SAT歷年真題：SAT真題OC-Test05

SAT備考資料

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ESSAY

Time—25minutes

Turntopage2ofyouranswersheettowriteyourESSAY.

Theessaygivesyouanopportunitytoshowhoweffectivelyyoucandevelopandexpressideas.Youshould,therefore,takecaretodevelopyourpointofview,presentyourideaslogicallyandclearly,anduselanguageprecisely.

Youressaymustbewrittenonthelinesprovidedonyouranswersheet—youwillreceivenootherpaperonwhichtowrite.Youwillhaveenoughspaceifyouwriteoneveryline,avoidwidemargins,andkeepyourhandwritingtoareasonablesize.Rememberthatpeoplewhoarenotfamiliarwithyourhandwritingwillreadwhatyouwrite.Trytowriteorprintsothatwhatyouarewritingislegibletothosereaders.

Youhavetwenty-fiveminutestowriteanessayonthetopicassignedbelow.DONOTWRITEONANOTHERTOPIC.ANOFF-TOPICESSAYWILLRECEIVEASCOREOFZERO.

Thinkcarefullyabouttheissuepresentedinthefollowingexcerptandtheassignmentbelow.

Manypeoplebelievethat"closeddoorsmakeuscreative."Thesepeoplearguethatobstaclesandrestrictionsarenecessary,forwithoutthemwewouldneverbeforcedtocomeupwithnewsolutions.But"closeddoors,"eitherintheformofspecificobstaclesoralackofopportunities,oftenpreventpeoplefromreachingtheirfullcreativepotential.

Assignment: Docloseddoorsmakeuscreative?Planandwriteanessayinwhichyoudevelopyourpointofviewonthisissue.Supportyourpositionwithreasoningandexamplestakenfromyourreading,studies,experience,orobservations.

DONOTWRITEYOURESSAYINYOURTESTBOOK.Youwillreceivecreditonlyforwhatyouwriteonyouranswersheet.

BEGINWRITINGYOURESSAYONPAGE2OFTHEANSWERSHEET.

Ifyoufinishbeforetimeiscalled,youmaycheckyourworkonthissectiononly.

Donotturntoanyothersectioninthetest.

NOTESTMATERIALONTHISPAGE

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SECTION2

Time—25minutes24Questions

TurntoSection2(page4)ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.

Directions:Foreachquestioninthissection,selectthebestanswerfromamongthechoicesgivenandfillinthecorrespondingcircleontheanswersheet.

Thegardenthathadremained formonthswas

nowpleasantlyenlivenedbythebuddingshootsofitsperennialflowers.

redolent (B)dormant (C)exuberant

(D)compliant (E)trenchant

Afterseveralmonthsoftraining,the young

spanielwasfinally enoughtobewalkedsafely

withoutaleash.

eager..unruly

placid..defiant

clever..helpful

boisterous..docile

vigilant..convinced

asMario’smisdeedwas,hisgrandmother,

alwaysblindtohisfaults,pretendedtobeunawareofit.

Accidental(B)Apt

Random (D)Flagrant

Covert

Despitehis desiretoshowoff,heremainedat

Eachsentencebelowhasoneortwoblanks,eachblankindicatingthatsomethinghasbeenomitted.BeneaththesentencearefivewordsorsetsofwordslabeledAthroughE.Choosethewordorsetofwordsthat,wheninsertedinthesentence,bestfitsthemeaningofthesentenceasawhole.

Example:

Hopingto thedispute,negotiatorsproposed

acompromisethattheyfeltwouldbe toboth

laborandmanagement.

enforce..useful

end..divisive

overcome..unattractive

extend..satisfactory

resolve..acceptable

heartavery person.

uncharacteristic..demonstrative

inexplicable..hedonistic

occasional..reticent

continual..transparent

blatant..exhibitionistic

Theemployerblamedthestaffmember'slackofproductivityon ratherthanincompetence,

claimingthatthemanknewhowtodohisjobbutwastoolazytoapplyhimself.

infatuation (B)tension

indigence (D)indolence

ineptitude

Theaudiencerecognizedtheofficer’scharacteristic

whenheattributedhisachievementsto

ratherthanbravery.

pedantry..chance

gallantry..whimsy

humility..fortune

bravado..accident

effrontery..discretion

Thestrong theprofessorwasabletoestablish

withhisstudentsmadehim confidantforthose

oncampusseekingadvicebeyondthepurelyacademic.

