2003年9月大學(xué)英語四級(CET-4)真題試卷

572/790 大家版收藏級大學(xué)英語四六級真題大全 PAGE大家網(wǎng)深情奉獻！ http://www.TopS 閣明俊審校制作！2003年9月大學(xué)英語四級(CET-4)真題試卷PartIIReadingComprehension(35minutes)PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Arecentstudy,publishedinlastweek’sJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,offersapictureofhowriskyitistogetaliftfromateenagedriver,Indeed,a16-year-olddriverwiththreeormorepassengersisthreetimesaslikelytohaveafatalaccidentasateenagerdrivingalone,Bycontrast,theriskofdeathfordriversbetween30and59decreaseswitheachadditionalpassenger.Theauthorsalsofoundthatthedeathratesforteenagedriversincreaseddramaticallyafter10p.m.,andespeciallyaftermidnight,withpassengersinthecar,thedriverwasevenmorelikelytodieinalate-nightaccident.RobertFoss,ascientistattheUniversityofNorthCarolinaHighwaySafetyResearchCenter,saysthehigherdeathratesforteenagedrivershavelesstodowith“reallystupidbehavior”thanwithjustalackofdrivingexperience.“Thebasicissue.”Besays,“isthatadultswhoareresponsibleforissuinglicensesfailtorecognizehowcomplexandskilledataskdrivingis.”Bothheandtheauthorofthestudybelievethatthewaytomitigate(使…緩解)theproblemistohavestatesinstituteso-calledgraduatedlicensingsystems,inwhichgettingalicenseisamultistageprocess.Agraduatedlicenserequiresthatateenagerfirstprovehimselfcapableofdrivinginthepresenceofanadult,followedbyaperiodofdrivingwithnightofpassengerrestrictions,beforegraduatingtofulldrivingprivileges.Graduatedlicensingsystemshavereducedteenagedrivercrashes,accordingtorecentstudies.Abouthalfofthestatesnowhavesomesortofgraduatedlicensingsysteminplace,butonly10ofthosestateshaverestrictionsonpassengers,Californiaisthestrictest,withanovice(新手)driverprohibitedfromcarryinganypassengerunder20(withoutthepresenceofanadultover25)forthefirstsixmonths.21. Whichofthefollowingsituationsismostdangerousaccordingtothepassage?A)Adultsgivingalifttoteenagersonthehighwayafter10p.m.B)Ateenagerdrivingaftermidnightwithpassengersinthecar.C)Adultsdrivingwiththreeormoreteenagepassengerslateatnight.D)Ateenagergettingaliftfromastrangeronthehighwayatmidnight.22. AccordingtoRobertFoss.Thehighdeathrateofteenagedriversismainlydueto________.A)theirfrequentdrivingatnightB)theirimproperwayofdrivingC)theirlackofdrivingexperienceD)theirdrivingwithpassengers23. AccordingtoParagraph3.whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A)Teenagersshouldspendmoretimelearningtodrive.B)Drivingisaskilltoocomplicatedforteenagerstolearn.C)Restrictionsshouldbeimposedonteenagersapplyingtotakedrivinglessons.D)Thelicensingauthoritiesarepartlyresponsibleforteenagers’drivingaccidents.24. Asuggestedmeasuretobetakentoreduceteenagers’drivingaccidentsisthat________.A)drivinginthepresenceofanadultshouldbemadearuleB)theyshouldbeprohibitedfromtakingonpassengersC)theyshouldnotbeallowedtodriveafter10p.m.D)thelicensingsystemshouldbeimproved25. Thepresentsituationinabouthalfofthestatesisthatthegraduatedlicensingsystem________.A)isunderdiscussionB)isabouttobesetupC)hasbeenputintoeffectD)hasbeenperfectedPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ifyouknowexactlywhatyouwant,thebestroutetoajobistogetspecializedtraining.Arecentsurveyshowsthatcompanieslikegraduatesinsuchfieldsasbusinessandhealthcarewhocangotoworkimmediatelywithverylittleon-the-jobtraining.That’sespeciallytrueofboomingfieldsthatarechallengingforworkers.AtCornell’sSchoolofHotelAdministration,forexample,bachelor’sdegreegraduatesgetanaverageoffourorfivejobofferswithsalariesrangingfromthehighteenstothelow20sandplentyofchancesforrapidadvancement.Largecompanies,especially,likeabackgroundofformaleducationcoupledwithworkexperience.Butinthelongrun,toomuchspecializationdoesn’tpayoff.Business,whichhasbeenfloodedwithMBAs,nolongerconsidersthedegreeanautomaticstampofapproval.TheMBAmayopendoorsandcommandahighersalaryinitially,buttheimpactofadegreewashesoutafterfiveyears.Asfurtherevidenceoftheerosion(銷蝕)ofcorporate(公司的)faithinspecializeddegrees,MichiganState’sScheetzcitesapatternincorporatehiringpractices,althoughcompaniestendtotakeonspecialistsasnewhires,theyoftenseekoutgeneralistsformiddleandupper-levelmanagement.“Theywantsomeonewhoisn’tconstrained(限制)bynutsandboltstolookatthebigpicture,“saysScheetz.Thissoundssuspiciouslylikeaformalstatementthatyouapproveoftheliberal-artsgraduate.Timeandagainlabor-marketanalystsmentionaneedfortalentsthatliberal-artsmajorsareassumedtohave:writingandcommunicationskills,organizationalskills,open-mindednessandadaptability,andtheabilitytoanalyzeandsolveproblems,DavidBirchclaimshedoesnothireanybodywithanMBAoranengineeringdegree,“Ihireonlyliberal-artspeoplebecausetheyhavealess-than-cannedwayofdoingthings,”saysBirch.Liberal-artsmeansanacademicallythoroughandstrictprogramthatincludesliterature,history,mathematics,economics,science,humanbehavior—plusacomputercourseortwo.Withthatunderyourbelt,youcanfeelfreetospecialize,“Aliberal-artsdegreecoupledwithanMBAorsomeothertechnicaltrainingisaverygoodcombinationinthemarketplace,”saysScheetz.26. Whatkindsofpeopleareinhighdemandonthejobmarket?A)Studentswithabachelor’sdegreeinhumanities.B)PeoplewithanMBAdegreefronttopuniversities.C)Peoplewithformalschoolingplusworkexperience.D)Peoplewithspecialtraininginengineering.27. Bysaying“...buttheimpactofadegreewashesoutafterfiveyears”(Line3,Para,3),theauthormeans________.A)mostMBAprogramsfailtoprovidestudentswithasolidfoundationB)anMBAdegreedoesnothelppromotiontomanagerialpositionsC)MBAprogramswillnotbeaspopularinfiveyears’timeastheyarenowD)infivepeoplewillforgetaboutthedegreetheMBAgraduateshavegot28. AccordingtoScheetz’sstatement(Lines4-5.Para.4),companiesprefer________.A)peoplewhohaveastrategicmindB)peoplewhoaretalentedinfineartsC)peoplewhoareambitiousandaggressiveD)peoplewhohavereceivedtraininginmechanics29. DavidBirchclaimsthatheonlyhiresliberal-artspeoplebecause________.A)theyaremorecapableofhandlingchangingsituationsB)theycansticktoestablishedwaysofsolvingproblemsC)theyarethoroughlytrainedinavarietyofspecializedfieldsD)theyhaveattendedspecialprogramsinmanagement30. Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoestheauthorsupport?A)Specialistsaremoreexpensivetohirethangeneralists.B)Formalschoolingislessimportantthanjobtraining.C)On-the-jobtrainingis,inthelongrun,lesscostly.D)Generalistswilloutdospecialistsinmanagement.PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AboutsixyearsagoIwaseatinglunchinarestaurantinNewYorkCitywhenawomanandayoungboysatdownatthenexttable,Icouldn’thelpoverhearingpartsoftheirconversation.Atonepointthewomanasked:“So,howhaveyoubeen?”Andtheboy—whocouldnothavebeenmorethansevenoreightyearsold—replied.