突發(fā)事件應(yīng)對(duì)之地雷及爆炸物MinesandIED

突發(fā)事件應(yīng)對(duì)之地雷及爆炸物

Emergencyreaction，minesandIED.地雷.PURPOSE目的Toincreaseindividualunderstandingofthemineandunexplodedordnance(UXO)threatanddevelopcountermineskillsinordertoprotecttheforcewhileconductingalloperations.提高關(guān)于地雷和未爆軍火(UXO)的了解，增加我們?cè)诠ぷ髦械膽?yīng)對(duì)能力.TRAININGOBJECTIVES訓(xùn)練目標(biāo)KNOWTHETYPESANDMECHANISEMSFOREXPOLOSIVEDEVICES了解爆炸物的機(jī)理和類型KNOWTHEINDICATORSOFMINESANDBOOBYTRAPS了解地雷和陷阱的指示STEPSTOTAKEWHENYOUENCOUNTERAMINEORUXO遭遇地雷和未爆物的反應(yīng)步驟.HAZARDIDENTIFICATION危害認(rèn)識(shí):-1MILLIONMINES一百萬顆地雷R(shí)ISKMANAGEMENT&REDUCTION風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理&降低:

EXTREMELYHIGH非常高HAZARD危害CONTROLS控制ONEMILLIONUNCLEAREDMINES一百萬顆未清除地雷

STAYONAPPROVEDROUTES只走經(jīng)過確認(rèn)的路線

STOP,AVOID,REPORT,MARK停下，避開，報(bào)告，標(biāo)志

SITUATIONALAWARENESS環(huán)境意識(shí)

LANDNAVIGATION導(dǎo)航

DEVELOPMINESENSE發(fā)展發(fā)現(xiàn)地雷的直覺RISKMANAGEMENTSCHEME風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理計(jì)劃.受到地雷影響的國(guó)家.Whathappenstoalegwhensomeonestepsonalandmine.

踩到地雷后7..Resultsofsteppingonalandmine.踩到地雷后8.Iraq伊拉克About48,000-68,000SurvivorsofERW大約48000-68000幸存者2011atlest141newcasualties(KurdistanandNorthrenIraq)-Only2weresecurityforces在2011年有141個(gè)傷員，只有2人是安全部隊(duì)成員Thisisanincreasefrom2010比2010年上升Since19918000casualtiesfromclustermunitions1991年以來，8000名傷員是被集束彈藥炸傷.MineWarfare地雷戰(zhàn)Differentthanotherweaponssystems區(qū)別于其他武器系統(tǒng)Targetcomestotheweapon目標(biāo)找上武器Weaponssystemactivated(planted)withoutaspecifictargetdetected.武器激發(fā)不需要探測(cè)目標(biāo)Don’thavetobethereforittowork.武器必需在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)CanbecrudeandstillbeVERYeffective武器可以很糙但不影響效能Requiresadvancedplanning武器需要提前布置.12.MINETYPES類型ANTI-PERSONNEL-DESIGNEDTOKILLORMAIMDISMOUNTEDTROOPS反步兵雷：用來殺死或致殘徒步人員ANTI-TANK-DESIGNEDTODESTROYORDISABLETRACKORWHEELEDVEHICLES反坦克類：用來對(duì)付履帶或輪式車輛，摧毀或使之喪失行動(dòng)能力.MineComponents結(jié)構(gòu)FiringMechanism擊發(fā)裝置Detonator雷管Booster發(fā)火藥Maincharge主爆藥Safety/armingmechanism保險(xiǎn)裝置Casing/body外殼.FUZETYPES引信類型PRESSURE(Mechanical)壓發(fā)（機(jī)械）OVERPRESSURE/DELAY松發(fā)（延時(shí)）SEISMIC震動(dòng)擊發(fā)MAGNETIC磁力擊發(fā)CHEMICAL化學(xué)擊發(fā)TRIPWIRE(PUSH/PULL)拌線（推/拉）COMMANDDETONATED指令擊發(fā).Design設(shè)計(jì)Useaslittlemetalaspossible,tomakelocationbymetaldetectorsmoredifficult.盡量少用金屬，減少被探測(cè)出來的可能Minesmademostlyfromplasticarealsoverycheaptoproduce大量使用塑料，非常便宜.AntiPersonnelMines反步兵雷Intendedtoinjureandnottokill(exceptions)故意致傷而不致死（意外）2-50gexplosives2-50克裝藥Needpressureof5-20kg需要5-20公斤壓力引發(fā)Differentblastoptions不同的爆炸選擇視頻：..\Movies\Antipersonal.wmv.AntiPersonnelMines反步兵雷.AntiPersonnelMines反步兵雷....\Movies\anothergermaninventionforthegoodofhumanity.wmv.Booby-trap詭雷.