program..anoccasional

rapport..arespected

confidence..anunappreciated

community..anunusual

ambition..avalued

AfterDavidlefthimwaitingforthethirdconsecutivetime,Kirkrealizedthatthesamebehaviorhehadinitiallyvaluedasspontaneousandcarefreewas,infact,simply --.

capricious (B)incontrovertible

extraneous (D)captivating

inscrutable

Thepassagesbelowarefollowedbyquestionsbasedontheircontent;questionsfollowingapairofrelatedpassagesmayalsobebasedontherelationshipbetweenthepairedpassages.Answerthequestionsonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassagesandinanyintroductorymaterialthatmaybeprovided.

Questions9-10arebasedonthefollowingpassage. Questions11-12arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

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Whatwasmostlikelytheoriginalpurposeofthehumanappendix?Expertscanonlytheorizeonitsuse.Itmayhavehadthesamepurposeithasinpresent-dayherbivores,whereitharborscoloniesofbacteriathathelpinthedigestionofcellulose.Anothertheorysuggeststhattonsilsandtheappendixmightmanufacturetheantibody-producingwhitebloodcellscalledBlymphocytes;however,Blymphocytescouldalsobeproducedbybonemarrow.Thethirdtheoryisthattheappendixmay“attract”bodyinfectionsinordertolocalizetheinfectioninonespotthatisnotcriticaltobodyfunctioning.

Theauthorofthepassageusesquotationmarksinline13inordertoindicatethat

thistheoryistheonewithwhichtheauthormostnearlyagrees

thistheoryislessscientificallyvalidthantheothertheoriesinthepassage

acommonwordisbeingusedtodescribeauniquebiologicalprocess

awordisbeingusedinahumorousway

adirectquotationfromanothersourceisbeingused

Howdoesthetheorydescribedinlines3-7primarilydifferfromtheothertwotheoriesdescribedinthepassage?

Itpertainsonlytoplants.

Itconcernsaphysicalprocessthatoccursinmorethanoneareaofthehumanbody.

Itisatheorysupportedbymoreexpertsinthefieldthanaretheothertwotheories.

Itisconcernedwiththepreventionofdisease.

Itmakesreferencetoaprocesspresentlyoccurringinotheranimals.

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Onehazardinhistoricalstudyis

thenecessityofdividingthewholeintosegments,sincenoteverythingcanbeexaminedsimultaneously.Commonwaysofdividinghistoryarebyperiod,country,topic,artisticorpoliticalmovement,ortheme.Eachofthesecanbejustified,butallhavetheirshortcomings.Whendivisionsaremadeaccordingtocountry,theinterconnectionsamongeventsoccurringintwoormorecountriesmaygounnoticedorremainunexplored.Divisionintotimeperiodsmayinterruptorobscureongoingdevelopments,ormaygiveundueemphasistosomeeventortypeofactivity(especiallywarorpolitics)ascrucialinmarkingtheendorbeginningofaperiodormovement.

Whichofthefollowingismostanalogoustothe“hazard”theauthorseesinthe“division”ofhistoricalstudy?

Alawyeracceptscasesintoomanydifferentareasoflegalpractice.

Ateachermustcopewithlargeclasssizesandisunabletogivestudentssufficientindividualinstruction.

Abiologiststudieslargeareasofforestbutfailstoexamineindepththenestingsiteofaspecificbirdspecies.

Anartistproducesworksinmanydifferentmedia,butdoesnotexcelinanyonemedium.

Adoctordiagnosesoneailmentbutoverlookselementsofthepatient’soverallhealth.

Theauthorimplieswhichofthefollowingabout“war”and“politics”inhistoricalstudies(line16)?

Theymakethestudyofinternationalmovementsdifficult.

Theyserveprimarilyasaconveniencetothereader.

Theyaremorehelpfultouseindefiningperiodsthanindefiningmovements.

Theyareequallyimportanttohistoriansandtoreaders.

Theyarecommonlyusedtodefinehistoricalperiods.

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Questions14-25arebasedonthefollowingpassages.

Thefollowingpassagesdiscussatypeoffilmcalledfilmnoir,which,accordingtomostfilmhistorians,haditshighpointaroundthetimeoftheSecondWorldWar(1939-1945).

