初中被動語態(tài)語法講解

初中被動語態(tài)語法解說(一)語態(tài)分類英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)，主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表達(dá)主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表達(dá)主語是動作的承受者。如：Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.(主動)Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.(被動)漢語中慣用“被”、“給”、“由”、“受”等詞用來表達(dá)被動，而英語用：助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。(二)被動語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化重要體現(xiàn)在be的變化上，其形式與系動詞be的變化形式完全同樣。不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動語態(tài)，列表以下：普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am/is/are+done普通過去時(shí)：was/were+done普通將來時(shí)：shall/will+bedone普通過去將來時(shí)：should/would+bedone現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am/is/are+being+done過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was/were+being+done現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)：have/has+been+done過去完畢時(shí)：had+been+done將來完畢時(shí)：shall/will+havebeen+done過去將來完畢時(shí)：should/would+havebeen+done［注］被動語態(tài)沒有將來進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)。(三)常見的八種時(shí)態(tài)中的被動語態(tài)1.普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)：(1)Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.Riceisgrowninthesouthofthecountry.(2)Theschooldoesn'tallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.Wearenotallowedtoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.2.普通過去時(shí)：(1)Theyagreedonthebuildingofanewcarfactorylastmonth.Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth.(2)Thestudentsdidn'tforgethislessonseasily.Hislessonswerenoteasilyforgotten3.普通將來時(shí)：(1)Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.Carswillbesentabroadbysea.(2)Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool-leavers.Plentyofjobswillbegiventoschool-leavers.4.過去將來時(shí)：(1)Themanagersaidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear.Themanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedbytheendoftheyear.(2)Theworkerstoldmetheywouldmendthecarassoonaspossible.Theworkerstoldmethatthecarwouldbemendedassoonaspossible.5.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：(1)TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons.Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastedontheradio.(2)Wearepaintingtherooms.Theroomsarebeingpainted.6.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：(1)Theworkersweremendingtheroad.Theroadwasbeingmended.(2)Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreeshere.Treeswerebeingplantedherethistimelastyear.7.現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)：(1)Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetingmightbeputoff.Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetingmightbeputoff.(2)Hehasbroughthisbookhere.Hisbookhasbeenbroughthere.8.過去完畢時(shí)：(1)WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets.WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheticketshadalreadybeensoldout.(2)Peoplehadconsideredhimtobeagreatleader.Hehadbeenconsideredtobeagreatleader(四）含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動詞+be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。(1)Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass.Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass.(2)Hecanwriteagreatmanyletterswiththecomputer.Agreatmanyletterscanbewrittenwiththecomputerbyhim.(五)被動語態(tài)的使用1.當(dāng)不懂得或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，慣用被動語態(tài)，這時(shí)往往不用by短語。“Mr.White,thecupwasbrokenafterclass.”2.突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者，如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者，用by短語。TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul.3.當(dāng)漢語句子的主語既不是動作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動作的承受者時(shí)，這時(shí)慣用in+名詞作狀語，而替代by短語。ThesecarsweremadeinChina.(六)主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的辦法（1）Myauntinvitedmetoherdinnerparty.主語謂語賓語→Iwasinvited(bymyaunt)toherdinnerparty.主語謂語賓語（2）Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders.→Aspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetupintheschool.1.把主動語態(tài)的賓語變成被動語態(tài)的主語。2.把主動語態(tài)的謂語變成被動語態(tài)的be+過去分詞，時(shí)態(tài)要與原句保持一致。3.把主動語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語，放在被動語態(tài)里謂語動詞之后，by短語能夠省略。如果原句主語是地名詞作狀語。(七)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)所注意的問題1.把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)點(diǎn)名詞，在被動語態(tài)中用in+地點(diǎn)時(shí)，其謂語動詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.(對的)Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.