食品專業(yè)英語 課件 第5、6章 LESSON 5　FOOD RISK ANALYSIS AND FOOD QUALITY、LESSON 6　FOOD SAFETY TRACING

食品專業(yè)英語FoodProfessionalEnglish01OVERVIEWOFFOODSAFETY02FOODRAWMATERIALINGREDIENTANDNUTRITION03ISSUESINFOODSAFETY04FOODADDITIVES目錄CONTENTS06FOODSAFETYTRACING07FOODSAFETYANDMICROBIALINFLUENCEFACTORS08FOODQUALITYMANAGEMENT09FOODQUALITYCONTROLANDSAFETYEVALUATION05FOODRISKANALYSISANDFOODQUALITY10CRISISMANAGEMENTFORFOODINDUSTRYLESSON5FOODRISKANALYSISANDFOODQUALITY1.FOODRISKANALYSISRiskanalysis

isastructuredprocess.Itisasystematicscience.TheCodexAlimentariusCommission(CAC)dividesitintothreepartsasriskassessment,riskmanagement,andriskcommunication;thethreearerepeated,continuous,andreciprocalfeedback.Riskanalysisisdefinedasthatunderthepremiseofreferencerelatedfactors,describingthecharacteristicsoftheriskqualitativelyorquantitatively,proposingandimplementsriskmanagementmeasuresandexchangingrelevantinformationbyassessingvariousbiological,physicalandchemicalhazardswhichaffectfoodsafetyandquality.Itisthebasisforformulatingfoodsafetystandards.Furthermore,hazardsandrisksarethetwomostbasicconceptsinfoodriskanalysis,anditisimportanttoclarifyitsdefinitionforfollow-upwork.TheCAChasacleardefinitionofthetwo.Hazardisthebiological,chemicalorphysicalfactorsorconditionsinthefoodwhichmaycauseadversehealtheffects,whileriskreferstothepotentialforadversehealtheffectsandtheseverityoftheireffects,whichleadstohazardsinfood.LESSON6FOODRISKANALYSISANDFOODQUALITY2.RISKASSESSMENTAscientificallybasedprocessconsistingofthefollowingsteps:(i)Hazardidentification；(ii)Hazardcharacterization；(iii)Exposureassessment；(iv)Riskcharacterization.Intheriskanalysisframework,riskassessmentisitsscientificcore.Riskassessmentistheuseofexistingscientificdatatoidentify,confirm,andquantifytheadverseconsequencesofexposuretohazardoussubstancesinfood.Itisthelinkconnectingscientificknowledgeandmanagementmeasures,andtheresultswillbeappliedtotheformulationofrelevantpoliciesforfoodsafety.2.1HazardidentificationTheidentificationofbiological,chemical,andphysicalagentscapableofcausingadversehealtheffectsandwhichmaybepresentinaparticularfoodorgroupoffoods.2.2HazardcharacterizationThequalitativeand/orquantitativeevaluationofthenatureoftheadversehealtheffectsassociatedwithbiological,chemicalandphysicalagentswhichmaybepresentinfood.Forchemicalagents,adose-responseassessmentshouldbeperformed.Dose-responseassessmentreferstotherelationshipbetweenthedegreeofexposure(dose)ofachemical,biologicalorphysicalfactorandtheseverityand/orfrequencyofrelatedadversehealtheffects(responses).Forbiologicalorphysicalagents,adose-responseassessmentshouldbeperformedifthedataareobtainable.2.3ExposureassessmentThequalitativeand/orquantitativeevaluationofthelikelihoodofbiological,chemical,andphysicalfactorsinfood,aswellasexposuresfromothersourcesifrelevant.2.4RiskcharacterizationBasedonhazardidentification,hazardcharacterizationandexposureassessment,evaluatingoftheprobabilityandseverityofknownorpotentiallyadversehealtheffectsinagivenpopulationqualitativelyand/orquantitatively,includingconcomitantuncertainties.3.RISKMANAGEMENTRiskmanagementreferstotheprocessofmeasuringpolicychoicebasedonriskassessmentresults.Ifnecessary,selectandimplementappropriatecontroloptions,includingregulatorymeasures.Onthebasisofriskassessment,variousstakeholdersnegotiatevariousalternativefoodsafetyregulatorymeasuresorprograms,weightheadvantagesanddisadvantages,andultimatelyselectthemostappropriatepreventionorcontrolprogram.Thepurposeistocontrolfoodsafetyrisksasmuchaspossibleandsafeguardpublichealth.Riskmanagementismainlydividedintofourparts:①Preliminaryriskmanagementactivities,includingidentifyingfoodsafetyissuesandclarifyingtheirnature,describingriskconditions,determiningriskmanagementobjectives,determiningwhethertoconductriskassessmentsanddevelopingassessmentpolicies,conductingriskassessments,andconductinganalysisandclassificationofresults;②Determinationofriskmanagementoptions,includingdeterminingalternativemanagementmeasures,evaluatingalternativemanagementmeasuresandselectingoptimalmanagementmeasures;③Implementingmanagementmeasures,includingverifyingtheeffectivenessofthenecessarycontrolsystemsandimplementingcontroloverselectionmeasuresandverificationofimplementation;④Monitoringandevaluating.Theriskmanagementprocessisthefullexchangeandcoordinationbetweenriskmanagers,riskassessorsandvariousstakeholders.RiskcommunicationRiskcommunicationreferstotheinteractiveexchangeofinformationandopinionsonrisk-relatedcontentamongriskassessors,riskmanagers,consumers,andotherstakeholdersthroughouttheriskanalysisprocess.Themainpurposesare:

①Promotetheactiveparticipationofstakeholdersintheriskanalysisprocess,tostrengthentheunderstandingofallaspectsoftheassessmentissues,andtoimprovetheoverallefficiencyoftheriskanalysisprocess;②Improvetheconsistencyandtransparencyofriskmanagementdecision-making;③Promoteunderstandingofriskmanagementdecisionsbyallpartiestoensuresmoothimplementationofriskmanagementdecisions.Riskcommunicationisatwo-wayprocessandisanindispensablepartoftheriskanalysisframework.4.FOODQUALITYAfteracertainprocessing,foodhasacertainnutritionalvalueandisharmlesstothehumanbody.Sincethevalueoffoodismainlyreflectedinitspracticality,thequalityoffoodcanbedefinedasthecharacteristicsthatmeetthecustomers'needsintermsoffoodquality.5.QUALITYCHARACTERISTICSOFFOODAsatangibleproduct,itsqualitycharacteristicsincludefunctionality,credibility,safety,adaptability,economyandtimeliness.Asaspecialproduct,thequalitycharacteristicsoffoodaremainlyreflectedinthefollowingthreeaspects:（1）SafetyinthetangibleproductqualitycharacteristicsoffoodSafetyisanattributethatalwaysneedstobeconsideredfirstinthequalitycharacteristicsoffoods.Ifthesafetyoffoodproductsisnotenough,evenifotherqualitycharacteristicsarenotgood,theywilllosetheirvalueasproductsandcommodities.Thesafetyoffoodshouldensurethatthefooddoesnotcontaintoxicandharmfulchemicalsubstancesororganisms(bacteria,viruses,parasites,etc.)thatmaydamageorthreatenhumanhealth,soastoavoidtheriskofcausingfood-bornediseasestoconsumers.（2）FoodproductsarefunctionalandpracticalInadditiontotheintrinsicperformanceandexternalperformance,thefunctionalityoffoodhaspotentialculturalproperties.Intrinsicpropertiesincludenutritionalproperties,flavorlikingproperties,andphysiologicalconditioningproperties.Externalperformanceincludesfoodmodeling,style,color,lusterandsoon.Culturalperformanceincludesethnic,religious,cultural,historical,andcustomarycharacteristics(suchasMuslimfood).