Passage1

Eventhoughfilmsnowcalledfilmnoirbycriticshavebeenmadein

Hollywoodsince1939,filmnoirasagenredidnotexistuntil1946.InthatyearanexhibitionofAmericanmovieswasheldinParis,andFrenchfilmcriticsgottheirfirstlookatwhathadbeengoingoninHollywoodsincetheadventofWorldWar

II.AmongthefilmsshownwereLaura;TheMalteseFalcon;Murder,MySweet;DoubleIndemnity;andTheWomanintheWindow.ThosefivefilmssharedenoughtraitsthatcriticNinoFrankgavethemanewclassification:filmnoir,orliterally,“blackfilm.”Thetraitstheysharedwerebothstylisticandthematic.Theyweredarkinbothlookandmood.Theirprimaryactiontookplaceatnightonrain-sweptcitystreets,innarrowash-canalleys,inclaustrophobicdiners,andindingy,shadowyhotelroomswithneonsignsflashingoutsidethewindows,roomsinwhich,ashard-boiledauthorNelsonAlgrenonceputit,“everybedyourentmakesyouanaccessorytosomebodyelse’sshadypast.”Thecharactersinthesefilmswerebookies,conmen,killers,cigarettegirls,crookedcops,down-and-outboxers,andcalculating,scheming,

andverydeadlywomen.Thewell-lit,singingandtap-dancing,happy-endingworldofthe1930’shadintenshortyearsbecomeahostile,orderlessplaceinwhichalienation,obsession,andparanoiaruled.Theuniverseseemedtoconspiretodefeatandentraptheinhabitantswhowanderedblindlythroughit.Theywerevictimsoffate,theirownworstenemieswho,lookingforascore,endedbydefeatingthemselves.

Thefivefilmsmentionedearlierthatwereshownatthe1946exhibition

weretheonestheFrenchcritiqued.Thesehigh-budgetstudioproductionsmostcommonlycometothepublic’smindwhen

thewordnoirismentionedbecausetheyarecitedmostofteninthespateofcontemporarybooksthathaverecentlybeenpublishedonthesubject.Butthe

50noircycle,althoughkick-startedbythesuccessofthosehigh-budgetproductions,actuallyhaditsrootsintheBmovie,inparticular,intheBcrimemovie.FilmnoirwasmadetoorderfortheB,orlow-

55budget,partofthemoviedoublebill.1Itwascheapertoproducebecauseitrequiredlesslightingandsmallercastsandusuallyentailedstorylinesthatrequiredlimited-scalesets—anattractive

60qualitytofilmstudiosoperatingonreducedwartimebudgets.Filmnoirwascharacter-driven,anditsstorylines,whichwereunusualandcompact,couldoftenbetoldinthe60to80minutesrequiredofB

65pictures.

Passage2

Itmaybethatnoirbeganinaway

ofphotographingthatwasaseconomicalasitwasmoody(lesslightmeantlessmoneyondecor—animportantwartime

70considerationwhenstudiosfacedlimitsonconstructionmaterial).

Wheredidnoircomefrom?It’sanintriguingquestionandonestillnotadequatelyanswered,despitethequantity

75ofwritingthatwallowsinthatnoirmood.Don’truleouttheinfluenceofGermanfilmfromthetwenties,ifonlybecausetherewere,bytheearlyforties,somanyEuropeanrefugees(writers,directors,

80cameraoperators,designers,actors)workinginHollywood.Don’tforgettheimpactofFrenchfilmsofthelatethirties,especiallythoseofMarcelCarne.HisLeJourSeLeve(1939,calledDaybreakin

85theUnitedStates)wassuchasuccessthatitwasremadeinHollywoodin1947asTheLongNight.Finally,don’tunderestimatetheinfluenceCitizenKanehadonanyonewhoseartandcraftwas

90cinematography.Thefilmwasaboxofficeflop,butfilmmakerswereabsorbedbyit.Alandmarkinsomuch,Kaneisaturningpointintheopeningupofanoirsensibility.

95 Equally,don’tforgetthatfromthefortiesonward,LosAngeleswasmuchbesetbypsychoanalysis,andthegrowing

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105

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intellectualinterestinguilt,depression,andnightmare.Don’teliminatetheimpact,thememory,orthemerethoughtofawar’sdamage.

