butasthegovernmentinvestmentproject,shouldhavesevererrulesandregulations.Thesuggestionneedstofurtherconsummatethecorrespondinglawsandregulationsandthesupervisingmechanism,maximumlimitreducesthelawsandregulationsrelatedprovisiontheflexibility,thejammingcrack,protectsincursbidslitigant'slegitimaterightsandinterests,urgesthelitiganttofulfillthelegalobligationwell,causesittoachievehaslegalsupport,guaranteedthatthetenderworkfairness,maximumlimitreducestheelasticspace.Presentstageourcountry'sconstructionsystembasicallystrip,blockdivision.EachImpersonalentityundertakestheprojectowner,andacceptsitshigherauthorityDepartmentresponsiblefortheworkaccordingtotheadministrativesubordinationrelationstosupervise.InordertosolvevariousprojectsImpersonalentity'scompetencelevelproblem,wasincurringthebidstagetointroducethetenderproxysystem,oversawintheconstructionstageinvitationsociety,andcompulsoryacceptedthegovernmenttosupervise.Lookingfromthepractice,theconstructionmarketexistencequestionmajorityisstartsinincursthebidstage,thetenderproxymakestheintroductionnottorealizetheprojecttoincurthetenderproceduretheimplementation“threemale”theprinciple.Investigatesitsreason,isthesystemquestion.Theexistingconstructionsystem,theprojectlegalpeoplearenotintheessentialsignificancelegalperson,itisAlllevelsofthegovernment'sconsignees,theyhavetheelasticitywhichinthelawprovidestoaskspatially,whenperformanceofofficialfunctions(choicetenderproxy,qualificationsexamination,evaluationoftenders,calibration),onlyhasthemoralrestraint,instructsthemfortheorganizationdecision-makingwhichserves.Intheeconomichasasupposition,whentheycanbytheminimumrisk(systemforhimauthority,lawprovideelasticspace)obtainsthepersonalinterestbigrepayment,themoralbindingforceappearsfrail.Inthepracticehadtheprojecttostarttheconditionwhich,thecadrefellfromahorse,realitysomecaseswasexplainingall.Thereforethesuggestionstrengthenstoaspectsurveillanceandsoonowner'stenderbehavior,tenderway,tenderscope,tenderconfigurationoforganization;Simultaneouslystrengthenstoincursthebidproxyorganizationthesupervision,completesactspersonnel'strainingandtheeducation,improvesthepersonnelqualityandtheagentquality.Theoreticallyspeaking,thearchitecturalengineeringtakesthestockcommodity,thecommercialqualityanticipatedcharacteristiccausesthedemandtoworrytothecommercialqualityuncertaintythatwhatthusthecommoditydemand(tenderperson)morepaysattentionisthecommodityproducer(tenderer)credit,achievementandconfidencelevel.Inreality,intheprojectlegalpersonmainbodylayeruponlayeractsinthesituation,constructioncommoditythischaracteristichasprovidedtheverygoodexcusetotheagent.Thegeneralconstructionproduct(mainlyreferstochangedesign),althoughthetechniquecontentisnothigh,butbecauseacontractdetailedlistprojectisnumerous,theprojectimplementationandthesettlementhavecertainexpansion,andtheprojectcostcontrolandbookkeepingprocessinghavetheelasticity,has“theblackprofit”thespace,thisspaceincurredthebidfortheengineeringprojecttoprovide“thesafetystrip”thematerialbase.Inpresent'sconstructionprocess,pricemethodsandsoonwillincreasetheresiliencethroughthedesignalteration,toincreaseorthechangecontent,toraisetoseektheimproperbenefit,willthuscausetheaspectwhichtheconstructionmarketwillformmacroscopicallycompetesexcessively,butthecommoditydemandalsowillhavemicroscopicallytherepelcompetitionintrinsicpower.Ourcountryisinthebuildsocialismmarketeconomytheelementarystep,althoughthemarketeconomyhasoccupiedthedominantpositionintheentiresociallife,butbecauselong-termplaneconomyfunctionresultandtraditionalcultureinfluence,peopleindailyactivitystillheartin“authority”.Althoughtheconstructionproductinvolvestoeachpopulace,butitdoesnotlookliketheelectricalappliancesproduct,thepopulacemayexercisethepurchaseandsurveillance'sauthorityindependently,thecauseelectricalindustrymusttakethegoodfaithmanagementasthebooks,earnsthetrustofthepeople,canobtainthemarketshare.Intherealityconstructstheproductpurchasepowertoconcentrateinthesmallnumberofpeoplehand(tenderperson,agent,evaluationoftendersExpertboard).Becausetheconstructionproductincursthebidcertaincontentsandtheprocessneedstokeepsecret,objectivelycreatedhasnotbeenadvantageousforthesocietytosupervise,reducedthetenderer,becausethefalseinformationcausedthebidriskoffailure.Also,becauseanenterprisethefalseinformationataprojectbiddefeat,asfordoesnotencountersuchreceivesthemarketpursuitlikelyintheWestdevelopedmarketingcountry,thereforethetendererprovidesthefalseinformationtoparticipateinthebidthephenomenonbeingincreasinglyfierce.Dependsonthevisibleconstructionmarket,theuseexistinginformationtechnologydefinitelymaycarryon,comprehensiveauditingaccuratelytothetendererinformation,butasaresultofthenationalunificationgoodfaithinformationplatformconformityworklagintherealitysupervisionneed,alsogave“thesafetystrip”toprovidetheopportunity.Thearchitecturalengineeringincursthebidbehaviortobecomethesocialhotspot,theleadersatalllevelsdepartment,speciallyconstructedtheadministrationDepartmentresponsiblefortheworkandtheadministrativesupervisiondepartmentputinthemassiveenergy,hasmadecertainprogress.Theleadershipassignsthecontractor,flagrantly“thecontraryoperation”thephenomenontoobtainthecontainment,but“thecontraryoperation”thebehaviorcarriedoutofficialdutiesarriveshiddenevadesstillwreakedhavocinincursinbidandputon“l(fā)egitimately”thecoat,thesephenomenainspiredustopondertheexistingmoveofbidsystem'sdesign.Theauthorbelievedthatbecauseintheconstructionproductcharacteristicandmoveofbidperson'sfactorismoreactive,ifwantsfundamentallytocontainincursinbidtheillegalillegalactivities,mustreduceintheactivitytheartificialintervention6governmentinvestmentprojecttoincurthebidin“threemale”theprinciplefoundation,stressedthatfairfirstgivesdualattentiontotheefficiencytheprinciple,tostridesinthreshold'scontractorintheconcreteoperationtotreatimpartially,incursthebid“thegamerule”toincreasetherandomperfectevaluationoftendersmeansthatguaranteesfairness,causesthegovernmentinvestmentprojectbenefitmaximization.建筑工程招投標中存在問題及成因分析自1999年國家頒布《中華人民共和國招標投標法》以來，國家把建筑市場作為規(guī)范和整頓市場經(jīng)濟秩序的重點，各地投入了大量人力物力展開了聲勢浩大的整頓活動，也查處了一些典型案件，然而并沒有從根本上扭轉(zhuǎn)較為混亂的市場秩序。建設(shè)工程招投標一直是建設(shè)領(lǐng)域滋生腐敗和產(chǎn)生商業(yè)賄賂的重災區(qū)，據(jù)《2006年中國建筑施工行業(yè)發(fā)展報告》中指出，2006年1月至7月，全國檢察機關(guān)共立案偵查建筑施工領(lǐng)域的商業(yè)賄賂犯罪案件1608件，約占商業(yè)賄賂犯罪案件總數(shù)的三成，其中，發(fā)生在招投標環(huán)節(jié)的商業(yè)賄賂問題更為嚴重。目前，建筑市場招投標活動中存在問題的焦點在政府投資工程上(本文也主要針對這些工程作出分析)，特別是這些工程在招投標階段“暗箱操作”、“違規(guī)操作”等，剝奪了潛在投標人公平競爭的機會，同時給一些腐敗分子提供了腐敗的沃土。目前工程招投標中“違規(guī)操作”已經(jīng)蔓延到招投標活動的各個環(huán)節(jié)，且單個環(huán)節(jié)行為還較難認定為違法違規(guī)。建筑市場經(jīng)過多次整頓取得了一定成效，但違規(guī)行為從公開到隱蔽，從個別人“違規(guī)操作”到整個招投標過程不正當?shù)摹跋盗胁僮鳌?，形成了程序上的合法而實質(zhì)上滲透著腐敗。這種狀況不予以整治，危害性更大，將使建筑市場處于非良性競爭狀態(tài)，危害行業(yè)的健康發(fā)展，且毒害黨風和社會風氣。針對建筑市場招投標活動中存在的問題，以下將從法規(guī)、體制、社會環(huán)境以及建筑產(chǎn)品特點、招投標活動運作機制等方面分析其成因。目前，建筑工程招投標依據(jù)的法律法規(guī)主要是《招投標法》、《建筑法》及有關(guān)部令和地方法規(guī)(以下簡稱“招投標法規(guī)”)?！墩型稑朔ā酚行l款規(guī)定本身就留給業(yè)主或代理機構(gòu)彈性空間，如第十二條賦予項目業(yè)主(自行招標或委托代理機構(gòu))辦理招標事宜的權(quán)力；第十八條第二款、第二十條有關(guān)不得對投標人有歧視性條款規(guī)定；第四十條評標委員會對投標文件進行評審和比較的條款等。對這些條款的把握從某種意義上而言，對當事者的道德約束高于法律約束。去年11月份，杭州市建委出臺了《杭州市建設(shè)工程項目招標代理市場管理辦法》，目的是為了規(guī)范招標代理機構(gòu)的行為。但是，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)一些招標代理機構(gòu)在其招標代理活動中，首先考慮的是業(yè)主的態(tài)度，然后圍繞業(yè)主的主觀意志制定相應(yīng)的招標文件，并從法律、法規(guī)中找出依據(jù)，使其招標行為合法化。在招標過程中，業(yè)主選擇的招標代理機構(gòu)資質(zhì)等級是否與工程項目大小匹配，這個問題一般情況下容易被忽視。有部分業(yè)主為顯示招標活動的公平、公正和合理性，已把招標代理作為自己舞弊的一種隱蔽手段；另外，代理機構(gòu)向投標人所收取的招標文件、圖紙等費用隨意性比較大，所以“招標人有權(quán)自行選擇招標代理機構(gòu)”存在較大的彈性空間。目前，招投標競爭非常激烈，競爭對手得分(綜合評審法)差距非常微弱，法律提供的微小彈性空間都直接影響評標結(jié)果。如評標委員會對投標文件的評審和比較中，對于投標文件的重大偏差和細微偏差、低于成本價的認定比較模糊，沒有可以操作的細化法則，完全靠評標專家的業(yè)務(wù)水平和道德約束。所以在評審階段也存在彈性空間?！墩型稑朔ā纷鳛橹笇覈型稑嘶顒拥姆桑鼞?yīng)當給各方主體追求效率的空間，但作為政府投資工程，應(yīng)有更嚴厲的規(guī)章。建議要進一步完善相應(yīng)的法律法規(guī)和監(jiān)督機制，最大限度地減少法律法規(guī)相關(guān)條款的靈活性，堵塞漏洞，保護招投標當事人的合法權(quán)益，促使當事人更好地履行法定義務(wù)，使之做到有法可依，確保招標工作的公平性，最大限度減少彈性空間。目前，招投標競爭非常激烈，競爭對手得分(綜合評審法)差距非常微弱，法律提供的微小彈性空間