“Frankly,I’vebeenfeelingalittledepressedlately.”Thisincidentstuckinmymindbecauseitconfirmedmygrowingbeliefthatchildrenarechanging.AsfarasIcanremember,myfriendsandIdidn’tfindoutwewere“depressed”untilwewereinhighschool.Theevidenceofachangeinchildrenhasincreasedsteadilyinrecentyears.Childrendon’tseemchildlikeanymore.Childrenspeakmorelikeadults,dressmorelikeadultsandbehavemorelikeadultsthantheyusedto.Whetherthisisgoodorbadisdifficulttosay,butitcertainlyisdifferent.Childhoodasitoncewasnolongerexists,Why?Humandevelopmentisbasednotonlyoninnate(天生的)biologicalstates,butalsoonpatternsofaccesstosocialknowledge.Movementfromonesocialrotetoanotherusuallyinvolveslearningthesecretsofthenewstatus.Childrenhavealwaysbeentaughtadultsecrets,butslowlyandinstages:traditionally,wetellsixthgradersthingswekeephiddenfromfifthgraders.Inthelast30years,however,asecret-revelation(揭示)machinehasbeeninstalledin98percentofAmericanhomes.Itiscalledtelevision,Televisionpassesinformation,andindiscriminately(不加區(qū)分地),toallviewersalike,betheychildrenoradults.Unabletoresistthetemptation,manychildrenturntheirattentionfromprintedtextstothelesschallenging,morevividmovingpictures.Communicationthroughprint,asamatteroffact,allowsforagreatdealofcontroloverthesocialinformationtowhichchildrenhaveaccess.Readingandwritinginvolveacomplexcodeofsymbolsthatmustbememorizedandpractices.Childrenmustreadsimplebooksbeforetheycanreadcomplexmaterials.31. Accordingtotheauthor,feelingdepressedis________.A)asuresignofapsychologicalprobleminachildB)somethinghardlytobeexpectedinayoungchildC)aninevitablehasofchildren’smentaldevelopmentD)amentalscalepresentinallhumans,includingchildren32. Traditionally,achildissupposedtolearnabouttheadultworld________.A)throughcontactwithsocietyB)graduallyandunderguidanceC)naturallyandbybiologicalinstinctD)throughexposuretosocialinformation33. Thephenomenonthattoday’schildrenseemadultlikeisattributedbytheauthorto________.A)thewidespreadinfluenceoftelevisionB)thepoorarrangementofteachingcontentC)thefastpaceofhumanintellectualdevelopmentD)theconstantlyrisingstandardofliving34. Whyistheauthorinfavorofcommunicationthroughprintforchildren?A)Itenableschildrentogainmoresocialinformation.B)Itdevelopschildren’sinterestinreadingandwriting.C)Ithelpschildrentomemorizeandpracticemore.D)Itcancontrolwhatchildrenaretolearn.35. Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthechangeintoday’schildren?A)Hefeelsamusedbychairprematurebehavior.B)Hethinksitisaphenomenonworthyofnote.C)Heconsidersitapositivedevelopment.D)Heseemstobeupsetaboutit.PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.“Opinion”isawordthatisusedcarelesslytoday.Itisusedtorefertomattersoftaste,belief,andjudgment.Thiscasualusewouldprobablycauselittleconfusionifpeopledidn’tattachtoomuchimportancetoopinion.Unfortunately,mosttoattachgreatimportancetoit.