..Anti-TankMines反坦克雷Purpose:stopatank目的：致停坦克Standardmine-7-10kg標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雷：7-10公斤Needpressureof100-300kg需要：100-300公斤觸發(fā).Anti-TankMines反坦克雷視頻.Blast爆炸Penetration射穿TiltRod觸桿OffRoute路邊.Anti-TankMines反坦克雷Blast爆炸DAMAGESVEHICLESDUETOBLAST通過爆炸來損害車輛SOMEFRAGMENTATIONMAYOCCUR會(huì)產(chǎn)生碎片.Anti-TankMines反坦克雷視頻.Anti-TankMines反坦克雷Penetration射穿ASHAPECHARGEPENETRATESTHETARGET空心裝藥戰(zhàn)斗部穿透目標(biāo).Anti-TankMines反坦克雷TiltRod觸桿.Anti-TankMines反坦克雷..\Movies\Antitank.wmv.OFF-ROUTEMINES路邊雷

FIREDEITHERBYTRIPWIREORORCOMMANDDETONATED由拌線擊發(fā)或指令擊發(fā).ACTIONSUPONDETECTION發(fā)現(xiàn)地雷后的行動(dòng)STOP停下AVOID避開REPORT報(bào)告MARK(?)標(biāo)志CONTINUEMISSION?是否繼續(xù)？..ExampleforMineEmployment布雷樣式AT(FullWidth)Minefields反坦克雷區(qū)（全寬）9-12M20-40M.VISUALDETECTION目測(cè)SURFACELAIDMINESAREUSUALLYVISIBLE路面布置的地雷通?？梢钥吹絊IGNSOFROADREPAIR(NEWFILL,PAVING,ROADPATCHES,DITCHINGORCULVERTWORK)路面被動(dòng)過（新填土、鋪過、路面補(bǔ)丁、挖溝或涵洞）WIRESLEADINGAWAYFROMTHEROAD有線拉出道路ODDFEATURESORPATTERNS奇怪的現(xiàn)象PIECESORWOODORDEBRISONROAD.路上有碎屑或木頭SIGNSTREES,POSTSORSTAKES.樹上有標(biāo)記，標(biāo)桿或木樁DAMAGEDVEHICLESORDEADANIMALS.損壞的車輛或動(dòng)物尸體.LIKELYLOCATIONSFORMINESANDBOOBYTRAPS可能布雷或設(shè)陷阱的地點(diǎn)MOUNTAINPASSESANDNARROWROADSWITHNOSHOULDERSORBYPASSES山埡口和沒有路肩的窄路OLDCHECKPOINTSANDBATTLEFIELDS舊的檢查站或舊戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)ALONGOBSTACLEBYPASSES路障旁邊OBVIOUSRESTAREAS/CLEARINGSALONGROADS明顯的休息區(qū)，經(jīng)過清掃的路邊ABANDONEDBUILDINGSANDSTRUCTURES廢棄的建筑物ABANDONEDWEAPONSANDTRINKETSATTRACTIVETOSOUVENIRHUNTERS丟棄的武器，吸引人的，值得收藏的小玩意兒.OTHERDETECTIONMETHODS其他探測(cè)方法LOCALCIVILIANSMAYKNOWWHEREMINESANDBOOBYTRAPSARELOCATEDINTHEAO.本地人可能會(huì)了解哪里埋雷或有陷阱LOCALMILITIAFORCESMAYBEABLETOPROVIDEASSISTANCEINLOCATINGTACTICALMINEFIELDS.本地的武裝組織或許能提供關(guān)于雷區(qū)的幫助LOCALLYKNOWNMARKINGSYSTEMS(ROCKPILES,BROKENBRANCHESONTREES,CROSSEDSTICKSONROADS)本地人了解關(guān)于雷區(qū)或埋雷的記號(hào)（石頭堆、樹上的斷枝、路上交叉的樹枝）.LESSONSLEARNED經(jīng)驗(yàn)ATTACHTOWCABLETOTHEBACKOFVEHICLESTOEASEEXTRACTIONOFCASUALTIESANDDISABLEDVEHICLES預(yù)備拖車?yán)|繩可以拖拽車輛和幫助傷員LEADCONVOYSWITHAHARDENEDORMINERESISTANTVEHICLE頭車要堅(jiān)固或具備抗雷性能