（3）ThecomprehensivequalityoffoodInadditiontothequalityoftangibleproducts,foodqualityincludesprocessquality,servicequality,andworkquality.Infoodproduction,rawmaterials,productionmethods,productionenvironmentandotherfactorshaveagreatinfluenceonthequalityoffood.Inaddition,becausefoodisaconsumptiveproduct,itsservicequalityisnotreflectedintheafter-salesservice,butreflectedintheconvenienceofconsumerstobuyanduse.Ifthequalityoftheproductisaproblem,itisunavoidabletobringeconomiclossestotheuser.However,ifthereisaproblemwiththequalityofthefood,theninadditiontotheeconomicloss,theusermayalsocauselife-threatening.Withthedevelopmentofsocietyandeconomyandtheaccelerationofthepaceoflife,theproportionofpeoplebuyingready-to-eatfoodswillgraduallyincrease.Therefore,theassuranceandimprovementoffoodqualityisincreasinglyimportant.Wordspremise['prem?s]n.前提qualitatively['kw?liteitivli]adv.定性地quantitatively[uan?nt?t?t?vli]adv.定量地propose[pr?'p??z]v.提出relevant[elev?v?nt]adj.相關(guān)的framework['fre?mw??k]n.框架adverse['?dv??s]adj.不利的formulation[f??mj?'le??n]n.制定；規(guī)定concomitant[k?n'k?m?t(?)nt]n.伴隨物implement['?mpl?m(?)nt]v.實(shí)施options[p?p?nz]n.選項(xiàng)intrinsic[?n'tr?ns?k]adj.本質(zhì)的external[?k'st??n(?)l;ek-]adj.外部的luster['l?st?]n.光澤acceleration[?ksel?'re??(?)n]n.促進(jìn)stakeholder[take?kh??ld?(r)]n.利益相關(guān)者negotiate[n?'g????e?t]v.商議ultimately['?lt?m?tl?]adv.最終safeguard['se?fga?d]n.保護(hù)；護(hù)衛(wèi)preliminary[pr?'l?m?n(?)r?]adj.最初的optimal['?pt?m(?)l]adj.最理想的verification[,ver?f?'ke??(?)n]n.確認(rèn)monitor['m?n?t?]v.監(jiān)控consistency[k?n's?st(?)ns?]n.一致性transparency[tr?n'sp?r(?)ns?]n.透明indispensable[?nd?'spens?b(?)l]adj.不可缺少的organism['?rg?n,?z?m]n.生物體virus['va?r?s]n.病毒parasites['p?r?,sa?t]n.寄生蟲consumptive[k?n's?m(p)t?v]adj.消耗性的Phrasesreciprocalfeedback相互反饋hazardidentification危害識(shí)別hazardcharacterization危害特征描述exposureassessment暴露評(píng)估riskcharacterization風(fēng)險(xiǎn)特征描述Muslimfood清真食品food-borne食物傳染的follow-up后續(xù)的dose-response劑量反應(yīng)life-threatening威脅生命的ready-to-eatfood方便食品，即食食品after-sales售后服務(wù)two-wayprocess雙向過程risk-related風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)的食品專業(yè)英語FoodProfessionalEnglish01OVERVIEWOFFOODSAFETY02FOODRAWMATERIALINGREDIENTANDNUTRITION03ISSUESINFOODSAFETY04FOODADDITIVES目錄CONTENTS06FOODSAFETYTRACING07FOODSAFETYANDMICROBIALINFLUENCEFACTORS08FOODQUALITYMANAGEMENT09FOODQUALITYCONTROLANDSAFETYEVALUATION05FOODRISKANALYSISANDFOODQUALITY10CRISISMANAGEMENTFORFOODINDUSTRYLESSON6FOODSAFETYTRACING1.FoodtraceabilitysystemInrecentyears,thefrequentincidentsoffoodsafetyinacountryorregionwillnotonlythreatenthehealthofconsumersinothercountriesandeventheworld,butalsoweakentheirconfidenceforfoodsafetyandtheintegrityofcertainfood,evennationalandregionalmanagementsystemsduetotheintegrationofagriculturalproductionandfoodindustryaswellastheglobalizationoffoodtrade[1].Therefore,itisimperativetostrengthenthemanagementoffoodqualityandsafety,ensurefoodqualityandsafety,enhanceconsumers'trust,establishfoodtraceabilitysystemandrealizethetraceabilitysupervisionoffood[2].1.1FoodgeographicaloriginFoodtraceistheprocessofidentifyingaparticularproductorabatchofproductsfromthedownstreamofsupplychaintotheupstream[3].Foodgeographicalorigintracingmeansbuildingtheguidelines,techniques,meansanddocumentsrequiredbythatfoodcompaniesforestablishingfoodtrace,aswellasthesupervisiondepartmentfortracing,confirmingandrecalling.Foodauthenticityistheconsistencybetweenthefoodpurchasedbytheconsumerandthetrademarkorproductdescription,whichistheauthenticityoftheproduct.Foodgeographicaloriginauthenticityistoverifywherefoodactuallycomesfrominanobjectiveway.Itismoredifficulttodeterminewhichregionthefoodcomesfromthanwhetherthefoodisfromacertainregion.Thatistooeasyitisadifficultytorealizethefoodgeographicalorigintracing,northefoodgeographicaloriginauthenticity[4].Foodgeographicalorigintracingcanbeachievedbytracinginformationsuchaspaperpen,electroniclabelandeartag.Inthecaseofinformationbeinglostorforged,itcanbetracedthroughstableisotopefingerprint,mineralelementfingerprint,infraredspectrumfingerprint,organiccomponentfingerprintanalysisandsoon[5].LESSON7RESEARCHPROGRESSOFFOODTRACING1.2ThedevelopmentprocessoffoodqualitytracingFoodqualitytracingoriginatedinFrance,usedtoensurethequalityofwineandchampagnewhentherewerenolawsandregulationstoenforceit.Inearly21century,Europe's"madcowdisease"madefoodtracingincreasinglyimportant.Hencein2002,EuropeanUnionrule(No.178/2002)claimedthatallfoodssoldwithintheEuropeanUnionshouldbetrackedandtrackedsince2005.In2006,theEuropeanCommunityordinance(No.510/2006)requiredthatprotectionofthegeographicalandappellatenamesofagriculturalproductsandfoodshouldbeimplemented.In2008,AdministrativeMeasuresontheGeographicalIndicationofAgriculturalProductswascarriedout.In2009,FoodSafetyEnhancementActof2009requiredthatallnon-processedfoodsshouldbetaggedwithlabelstoidentifytheoriginintheUSA.InChina,foodsafetysupervisionsystemhasbeenbuiltaccordingtoFoodSafetyLawofPRCsince2009,andthenthislawwasrevisedandreferredtotheregulatoryrequirementsrelatedtotraceabilityrepeatedlyin2015.Inthesameyear,itwasrequiredtoimprovethequalityofagriculturalproductsandtheleveloffoodsafety,aswellasestablishaplatformfordatainformationsharingthroughtheInternetaccordingtotheCentralDocumentNo.1.LESSON7RESEARCHPROGRESSOFFOODTRACING1.3Fingerprinttechnologyoffoodqualitytracing

Foodqualityfingerprintingtechnologyreferstotheanalysisofthecommonnessandpersonalityofvariouscomponentsinfoodthroughpropertreatmentofthesamples,andthedifferentcharacteristicsofdifferentcomponentscanbeusedtoexpressdifferentcharacteristics(includingspectrum,chromatography,massspectrometryandotherspectra),andthenthechemicalcompositionandpropertiesoffoodarewellrepresentedbymeasuringthecharacteristicsoffood[6].Incombinationwithstoichiometry,theevaluationoffoodismoreobjectiveandcomprehensive,whichisalsointegrated,hierarchical,associative,etc.Itnotonlydependsontheadvancedanalysistechniques,butalsodependsonthemathematicalstatisticsmethodandcomputersimulationmethodology.Thefoodqualityfingerprintbasedonalotofelementworkisaneffectivereferencetoidentifyfoodsecurity.Fingerprintasanewqualitycontrolmodeiswidelyregarded,andtheapplicationofthistechnologywillplayanimportantroleinthequalitycontroloffoodandtheinspectionoffoodquality[7].LESSON7RESEARCHPROGRESSOFFOODTRACING2.Classificationoffoodqualitytracing.2.1Maintechniquesoffingerprinttracing.Itisveryimportantforthedomesticdevelopmenttodevelopthefastandaccuratetracingtechnologyofagriculturalproductsduetotheprotectionoforiginproductsaswellasthecounterfeitingandshoddyofexcellentagriculturalproducts.Agriculturalorigintraceabilityismainlyananalysischaracterizationtoidentifydifferentspecificindicatorsofregionalsourceofagriculturalproducts.Nowadays,thefingerprintmaptodistinguishtheoriginofagriculturalproductsisestablishedbasedonthetechniquesincludingthemineralelementsfingerprintsanalysistechnology,electronicnosefingerprinttechnology,nearinfraredspectralanalysistechnology,DNAfingerprinttechniques,metabonomicsfingerprinttechnologycombinedwithstoichiometrystudy,soasitcantracebacktotheoriginofdifferentkindsofagriculturalproductsformestablishingacharacteristicfingerprintthatcandistinguishtheoriginofagriculturalproducts.LESSON7RESEARCHPROGRESSOFFOODTRACING2.2TraceabilitytechnologyofmineralelementsOrganismsneedtointakemineralsfromthesurroundingenvironment,whichcannotbesynthesizedintheirbodiesandareeffectedbylocalwater,geologicalfactors,soilenvironment,etc.Thus,therearefingerprintcharacteristicsofmineralelementsintheorganismsofdifferentregions.Thistechnologycanselecttheefficientfeaturesbyanalyzingthecompositionandcontentofthedifferentsourceofmineralelementsinorganismwithmathematicalstatisticsmethodslikevarianceanalysis,clusteringanalysisanddiscriminantanalysis.Thenthediscriminantmodelanddatabaseareestablishedtorealizefoodtraceabilityandconfirmation.HaiyanZhaoetal.[8]showedthatthefingerprintanalysistechnologyofmineralelementscanbeusedinthediscriminationofwheatproducingarea.Wangetal.[9]proventhatmineralelements,asaqualityindexoftea,wererelatedtoitsqualityandsafety;atthesametimetheteamineralelementscarryingtheregionalcharacteristicfingerprintinformationcanbeusedasanimportantlandmarkusedinorigintracing.LESSON7RESEARCHPROGRESSOFFOODTRACING2.3ElectronicnosefingerprinttechnologyTheelectronicnoseisalsoknownasthescentscanner,whichcanquicklydeterminetheoverallinformationofvolatilecomponentsinsamplesthroughaspecificsensorarray,signalprocessingandpatternrecognitionsystem.Huetal.[10]usedtheelectronicnosesystemequipedequippedwith10sensorarraystoanalyzematurityof5batchesofcitruspickedatdifferenttimes(15d/batch)andthecorrectjudgmentratewas88%.Thisprovidesabasisforjudgingcitrusmaturity.Comparedwithtraditionalchemicalanalysismethodsandsensoryevaluationmethods,electronicnosefingerprinttechnologyhastheadvantagesofsimpleoperation,simplepretreatment,quickdeterminationandgoodreproducibility.However,therearestillmanyproblemsthatneedtobefurtherstudiedintermsofmanufacturingmaterials,testingenvironmentanddataprocessing.LESSON7RESEARCHPROGRESSOFFOODTRACING2.4Near-infraredspectrumtraceabilityanalysistechniqueNearinfraredandinfraredarekindsofrapidandnondestructivetestingtechniques,basedonthenon-stopvibrationandrotatingofmolecular.Eachonehasitsuniqueinfraredabsorptionspectrumdeterminedbyitscompositionandstructure,thusitcanbeusedtoanalyzeandauthenticatemolecularstructure.NingZhangetal.[11]establishedatraceabilitymodelforsheepinShandong,Hebei,InnerMongoliaandNingxia,usingnearinfraredspectruminSIMCApatternrecognitionmethodafterpretreatedwith5pointsmoothingandmultiplescattering,andtherecognitionrateofthemodelwere100%,83%,100%and92%respectively.PingZhangetal.[12]studiedtheadulterationofedibleoilusingnearinfraredspectroscopy,whichdistinguishedthreekindsofcookingoilandsesameoilmixedwithotherfatsclearly.QuanshengChenetal.