“Ihaveasmuchrighttomyopinionasyoutoyours,”and“Everyone’sentitledtohisopinion,”arecommonexpressions.Infact,anyonewhowouldchallengeanother’sopinionislikelytobebrandedintolerant.Isthatlabelaccurate?Isitintoleranttochallengeanother’sopinion?Itdependsonwhatdefinitionofopinionyouhaveinmind.Forexample,youmayaskafriend“WhatdoyouthinkofthenewFordcars?”Andhemayreply,“Inmyopinion,they’reugly.”Inthiscase,itwouldnotonlybeintoleranttochallengehisstatement,butfoolish.Forit’sobviousthatbyopinionhemeanshispersonalpreference,amatteroftaste.Andastheoldsayinggoes,“It’spointlesstoargueaboutmattersoftaste.”Butconsiderthisverydifferentuseoftheterm,anewspaperreportsthattheSupremeCourthasdelivereditsopinioninacontroversialcase.Obviouslythejusticesdidnotshaletheirpersonalpreferences,theirmerelikesanddislikes,theystatedtheirconsideredjudgment,painstakinglyarrivedatafterthoroughinquiryanddeliberation.Mostofwhatisreferredtoasopinionfallssomewherebetweenthesetwoextremes.Itisnotanexpressionoftaste.Norisitcarefuljudgment.Yetitmaycontainelementsofboth.Itisavieworbeliefmoreorlesscasuallyarrivedat,withorwithoutexaminingtheevidence.Iseveryoneentitledtohisopinion?Ofcourse,thisisnotonlypermitted,butguaranteed.Wearefreetoactonouropinionsonlysolongas,indoingso,wedonotharmothers.36. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE,accordingtotheauthor?A)Everyonehasarighttoholdhisownopinion.B)Freeexpressionofopinionsoftenleadstoconfusion.C)Mostpeopletendtobecarelessinformingtheiropinions.D)Casualuseoftheword“opinion”oftenbringsaboutquarrels.37. Accordingtotheauthor,whoofthefollowingwouldbelaboredasintolerant?A)Someonewhoturnsadeafeartoothers’opinions.B)Someonewhocan’tputupwithothers’tastes.C)Someonewhovaluesonlytheirownopinions.D)Someonewhoseopinionharmsotherpeople.38. ThenewFordcarsarecitedasanexampletoshowthat________.A)itisfoolishtocriticizeafamousbrandB)oneshouldnotalwaysagreetoothers’opinionsC)personaltastesarenotsomethingtobechallengedD)itisunwisetoexpressone’slikesanddislikesinpublic39. Consideredjudgmentisdifferentfrompersonalpreferenceinthat________.A)itisstatedbyjudgesinthecourtB)itreflectspubliclikeanddislikesC)itisaresultofalotofcontroversyD)itisbasedoncarefulthought40. Asindicatedinthepassage,beingfreetoactonone’sopinion________.A)meansthatonecanignoreotherpeople’scriticismB)meansthatonecanimposehispreferencesonothersC)doesn’tmeanthatonehastherighttodothingsatwillD)doesn’tmeanthatonehastherighttochargeotherswithoutevidencePartIIIVocabularyandStructure(20minutes)41. Thebeamthatis________byalaserdiffersinseveralwaysfromthelightthatcomesoutofaflashlight.A)emittedB)transportedC)motivatedD)translated42. Webookedroomsatthehotel________weshouldfindnovacanciesonourarrival.A)wheneverB)ifC)sinceD)lest43. Modernformsoftransportationandcommunicationhavedonemuchto________theisolationoflifeinAlaska.A)breakthroughB)breakdownC)breakintoD)breakout44. Weknowthroughpainfulexperiencethatfreedomisneverbytheoppressor;itmustbe________bytheoppressed.A)demandedB)commandedC)requiredD)requested45. Colorandsexarenotrelevant________whetherapersonissuitableforthejob.A)onB)forC)toD)with46. ________theenormousflowoffoodfromtheentireglobe,thesecountrieshaveformanyyearsnotfeltanypopulationpressure.A)ThankstoB)BymeansofC)InlinewithD)Withregardto47. Researchuniversitieshavetokeepupwiththelatestcomputerandscientifichardware________price.A)onaccountofB)regardlessofC)inadditiontoD)nottomention48. Threeuniversitydepartmentshavebeen________$600,000todevelopgoodpracticeinteachingandlearning.A)promotedB)includedC)securedD)awarded49. Therapiddevelopmentofcommunicationstechnologyistransformingthe________inwhichpeoplecommunicateacrosstimeandspace.A)moodB)missionC)mannerD)vision50. Mr.Jonesholdsstrongviewsagainstvideogamesand________theclosingofallrecreationfacilitiesforsuchgames.A)assistsB)acknowledgesC)advocatesD)admits51. Workersinthefinearts________thoughtsandfeelingsthroughtheircreativeworks.A)transmitB)elaborateC)conveyD)contribute52. Smallasitis,theantisasmuchacreatureas________allotheranimalsonearth.A)areB)doC)isD)have53. Thepolicemandeclaredthattheblowonthevictim’shead________frombehind.A)shouldhavebeenmadeB)musthavebeenmadeC)wouldhavebeenmadeD)oughttohavebeenmade54. Findingajobcanbe________anddisappointing,andthereforeitisimportantthatyouareprepared.A)exploitingB)frustratingC)profitingD)misleading55. ItBritishgovernmentoftensaysthatfurnishingchildrenwith________totheinformationsuperhighwayisatoppriority.A)procedureB)protectionC)allowanceD)access56. LouisHerman,attheUniversityofA)installedB)equippedC)devisedD)formatted57. ResearchersattheUniversityofIllinoisdeterminedthatthe________ofafathercanhelpimproveachildA)involvementB)interactionC)associationD)communication58. Wecanacceptyourorder________paymentismadeinadvance.A)inthebeliefthatB)inorderthatC)ontheexcusethatD)onconditionthat59. Manyinthecreditindustryexpectthatcreditcardswilleventually________papermoneyforalmosteverypurchase.A)exchangeB)reduceC)replaceD)trade60. Anydonationyoucangivewillhelpus________thesufferingandisolationofthehomelessthisNewYear.A)liftB)patchC)comfortD)ease61. InIndiamorethanonehundredlanguagesarespoken,________whichonlyfourteenarerecognizedasofficial.A)ofB)inC)withD)within62. Techniquesfor________sleepwouldinvolvelearningtocontrolbothmindandbodysothatsleepcanoccur.A)cultivatingB)promotingC)pushingD)strengthening63. Itisimportantto________betweentherulesofgrammarandtheconventionsofwrittenlanguage.A)determineB)identifyC)exploreD)distinguish64. ItistooearlytosaywhetherIBM’scompetitorswillbeableto________theirproductstothenewhardwareatanaffordablecost.A)adaptB)stickC)yieldD)adopt65. Thisresearchhasattractedwidecoverageinthe________andhasfeaturedonBBCtelevision’sTomorrow’sWorld.A)dataB)sourceC)messageD)media66. IhadjustpostedtheletterwhenIrememberedthathadn’t________thecheque.A)imposedB)involvedC)enclosedD)contained67. Shehadatenseexpressiononherface,________shewereexpectingtrouble.A)eventhoughB)asthoughC)evenasD)nowthat68. Theywere________admissiontothemilitaryexhibitionbecausetheywereforeigners.A)deniedB)declinedC)deprivedD)rejected69. Itgavemeastrangefeelingofexcitementtoseemynamein________.A)prospectB)printC)processD)press70. Residentswerecuttingtheirlawns,washingtheircarsandotherwise________apleasant,sunnyday.A)idlingawayB)takingawayC)chasingawayD)drivingawayPartIVShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)Sportisoneoftheworld’slargestindustries,andmostathletesareprofessionalswhoarepaidfortheirefforts.Becauseanathletesucceedsbyachievementonly—notbyeconomicgroundorfamilyconnections—sportscanbeafastroutetowealth,andmanyathletesplayonlyformoneythanforlove.Thishasnotalwaysbeentrue.IntheancientOlympicsthewinnergotonlyawreathofoliveleaves(橄欖葉花環(huán)).Eventhoughthewinnersbecamenationalheroes,thegamesremainedamateurforcenturies.Athleteswonfame,butnomoney.Astimepassed,however,thecontestsbecameincreasinglylessamateurandcitiesbegantohireathletestorepresentthem.BythefourthcenturyA.D.,theOlympicswereruined,andtheyweresoonended.In1896,theOlympicgameswererevived(使再度興起)withthesamegoalofpureamateurcompetition.Therulesbarathleteswhohaveeverreceiveda$50prizeoranathleticscholarsorwhohavespentfourweeksinatrainingcamp.Atleastonecompetitorinthe1896gamesmetthesequalifications.HewasSpiridonLoues,awatercarrierwhowonthemarathonrace,afterrace,arichAthenianofferedhimanythinghewanted.Atrueamateur,Louesacceptedonlyacartandahorse.Thenhegaveuprunningforever.ButLoueswasanexceptionandnow,astheChairmanoftheGermanOlympicCommitteesaid,“Nobodypaysanyattentiontotheserules.”Manycountriespaytheirathletestotrainyear-round,andOlympicathletesareeagertoselltheirnamestocompaniesthatmakeeverythingfromskiequipmenttofastfood.Eventhegamesthemselveshavebecomeahugebusiness.CountriesfighttoholdtheOlympicsnotonlyforhonor,butformoney.The1972gamesinMunichcosttheGermans545milliondollars,butbysellingmedalsymbols,TVrights,food,drink,hotelrooms,andsouvenirs(紀念品),theymanagedtomakeaprofit.Appropriately,thesymbolofvictoryintheOlympicgamesisnolongerasimpleolivewreath—itisagoldmedal.S1. Tomanypeople,sportstodayisnothingbutS1.S2. Whatdomostathletesoftodaygoafter?S2.S3. WhatrewardcouldanancientGreekathleteexpect?S3.S4. BythefourthcenturyA.D.,OlympiccontestsbecameincreasinglymoreS4thusruiningtheOlympics.S5. WhentheOlympicgameswererevivedin1896,athleteswhohadreceivedspecialtrainingincampswouldbeS5.S6. WhatdidSpiridonLouesdoafterheacceptedtheAthenian’sgift?S6.S7. Accordingtotheauthor,someathletesareevenwillingtoadvertiseforbusinesseswhichsellthingslikeS7.S8. The1972MunichgamesmanagedtomakeabigprofitmainlybyS8(1)servicesandsellingS8(2). PartIIReadingComprehension21. B22. C23. D24. D25. C26. C27. B28. A29. A30. D31. B32. B33. A34. D35. B36. A37. B38. C39. D40. CPartIIIVocabularyandStructure41. A42. D43. A44. A45. C46. A47. B48. D49. C50. C51. C52. A53. B54. B55. D56. C57. A58. D59. C60. D61. A62. B63. D64. A65. D66. C67. B68. A69. B70. APartIVShortAnswerQuestionsS1. afastroutetowealthS2. moneyS3. awreathofoliveleaves/olivewreathS4. professionalS5. barredS6. Hegaveuprunningforever./Givinguprunningforever.S7. SkiequipmentandfastfoodS8. (1)hotel(2)medalsymbols,TVrights,souvenirs,foodanddrinks淺埋暗挖隧道工藝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1.豎井1.1適用范圍：本章適用于淺埋暗挖隧道開挖的豎井由格柵鋼架、鋼筋網(wǎng)片、噴射混凝土聯(lián)合組成初期支護的施工及驗收。1.2編制參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及規(guī)范《地下鐵道工程施工及驗收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》GB50299-1999《鐵路隧道施工規(guī)范》TB10204-2002J163-20021.3術(shù)語（1）圈梁：豎井棚架支護底座的鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)。（2）豎井棚架：采用工字鋼等型鋼焊接成型的吊裝骨架，用于提升、倒運豎井及隧道內(nèi)垃圾和各種材料的吊運裝置。