Iwanttostresshowdeeplynoirimpulseslayinthecommonimagination—thatoftheaudienceaswellasthefilmmakers.MildredPierce,forinstance—whichappearedin1945whenmanyAmericanwomenwererunningbusinessesoftheirownjusttosurvivewhilethemenwereawayatwar—sighsandseemsto

say,“Itdoesn’tmakeanydifference,whybother,forthereissomethingmaligninhumannatureorluckthatwillundermineenterpriseandhope.”O(jiān)fcourse,noteveryfilmwassobleak.LookinsteadatDavidSelznick’sverybeautifulandtouchingSinceYouWentAway,whichisallaboutClaudetteColbert,JenniferJones,andShirleyTemple2copingintheabsenceofmen.That,too,lookslikeafilmnoir.Butthemoodisentirelythatofinnocent,ardent,flawlesshope,andassurancethatwhenthewarendseverythingwillreverttocalmandorder.

1Inthe1940’s,afilmshowingwouldtypicallyincludealonger,moreexpensively-producedfilm(an“Afilm”)andashorter,less-expensivelyproducedfilm(a“Bfilm”)—inotherwords,a“doublebill.”

2Filmactresseswhowerepopularduringthe1940’s.

Inlines1through4ofPassage1,theauthorsuggeststhat“filmsnowcalledfilmnoirbycritics”

werenotclassifiedasfilmnoirwhenfirstmade

werereminiscentofearlierEuropeanfilms

wereupliftinginmoodandtheme

wereintendedtocontrastwithfilmsofthe1930’s

weredislikedbymanyFrenchfilmcritics

Itcanbeinferredthatthefilmslistedinlines9through12weresimilarineachofthefollowingwaysEXCEPT:

visualappearance

emotionaleffect

characters

theme

music

Inparagraph2,theauthorsaysthatthefilmsdiscussedinparagraph1areNOTtypicaloftheirgenreinregardto

setting

budget

countryoforigin

plot

lighting

TheauthorofPassage1usesthequotationinlines24-26primarilyinorderto

critiqueawriter

recountanincident

evokeaplace

describeacharacter

summarizeaplot

TheauthorofPassage1suggeststhatthe“spateofcontemporarybooks”(lines47-48)onfilmnoir

discussesonlyfivefilms

focusesonnon-crimefilms

focusesonrelativelycostlynoirfilms

isinaccurateintheirhistoricaldata

isfrombig-budgetpublishingcompanies

Theauthorsofbothpassagesimplythatcontemporarywritingaboutfilmnoir

comesmainlyfromFrenchfilmcritics

hasfailedtodescribetheoriginsoffilmnoiraccurately

mischaracterizesthefilmnoirmood

isinferiortoearlierwritingonfilmnoir

hasdramaticallyimprovedtheunderstandingoffilmnoir

Bothpassagesimplythatthedevelopmentoffilmnoircanbeattributedinpartto

thepresenceofEuropeanfilmmakersinHollywood

theinfluentialwritingofFrenchfilmcritics

economicrestraintsresultingfromWorldWarII

UnitedStatesfilmmakers’dissatisfactionwithhigh-paidactors

thepopularityofCitizenKane

Thephrase“wallowsin”inline75isclosestinmeaningto

indulgesin

conformsto

criticizes

explores

reveals

TheauthorofPassage2mentionsSinceYouWentAwayinline116primarilyto

indicatethatnotallfilmsinthe1940’sexpressedthesameattitude

illustratethepopularityoffilmnoiractors

demonstratethatmostfilmnoirdealtwithWWII

showthatthe“absenceofmen”wasamajorfilmnoirtheme

pointoutDavidSelznick’sinfluenceindefiningfilmnoir

ThesecondparagraphofPassage2isbestdescribedas

acatalogofpossiblesourcesofthefilmnoirmood

adescriptionofthemoodthatcharacterizesfilmnoir

arefutationofseveralmisconceptionsaboutfilmnoir

anargumentforredefiningtheterm“filmnoir”

alistofthemajorfilmnoirfilms

Thequote“Itdoesn’tmake…enterpriseandhope”inlines110-113isprimarilymeantto

giveanexampleofdialoguefromMildredPierce

summarizewhatcriticsthoughtaboutMildredPierce

showhowMildredPiercediffersfromotherfilmsmadein1945

characterizethesentimentsexpressedinMildredPierce

demonstratetheinfluenceofMildredPierceon

SinceYouWentAway

Theword“impulses”inline103isclosestinmeaningto

incentives

stimulants

fantasies

transformations

feelings

STOP

Ifyoufinishbeforetimeiscalled,youmaycheckyourworkonthissectiononly.