TIEDOWNEQUIPMENTINTHEVEHICLE車內(nèi)設(shè)備綁緊.SMALLUNITMETHODSTODECREASEVULNERABILITYTO小規(guī)模單位如何降低脆弱性CHECKWITHHIGHERTOCONFIRMROUTEISCLEAREDBEFOREMOVING出發(fā)前同上級(jí)確認(rèn)路線已經(jīng)清理過了

AVOIDPREDICTABILITY避免形成行動(dòng)慣性

SANDBAGANDHARDENSOFTSKINVEHICLES加強(qiáng)車輛外殼，比如加裝沙袋.MINESTRIKE觸雷IFAVEHICLEINACONVOYONAPREVIOUSLYCLEAREDROUTESTRIKESAMINE,ALLOTHERVEHICLESINTHECONVOYIMMEDIATELYSTOP.當(dāng)車隊(duì)中的一輛車在一條曾經(jīng)清理過的道路上觸雷，所有其他車輛要馬上停下。

MOVINGOFFTHEROADORTOWARDSTHESHOULDERS(HERRINGBONE)COULDEXPOSEMOREVEHICLESTOMINES.駛離道路或開到路肩會(huì)導(dǎo)致更多車輛觸雷

SECURITYISPROVIDEDBYMAINTAININGVEHICLESPACING保持車間距DISMOUNTEDMOVEMENTSHOULDBERESTRICTEDUNTILAPATHTOTHEDISABLEDVEHICLEISCLEAREDANDMARKED.除非道路得到清理并做好地雷標(biāo)志，所有人不應(yīng)下車走動(dòng).MINEAWARENESSTACTICALHINT

地雷意識(shí)及策略提示REGARDLESSOFTHEARMOREDVEHICLE,WHENTHEMINETHREATISHIGHERTHANTHEDIRECTFIRETHREAT,KEEPYOURHATCHES“CRACKED”O(jiān)PENANINCHORTWO.THATWAY,IFYOUDRIVEOVERAMINE,THEOVERPRESSUREFROMTHEEXPLOSIONWILLHAVEANESCAPEIFTHEHULLISPENETRATED.如果地雷的威脅大于直接火力威脅，不建議使用裝甲車輛。車輛窗戶打開一兩寸，這樣當(dāng)車輛觸雷被炸時(shí)，進(jìn)入車輛的壓力可以泄出，減少對(duì)車內(nèi)人員的殺傷.撤出

Self/UnitExtraction.視頻：Movies\new\Land-Mine-disarming-gone-wrong-[].flv.SELF/UNITEXTRACTION個(gè)體/單位撤出FREEZE(STOPALLMOVEMENTINAREA)停下（停止在區(qū)域內(nèi)的所有活動(dòng)）LEADERREPORTSTOHIGHERANDDESIGNATESPATHTOCLEARTHROUGHMINEFIELD領(lǐng)導(dǎo)馬上向上級(jí)報(bào)告，并指定方向清理撤出通道EXTRACTIONELEMENTPROBESANDMARKSAC