（3）格柵鋼架：用鋼筋或型鋼焊接加工而形成的架式支架。（4）噴射混凝土：利用壓縮空氣或其它動力，將按一定配比拌制的混凝土混合物沿管路輸送至噴頭處，以較高速度垂直射于受噴面，依賴噴射過程中水泥與骨料的連續(xù)撞擊，壓密而形成的一種混凝土。（5）干噴：將水泥和骨料干拌后送到噴嘴，在噴嘴的前端讓其與水合流的一種混凝土的施工方法。（6）濕噴：將水泥和骨料加水?dāng)嚢杈鶆蚝笾苯訃娚涞绞車娒嫔系囊环N混凝土施工方法。（7）初期支護：當(dāng)設(shè)計要求隧洞的永久支護分期完成時，隧洞開挖后及時施工的支護。（8）鋼支撐：采用工字鋼等型鋼焊接成型的支護鋼架，用于支撐初襯結(jié)構(gòu)的一種支護方式。1.4一般規(guī)定1.4.1豎井的斷面形式可采用矩形或圓形，當(dāng)?shù)刭|(zhì)情況較差時宜采用圓形。1.4.2豎井井口應(yīng)做鎖口圈梁，鎖口圈梁應(yīng)在井身掘進前完成。1.4.3豎井應(yīng)設(shè)防雨棚，井口周圍應(yīng)設(shè)防汛墻和欄桿。1.4.4豎井應(yīng)安裝上下爬梯，爬梯應(yīng)牢固可靠，利于行走，不影響豎井施工和運輸。1.4.5施工中豎井口、井底、絞車房和工作吊盤間均應(yīng)有聯(lián)系信號，必要時可設(shè)直通電話。1.5工藝流程（I）鎖口圈梁1.5.1圈梁施工前應(yīng)進行復(fù)核量測，確定豎井準(zhǔn)確位置。1.5.2開挖圈梁時嚴禁擾動圈梁底部土方，清出圈梁底后可直接澆注墊層混凝土.1.5.3墊層混凝土應(yīng)沿線路方向灌注，布灰應(yīng)均勻，其允許偏差為：＋5高程mm，表面平整度3mm。－101.5.4擋水墻高度應(yīng)高于現(xiàn)況地面該地區(qū)最高降水量。1.5.5圈梁鋼筋施工應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定：1鋼筋進場后檢查出廠材質(zhì)證明，并按規(guī)格、使用部位編號分別加墊木堆放。苫蓋，防止雨淋生銹。2鋼筋綁扎前檢查鋼筋是否銹蝕，除銹后方可綁扎。3施工墊層澆注完畢并上強度后方可進行圈梁鋼筋施工。4鋼筋綁扎應(yīng)用同標(biāo)號砂漿墊塊或塑料卡支墊，支墊間距為1m左右，并按行列式或交錯式擺放，墊塊或塑料卡與鋼筋應(yīng)固定牢固。5鋼筋綁扎搭接35d，鋼筋搭接時，中間和兩端共綁扎3處，并必須單獨綁扎后，再和交叉鋼筋綁扎，鋼筋綁扎搭接接頭必須錯開。6單支箍筋和雙支箍筋拐角處與主筋交叉點全部綁扎，雙支箍筋平直部分與主筋交叉點可交叉綁扎。7箍筋位置保證正確并垂直主筋，雙支箍筋彎鉤疊合處，沿受力方向錯開設(shè)置，單支箍筋可按交錯式排列。8鋼筋綁扎牢固穩(wěn)定，不得變形松脫和開焊。9圈梁埋件必須固定，保證牢固、位置正確，埋鐵位置根據(jù)現(xiàn)場情況設(shè)置。10驗收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：鋼筋:主筋分布間距：±10雙層筋間距：±10保護層厚度：±5雙支箍筋單面滿焊10d1.5.6圈梁模板施工應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定：1鋼筋綁扎完畢驗收后方可支搭模板。2模板進場后立即對模板除銹，并碼放好，做好苫蓋，模板使用前再對模板刷隔離劑。3模板鋪設(shè)應(yīng)牢固、平整、接縫嚴密不漏漿，相鄰兩塊模板接縫平齊，高低差不大于2mm。支架系統(tǒng)連接應(yīng)牢固穩(wěn)定。4混凝土強度達到設(shè)計強度50%方可拆除模板，拆除的模板及時清除灰渣及時維修，妥善保管。5驗收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模板：表面平整度：3模內(nèi)尺寸：+3軸線位移：51.5.7圈梁混凝土施工應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定：1模板驗收完畢后方可澆注混凝土。2混凝土澆注一般采用灰溜子澆注，配合人工手推車澆注。3混凝土振搗采用插入式梅花形振搗，振搗間距不大于50cm，振搗棒插入混凝土內(nèi)每次不短于3分鐘，直至混凝土表面不起泡為準(zhǔn)，保證混凝土的振搗密實。4混凝土塌落度14～16cm。5混凝土澆注時嚴禁向混凝土中加水。6混凝土終凝后采用澆水養(yǎng)護，養(yǎng)護時間不少于14天。7混凝土抗壓和抗?jié)B試件應(yīng)在灌注地點制作。7.驗收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（mm）軸線位移20高程+20垂直度15厚度%%p101.5.8圈梁鋼筋、模板、混凝土施工還應(yīng)符合7.1、7.2、7.3有關(guān)規(guī)定。（II）豎井棚架1.6.1豎井一般采用龍門架和電葫蘆做為運輸系統(tǒng)，并設(shè)防雨棚。1.6.2施工中所采用的龍門架和電葫蘆必須經(jīng)過計算，是否能夠達到豎井提升要求。1.6.3龍門架各立柱應(yīng)設(shè)鋼筋混凝土獨立墩，并準(zhǔn)確定位豎井圈梁上柱腳預(yù)埋鐵位置1.6.4安裝龍門架應(yīng)首先立托梁，然后架設(shè)行梁，再立龍門架的吊梁，最后架設(shè)橫撐和斜撐。1.6.5龍門架立柱與預(yù)埋鐵之間應(yīng)加設(shè)焊接三角鋼板，焊縫長度不低于2cm。1.6.6電葫蘆安裝前，應(yīng)仔細檢查有無損壞或丟失的零部件，并給起升和運行減速器加油，將加油孔密封，嚴防滲漏。1.6.7根據(jù)導(dǎo)軌情況，用調(diào)整墊圈調(diào)整電葫蘆軌道，保證輪緣與軌道翼緣間有4mm間隙。1.6.8在軌道兩端設(shè)置彈性緩沖器，以保證電葫蘆行至兩端不脫軌或防止破壞機體。1.6.9在軌道或其連接的構(gòu)架上設(shè)置地線，接地線為截面不小于25mm的金屬導(dǎo)線。1.6.10龍門架和電葫蘆使用中應(yīng)經(jīng)常檢查、維修和保養(yǎng)。1.6.11提升設(shè)備不得超負荷作業(yè)，運輸速度應(yīng)符合設(shè)備技術(shù)要求；1.6.12提升設(shè)備應(yīng)有深度指示器和防過卷、過速等保護裝置以及限速器和松繩信號等。1.6.13提升用的鋼絲繩和各種懸掛用的連接裝置，應(yīng)具有規(guī)定的安全系數(shù)，使用前應(yīng)進行拉力試驗，合格后方可安裝。（III）豎井開挖1.7.1豎井開挖采用逐榀開挖,每榀對角開挖,開挖順序為①--③--②--④，嚴禁全斷面開挖。1.7.2豎井格柵榀距嚴格按照設(shè)計要求進行，絕不允許超挖。1.7.3豎井土方開挖嚴禁向下和向外超挖，盡可能避免對豎井側(cè)壁土質(zhì)的擾動。（IV）格柵安裝1.8.1格柵宜選用鋼筋、型鋼、鋼軌等制成。格柵鋼筋的主筋直徑不宜小于18mm。1.8.2格柵應(yīng)在開挖掛網(wǎng)或噴混凝土后及時架設(shè)。1.8.3安裝前應(yīng)清除底腳下的廢渣及雜物。格柵安裝允許偏差：橫向和高程為±5cm,垂直度為±2°。1.8.4格柵安裝可在開挖面以人工進行，各節(jié)鋼架間宜以連接板、螺栓和加強筋連接。