(錯(cuò)誤)2.含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時(shí)，可分別將其中的一種賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一種不動，普通變間接賓語為主語時(shí)比較多。Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.如果把直接賓語(指物)改為主語，則在間接賓語(指人)前加適宜的介詞，如上句還能夠說：Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday.注意：1.普通在下列動詞后，常在間接賓語前用介詞to，如：bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。(1)Thebookwasshowedtotheclass.(2)Mybikewaslenttoher.2.普通在下列動詞后，間接賓語前用介詞for,如：build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。(1)Anewskirtwasmadeforme.(2)Themeatwascookedforus.(3)Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus.3.由動詞+介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們當(dāng)作一種及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或遺漏。這類動詞有：不及物動詞+介詞，如:agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout等。(1)Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.(2)Theproblemissolved.Itneedn'tbetalkedabout.及物動詞+副詞：如：bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout等。(1)Hisrequestwasturneddown.(2)Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather4.帶復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓補(bǔ))的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時(shí)，普通把主動構(gòu)造中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補(bǔ)足語保存在謂語動詞背面。如：(1)Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.→Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.(2)Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.→Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions.注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞不定式都不帶to，但改成被動語態(tài)后都帶to，這時(shí)不定式為主語補(bǔ)足語，也就是說不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語不存在省略to的問題。Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.→Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.5.當(dāng)主動句的主語是nobody,noone等含有否認(rèn)意義的不定代詞時(shí)，被動句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody,作by的賓語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榉裾J(rèn)的被動語態(tài)。如：Nobodycananswerthisquestion.誤：Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody.正：Thequestioncannotbeansweredbyanybody.6.當(dāng)否認(rèn)句中的賓語是anything,anybody,anyone等不定代詞時(shí)，在被動句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing,nobody,noone作主語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)楸囟ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如：Theyhaven'tdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean.誤：Anythinghasn'tbeendonetomaketheriverclean.正：Nothinghasbeendonetomaketheriverclean.7.以who為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動時(shí)，用bywhom放在句首：Whowrotethestory?誤：Whowasthestorywritten?正：Bywhomwasthestorywritten?8.有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和well,badly,easily等副詞連用時(shí)，表達(dá)主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動詞，用主動表達(dá)被動，這時(shí)不用被動語態(tài)，常見的有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook等。如：(1)Theclothwasheseasily.這布較好洗。(2)Thenewproductsellswell.這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。對比：Thebookssellwell.(主動句)Thebooksweresoldout.(被動句)Themeatdidn’tcookwell.(主動句)Themeatwascookedforalongtime.(被動句)9.下列狀況主動句不能改為被動句：第一，感官系動詞普通用主動形式表達(dá)被動意義，如：feel，look,seem,taste,sound,remain等。(1)—Doyoulikethematerial?—Yes,itfeelsverysoft.誤：Itisfeltverysoft.(2)Thefoodtastesdelicious.誤：Thefoodistasteddelicious.(3)Thepopmusicsoundsbeautiful.誤：Thepopmusicissoundedbeautiful.第二，謂語是及物動詞leave,enter,reach,suit,have,benefit,lack,own等。如：(1)Heenteredtheroomandgothisbook.誤：Theroomwasenteredandhisbookwasgot.(2)Shehadherhandburned.誤：Herhandwashadburned.第三，某些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài)，如：takeplace,breakout,belongto,loseheart,consistof,addupto等。如：Thefirebrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.誤：Thefirewasbrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.第四，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，如：rise,happen,succeed,remain,lie等。Whenwegottothetopofthemountain,thesunhadalreadyrisen.誤：Thesunhadalreadybeenrisen.Aftertheearthquake,fewhousesremained.誤：Aftertheearthquake,fewhouseswereremained.第五，賓語是反身代詞，互相代詞，同源賓語，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名詞等，不能變?yōu)楸粍泳渥拥闹髡Z，如：ItaughtmyselfEnglish.誤：MyselfwastaughtEnglish.Weloveeachother.誤：Eachotherisloved.10.在漢語中，有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中普通可用被動構(gòu)造來表達(dá)，例如：據(jù)說……Itissaidthat…據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)……Itisreportedthat…據(jù)推測……Itissupposedthat…但愿……Itishopedthat…眾所周知……Itiswellknownthat…普遍認(rèn)為……Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…有人建議……Itissuggestedthat…(1)Itisreportedthatitisgoingtoraintomorrow.