[13]establishedmodelsofteavalidationofLongjing,Biluochun,QihongandTieguanyinusednear-infraredspectroscopycombiningwithSIMCApatternrecognitionmethod,andtherecognitionswere100%,83%,100%and92%,respectively.LESSON7RESEARCHPROGRESSOFFOODTRACING2.5DNAfingerprintingtechnologyDNAfingerprintisakindofgeneticmarkerbasedonthevariationofnucleotidesequenceamongorganismsthatcandirectlydetectthedifferencesbetweenindividualorganismsinDNAlevel,anditisadirectreflectionofgeneticvariationinDNAlevel.Fingerprintisapowerfultooltoidentifyvarietiesandstrains(includinghybridparentandinbredlines)withtheadvantagesofrapid,accurate,etc.Itsmainpurposeisvarietyimprovementandseedidentification,anditisverysuitableforidentificationoffoodadulterationandqualitytracingofvarietyresources.Someoftheexistingstudieshaveplayedanincreasinglyimportantroleinfish,alfalfa,rice,corn,wheat,meatproducts,fruitjuices,etc.LESSON7RESEARCHPROGRESSOFFOODTRACING2.6MetabolomicsfingerprinttechniqueMetabolomicsfingerprinttechniqueisakindofcomprehensivequalitativeandquantitativeanalysismethodconductedwithoutexplicittargetcompounds,whichcanbeusedtodetectthewholemetabolitesofacertainbio-sampleundercertainchromatographicconditions.Theaimistoquantitativelydescribethewholeendogenousmetabolites,andtheresponserulesofinternalandexternalchanges.Themainmethodisthequalitativeandquantitativeanalysis,themainmetabolitetargetanalysis,themetabolicprofileanalysis,metabolicfingerprintanalysisandmetabolomicsanalysistoallsmallmoleculemetabolitesofthewholecellsinabiologicalsystem,withinagiventimeandcondition.LESSON7RESEARCHPROGRESSOFFOODTRACING3.TheapplicationoffingerprinttechnologyinthetracingofagriculturalproductsThesourcetracingtechnologyofagriculturalproductsisoneoftheimportanttechnicalsupportsfortheprotectionofgeographicalindicationproducts,whichcanprovidethetheoreticalbasisforthetracingandconfirmationofgeographicalindicationproductsandregionalfamousproducts.Theeffectivemethodistoselectthecharacteristicfactorwhichcanrepresenttheregionalinformation,andanalyzeits‘fingerprint’characteristicsthroughstoichiometry,soastoidentifytheoriginoffood.BaoxinLu[14]determinedtheeffectiveindexoftheoriginofsoybeaninHeilongjiangusingthemineralelementfingerprinttechnique,andAs,Ru,GdandTb,asreliableindicatorswereselectedfrom46kindsofmineralelements.PinghuiLietal.[15]usedthefingerprinttechniqueofmineralelementstodeterminetheoriginofkidneybean,andselectedCa,As,MgandPt4elementstoestablishtheorigintracingmodelofkidneybean.YananZhaoetal.[16]carriedoutgeneticdiversityanalysisandscreeningto14pairsofSSRprimersfor35greenbeanvarietiesinHeilongjiangprovinceandconstructedgreenbeanSSRfingerprintandmolecularidentitycardusingSSRfluorescencelabelingtechnique,thisachievementcanbeusedfortheidentificationofgreenbeandvarieties.LESSON7RESEARCHPROGRESSOFFOODTRACING3.1ResearchonFingerprintTracingTechnologyofJaponicaRiceItisveryimportanttostudythefingerprintinformationtechnologyofriceoriginandestablishthericefingerprintdatabaseforthesoundnessanddevelopmentofthefoodsecuritycontrolsystemandthecorroborationsysteminHeilongjiangprovince.Duetotheuniquequalityandinfluenceofgeographicalindicationsbrandagriculturalproducts（GIproducts）underthedriveofeconomicinterests,thepricesoftheseproductsaremuchhigherthansimilarproductsinthemarket.TopromotethemanagementofGIproducts,itisimperativetostudythoroughlytheinfluencingfactorsoffingerprintInformationwhichisuniquetotheregionofGIproducts,establishingdiscriminantmodelsandconstructingdatabasestoenhancetheenforceabilityofrelevantlawsandregulations,andtopromotetheapplicationoftracingtechniquesinpractice.LESSON7RESEARCHPROGRESSOFFOODTRACING3.1.1FeasibilitystudyofthetracingtechnologyofmineralelementsinriceTheresearchontheoriginofdomesticfoodsourcesmainlyfocusesonthepreliminarystageofthefeasibilityofmineralelementfingerprintsonfoodorigintracing.Thecontentsofmineralelementsindifferentpartsofricecanbefoundtobesignificantlydifferent,whichresultedinthelossofK,Ca,NaandotherelementsaftermillingthroughusingX-rayphotoelectronspectrometertotesttherice.Atthesametime,thecontentandcompositionofmineralelementsinagriculturalproductscarrytheinformationoforigin.Thecontentandcompositionofmineralelementsindifferentagriculturalproductsaredifferent.Itisfeasibletoidentifytheoriginofricebymeansofmineralelementfingerprintanalysis.LESSON7RESEARCHPROGRESSOFFOODTRACING(1)Variationofmineralelementcontentinjaponicaricebyvariety,regionandprocessingprecisionThecontentofmineralelementsinriceisaffectedbymanyfactors.Theresultthatricevariety,regionandprocessingprecisioncaninfluencethecontentofmineralelementsinjaponicariceprovidestheoreticalreferencefortheapplicationoffingerprinttracingtechnologyofmineralelementsinagriculturalproducts.(2)AnalysisofsoilmineralelementsindifferentregionsThecontentofmineralelementsinfoodiscloselyrelatedtoitshabitat.Thatistosaythedistributionofmineralelementsinsoil,watersourceandotherresourcesaredifferent,resulttothemorestableandeffectivereflectionintoagriculturalproducts.Thecorrelationanalysisofelementsinthesoiloffoodandoriginwillmakethetracingmethodmorereliable.Theregionsofricecanbedistinguishedsignificantlythroughanalyzingtheelementwherericeiscloselyrelatedtomaternalsoil.LESSON7RESEARCHPROGRESSOFFOODTRACING(3)DiscriminantanalysisofmineralelementcontentscloselyrelatedtoregionindifferentregionaljaponicasamplesThemineralelementsneededforricearemainlyabsorbedfromthesoil.Thedistributionoftraceelementsinsoilaffectsthequalityofrice.Theinformationcarriedbycloselyrelatedelementscandistinguishtheoriginofrice.Thediscriminantmodelwasestablishedbyusingcloselyrelatedelements,andthecorrectclassificationratewashigher.LESSON7RESEARCHPROGRESSOFFOODTRACING3.1.2ConstructionofthenorthernjaponicafingerprintmapbasedonAFLPThenorthernDNAfingerprintdatabasecanbeconstructedbyestablishingamolecularmarkersystemofAmplifiedfragmentlengthpolymorphism(AFLP),whichisapplicabletothenorthernjaponicavarieties.ThetechnologycombinestheadvantagesofRFLPandRAPDtechnology,becomingbothreliableandconvenient.ItsprincipleisthatarandomrestrictedDNAfragmentwithdifferentmolecularweightisformedcutbyplantgenomicDNAenzyme,andthenthejointofthespecificcoenzymepointisconnectedtothetwoendsoftheenzymecuttingsection,afterthatPCRamplification,electrophoresis,radioactivityornon-radioactiveDNAfingerprintingwereperformedusingtheprimersofthespecificcomplementaryjoint.Wecanrevealtheaffinityofdifferentvarietiesofjaponicarice,andcandistinguishthejaponicaricevarietieswithdifferentrelativesusingAFLPmolecularmarkermethod.LESSON7RESEARCHPROGRESSOFFOODTRACING3.2ResearchonfingerprinttracingofmiscellaneousgrainsDNAfingerprintstracingtechnologyismainlyaimedatcontaininggenesofgeneticmaterial,analyzinggrainsbasesequencedifferencesingene,finallyachievingthepurposeofidentification,distinguishbetweengrainvarieties.3.2.1DiversityanalysisDiversitymainlyreferstothesumofgeneticvariationbetweendifferentgroupsofdifferentlivinggroupsorindividuals.Itprovidesanimportantbasisforthefullutiliza