1.8.5各格柵間宜采用豎向連接筋連接，豎井四角必須各設(shè)連接筋1根。1.8.6鋼筋網(wǎng)片鋪設(shè)應(yīng)平整，并與格柵連接牢固，鋼筋網(wǎng)片搭接長度不小于一個網(wǎng)孔。1.8.7鋼筋格柵采用雙層鋼筋網(wǎng)時，應(yīng)在格柵里外側(cè)各鋪設(shè)一層，并連接牢固。1.8.8鋼筋焊接10d，單面滿焊，格柵連接板處設(shè)置4根加強筋。1.8.9鋼筋焊接時，引弧在形成焊縫部位進行，不得燒傷主筋。1.8.10鋼筋焊接過程中及時清渣，焊縫表面光滑，焊縫余高平緩過渡，弧坑必須填滿。1.8.11鋼筋焊接的焊縫厚度不小于主筋直徑的0.3倍，焊縫寬度不小于主筋直徑的0.7倍。1.8.12格柵應(yīng)與所噴混凝土形成一體，保護層厚度不得小于40mm。格柵與圍巖間的間隙必須用噴混凝土天實。（V）鋼支撐1.9.1豎井支護一般采用盤撐和對撐等鋼支撐支護方式。1.9.2豎井鋼支撐應(yīng)在豎井挖至一定深度時，按照設(shè)計要求及時安裝，一般自地面6米以上，不大于3米設(shè)一道，6米以下不大于2米設(shè)一道；最下一道鋼支撐做至豎井底板上30cm。鋼支撐應(yīng)牢固可靠，對豎井壁能夠施加預(yù)應(yīng)力，起到支護作用。1.9.3豎井鋼支撐一般采用不低于30＃工字鋼；八字支撐采用不低于25#工字鋼。1.9.4鋼支撐需要設(shè)置支架時，其支架一般采用Φ48鋼管，每兩根為一組，間距不大于3米，結(jié)構(gòu)外露稍大于所采用的工字鋼寬度，入土不小于1.0米，結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)與鋼格柵焊接牢固,鋼支撐和支架應(yīng)在同一平面內(nèi)。1.9.5工字鋼切割面無裂紋、夾渣、分層和大于1mm的缺棱。1.9.6焊縫表面不得有裂紋、焊瘤、燒穿、弧坑等缺陷。焊逢外形均勻，焊道與焊道之間過渡平滑、焊渣與飛濺物清除干凈。1.9.7豎井結(jié)構(gòu)施工時，鋼支撐上不得堆放材料或其它重物。發(fā)現(xiàn)變形、楔子松動或支撐系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障時，必須及時處理。1.9.8鋼支撐應(yīng)隨豎井回填自下而上逐層拆除，邊拆邊回填，必要時應(yīng)采取加固措施。1.9.9驗收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋼支撐安裝位置允許偏差：高程±50mm水平間距±100mm（VI）噴射混凝土1.10.1噴射混凝土應(yīng)在格柵安裝后及時進行，亦采用濕噴工藝。1.10.2噴射混凝土前應(yīng)清理場地，清掃受噴面；對機具設(shè)備進行試運轉(zhuǎn)。就緒后方可進行混凝土噴射作業(yè)。1.10.3混凝土配合比應(yīng)通過試驗確定，滿足混凝土強度和噴射工藝要求。1.10.4噴射混凝土作業(yè)應(yīng)自下而上施工，混凝土終凝至下一循環(huán)開挖土方時間應(yīng)不小于3小時。1.10.5作業(yè)開始時必須先送風(fēng)，后開機，再給料;結(jié)束時，應(yīng)待料噴完后再關(guān)風(fēng)。1.10.6噴射作業(yè)完畢或因故中斷噴射時，必須將噴射機和輸料管內(nèi)的積料清除干凈。1.10.7噴射機應(yīng)具有良好的密封性能，噴頭應(yīng)具有良好的工作性能。施工時噴頭與噴面保持垂直，保持0.6～1.0m的距離。噴手在施工時必須控制好水灰比，保持混凝土面平整，呈濕潤光澤，無干斑或滑移流淌現(xiàn)象。1.10.8混合料應(yīng)隨拌隨噴，不摻混合料的干拌料，存放時間不應(yīng)大于2h；摻有速凝劑的干混合料，存放時間不應(yīng)大于20min.1.10.9噴射混凝土回彈量不大于15%。1.10.10噴射混凝土后應(yīng)進行養(yǎng)護和保護,養(yǎng)護時間不得低于14d，溫度低于5℃不得澆水養(yǎng)護。所噴混凝土達不到設(shè)計強度的40％不得受凍。1.10.11驗收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)表面平整度允許偏差30mm矢弦比不大于1/6（VII）豎井封底1.11.1施工開挖接近井底200mm時，不得超挖或擾動井底土方。1.11.2封底嚴禁全斷面開挖,采用分段開挖預(yù)留封底鋼筋施工,封底鋼筋與豎井格柵焊接成整體。1.11.3豎井井底應(yīng)平整壓實，其允許偏差為：＋5高程mm，表面平整度20mm，并在1m范圍內(nèi)不得多于1處。井底經(jīng)－10檢查合格后，應(yīng)及時進行施工混凝土墊層。1.11.4鋼筋焊接10d;鋼筋綁扎搭接35d,鋼筋搭接時,中間和兩端共綁扎3處,并單獨綁扎后,再和交叉鋼筋綁扎,鋼筋綁扎搭接接頭錯開。1.11.5鋼筋綁扎牢固,不得有松脫開焊。1.11.6施工中根據(jù)現(xiàn)場情況預(yù)留罐坑,豎井兩端預(yù)留泵坑,泵坑、罐坑周邊及坑底采用鋼筋和雙層網(wǎng)片支護,并噴護混凝土。1.11.7驗收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋼筋:主筋分布間距：±10雙層筋間距：±10保護層厚度：±5噴射混凝土:噴層厚度不小于設(shè)計厚度砼強度不小于設(shè)計強度井底標(biāo)高-20,01.11.4鋼筋焊接10d;鋼筋綁扎搭接35d,鋼筋搭接時,中間和兩端共綁扎3處,并單獨綁扎后,再和交叉鋼筋綁扎,鋼筋綁扎搭接接頭錯開。1.11.5鋼筋綁扎牢固,不得有松脫開焊。1.11.6施工中根據(jù)現(xiàn)場情況預(yù)留罐坑7.3豎井土方開挖嚴禁向下和向外超挖，盡可能避免對豎井側(cè)壁土質(zhì)的擾動。（IV）格柵安裝1.8.1格柵宜選用鋼筋、型鋼、鋼軌等制成。格柵鋼筋的主筋直徑不宜小于18mm。1.8.2格柵應(yīng)在開挖掛網(wǎng)或噴混凝土后及時架設(shè)。1.8.3安裝前應(yīng)清除底腳下的廢渣及雜物。格柵安裝允許偏差：橫向和高程為±5cm,垂直度為±2°。1.8.4格柵安裝可在開挖面以人工進行，各節(jié)鋼架間宜以連接板、螺栓和加強筋連接。1.8.5各格柵間宜采用豎向連接筋連接，豎井四角必須各設(shè)連接筋1根。1.8.6鋼筋網(wǎng)片鋪設(shè)應(yīng)平整，并與格柵連接牢固，鋼筋網(wǎng)片搭接長度不小于一個網(wǎng)孔。1.8.7鋼筋格柵采用雙層鋼筋網(wǎng)時，應(yīng)在格柵里外側(cè)各鋪設(shè)一層，并連接牢固。1.8.8鋼筋焊接10d，單面滿焊，格柵連接板處設(shè)置4根加強筋。1.8.9鋼筋焊接時，引弧在形成焊縫部位進行，不得燒傷主筋。1.8.10鋼筋焊接過程中及時清渣，焊縫表面光滑，焊縫余高平緩過渡，弧坑必須填滿。1.8.11鋼筋焊接的焊縫厚度不小于主筋直徑的0.3倍，焊縫寬度不小于主筋直徑的0.7倍。1.8.12格柵應(yīng)與所噴混凝土形成一體，保護層厚度不得小于40mm。格柵與圍巖間的間隙必須用噴混凝土天實。（V）鋼支撐1.9.1豎井支護一般采用盤撐和對撐等鋼支撐支護方式。1.9.2豎井鋼支撐應(yīng)在豎井挖至