(2)ItiswellknownthatThomasEdisoninventedtheelectriclamp.初中被動語態(tài)練習(xí)題()1.ThePeople'sRepublicofChina__onOctober1,1949.A.foundB.wasfoundedC.isfoundedD.wasfound()2.English____inCanada.A.speaksB.arespokenC.isspeakingD.isspoken()3.ThisEnglishsong___bythegirlsafterclass.A.oftensingsB.oftensangC.isoftensangD.isoftensung()4.Thiskindofcar___inJapan.A,makesB.madeC.ismakingD.ismade()5.Newcomputers___allovertheworld.A.isusedB.areusingC.areusedD.haveused()6.Ourroommust___clean.A.keepB.bekeptC.tobekeptD.tokeep()7.-I'dliketobuythatcoat.-I'msorry.___.A.itsoldB.it'ssellingC.It'sbeensoldD.ithadbeensold()8.Anewhouse___atthecorneroftheroad.A.isbuildingB.isbeingbuiltC.beenbuiltD.bebuilding()9.Thekey___onthetablewhenIleave.A.wasleftB.willbeleftC.isleftD.hasbeenleft()10.Doctors___ineverypartoftheworld.A.needB.areneedingC.areneededD.willneed()11.Hisnewbook___nextmonth.A.willbepublishedB.ispublishingC.isbeingpublishedD.hasbeenpublished()12.Japanese___ineverycountry.A.isnotspokenB.arespokenC.isspeakingD.isnotspeaking()13.Thesepapers___yet.A.havenotwrittenB.havenotbeenwrittenC.hasnotwrittenD.hasnotbeenwritten()14.Thesportsmeet___behelduntilnextweek.A.didn'tB.won'tC.isn'tD.doesn't()15.-Myshoesarewornout.A.Can'ttheybemended?B.Letmehavealookatit.C.Howmuchdotheycost?D.Can'ttheymended?()16.___thewatchbeenrepairedyet?Ibadlyneedit.A.DoesB.HasC.IsD.Are()17.___thesedesksbeneeded?A.WillB.AreC.HasD.Do()18.Why___totalkaboutityesterday?A.didn'tameetingholdB.wasn'tameetingheldC.wasn'theldameetingD.ameetingwasn'theld()19.Whowasthebook___?A.writeB.wroteC.writtenD.writtenby()20.Where___theseboxesmade?A.wasB.wereC.isD.am()21.Theflowers___often.A.mustbewaterB.mustbewateredC.mustwateredD.mustwater()22.Thebooksmay___fortwoweeks.A.bekeptB.beborrowedC.keepD.borrow()23.Thebrokenbike____herebyMrSmith.A.canmendB.canmendedC.canbemendD.canbemend()24.Theoldbridgeinmyhometown___nextmonth.A.isgoingtoberebuiltB.willrebuiltC.aregoingtoberebuiltD.aregoingtorebuilt()25.Theplay___atthetheatrenextSunday.A.isgoingtobeshownB.willshownC.willshowD.isshown()26.Theoldstonebridge___nextweekA.isgoingtoberebuiltB.willberebuildC.aregoingtoberebuiltD.willrebuild()27.Nowthesemagazines__inthelibraryforalongtime.A.havekeptB.arekeepingC.havebeenkeepingD.havebeenkept()28.Thepot___for___hotwaterA.used;keepingB.wasused;keepingC.isused;tokeepD.areused;keep()29.Tea___inthesouthofChina.A.growsB.isgrownC.weregrownD.willgrow()30.Thebridges___twoyearsago.A.isbuiltB.builtC.werebuiltD.wasbuilt()31.Wetclothesareoften___upnearafireinrainyweatherA.hangB.hangedC.hangingD.hung()32.Theriversmellsterrible.Peoplemust___dirtythingsintoit.A.bestoppedtothrowB.bestoppedfromthrowingC.stoptothrowD.stopfromthrowing()33.Theteapot___waterA.isfilledwithB.filledofC.fullingofD.filled()34.Oldpeoplemustbelookedafterwelland___politely.A.speaktoB.spokenC.speakD.spokento()35.Oldpeoplemust___.A.lookafterwellB.belookedwellafterC.lookedwellafterD.belookedafterwell()36.Newly-bornbabies___inhospital.A.aretakengoodcareB.aretakengoodcareofC.takegoodcareofD.takegoodcare()37.Theywere___atthesuddennoise.A.frighteningB.frightenedC.frightenD.frightens()38.Thesewalls___stone.A.aremadeofB.madeofC.aremadeintoD.madeinto()39.Jane___tosingusanAmericansonglastSaturday.A.calledB.wasaskedC.toldD.wassaid()40.Thepapers___tothem.A.wereshownB.showC.shownD.haveshown()41.Thecoat___hersister.A.madetoB.weremadeforC.wasmadeforD.wasmadeto()42.I___fiveminutestodecidewhetherIshouldgoornot.A.gaveB.wasgivingC.hadgivenD.wasgiven()43.Goodcare____suchthings.A.shouldtakeofB.shouldbetakenC.shouldbetakingD.shouldbetakenof()44.Shewill____goodcare____.A.take;ofB.betaken;ofC.take;foryouD.betaken;ofyou()45.Theteachermadehim___hishomework.A.todoB.doC.didD.done()46.Theboy_streetswithoutpayintheolddays.A.wasmadetocleanB.madecleanC.madetocleanD.wasmadeclean()47.Thesechildren____dance.A.wereseentoB.wereseenforC.wereseenD.sawto()48.Thesestones___well.A.arefittedB.fitC.fitsD.isfitted()49.Thebike___500yuan.A.wascostB.costedC.costD.iscosted()50.Theimportantmeeting___onacoldmorninglastyear.A.washadB.washeldC.heldD.had()51.Greatchanges___inthepasttenyearsinChina.A.tookplaceB.havetakenplaceC.weretakingplaceD.hadtakenplace()52.Youcan'tusethecomputer,it____.A.wasbrokendownB.iswrongC.isbadD.hasbrokendown()53.Greatchanges___inourcountryduringthepast20years.A.havehappenedB.happenedC.havebeenhappenedD.werehappened()54.Thewatchhasoften___down.A.satB.lainC.brokenD.fell()55.Pleasepassmeanothercup.Thisone___.A.isbrokenB.isbreakingC.brokeD.broken()56.Thestorybooks___bythewriterinthe1960s.A.arewrittenB.werewrittenC.arewritingD.werewriting()57.Whattime___thedoor___everyday?A.does;closedB.d