Donotturntoanyothersectioninthetest.

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NOTESTMATERIALONTHISPAGE

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SECTION3

Time—25minutes20Questions

TurntoSection3(page4)ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.

Directions:Forthissection,solveeachproblemanddecidewhichisthebestofthechoicesgiven.Fillinthecorrespondingcircleontheanswersheet.Youmayuseanyavailablespaceforscratchwork.

Whichofthefollowingtriples(x,y,z)doesNOTsatisfyxyz21?

(A)(4,5,1)

(B)(5,4,1)

(C)(2,10,2)

(D)(7,3,0)

(E)(3,3,12)

Susanhad60tradingcards.Aftergivingawaygcardsandreceivingrcards,shehad70cards.Whatisthevalueofrg?

10

20

30

40

50

Ifkisapositiveintegerdivisibleby7,andif

k90,whatisthegreatestpossiblevalueofk?

83

84

87

88

89

ThegraphaboveshowsthemonthlysalesforCompanyAandCompanyBforthesecondhalfof2004.Whatwasthelargestone-monthdecreaseinsalesforCompanyBduringthisperiodoftime?

Forparties,thenumberofcasesofjuiceacatererordersisdirectlyproportionaltothenumberofpeopleattending.Ifthecatererorders3casesforapartywith40peopleattending,howmanycaseswouldsheorderforapartywith280peopleattending?

7

10

14

18

21

Whichofthefollowingisanelementofboththesetofpositiveoddintegersandthesetofprimenumbers?

2

5

9

12

21

(A)

$45,000

(B)

$30,000

(C)

$25,000

(D)

$20,000

(E)

$15,000

Thelengthofarectangulargardenis3feetmorethanitswidth.Ifthelengthofthegardenis9feet,whatistheareaofthegardeninsquarefeet?

27

36

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81

(E)108

Jamalhassomecoinsinhispocket.Someofthesecoinsarequarters,andnoneofthequartersinhispocketaredatedearlierthan2000.Whichofthefollowingmustbetrue?

NoneofthecoinsinJamal’spocketaredatedearlierthan2000.

SomeofthecoinsinJamal’spocketaredatedearlierthan2000.

SomeofthecoinsinJamal’spocketaredated

2000orlater.

MostofthecoinsinJamal’spocketareeitherquartersordatedearlierthan2000.

MostofthecoinsinJamal’spocketarenotquarters.

Onthenumberlineabove,thetickmarksareequallyspaced.Whatisthevalueofba?

4

ThecircumferenceofthecirclewithcenterOshown

5

34

2

aboveis2.

(A)

2

Whatistheareaoftheshadedregion?

5 (B)

4

14

15

1

12

14

Ifa,

b,andcarepositiveintegers,andif

If

p5or

p5,whichofthefollowingmust

(ac)b0,whichofthefollowingmustbetrue?

betrue?

ab

bc

ab

ac

bc

I.

II.III.

p25

p5

p35

IIIonly

IandIIonly

IandIIIonly

IIandIIIonly

I,II,andIII

Inthefigureabove,regularpentagonABCDEisdividedintothreenonoverlappingtriangles.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthethreetriangles?

Theyhaveequalareas.

Theyhaveequalperimeters.

Theyaresimilar.

Theyareisosceles.

Theyeachhaveatleastoneangleofmeasure60.

Inthefigureabove,a40andbc1.Ifcisaninteger,whatistheleastpossiblevalueofb?

30

39

50

61

71

Forallpositiveintegersaandb,let▲bedefinedby

a▲ba2b22.

Ifcanddarepositiveintegers,

whichofthefollowingCANNOTbethevalueof

c▲d?

0

2

3

6

8

17.Thefunctiony

f(x),definedfor5x6,is

graphedabove.Whichofthefollowinggivesall

valuesofxforwhich

(A) 0x6

(B) 5x6

f(x)ispositive?

(C)5x2

(D)4x1and5x6

(E)5x4and1x5

r(x)x2

t(x)x2

Thefunctionsrandtaredefinedabove.Forhowmanyvaluesofaisittruethatr(a)t(a)?

Inthexy-plane,anequationoflineis

y3x1.

None

One

Two

Iflinemisthereflectionoflineinthey-axis,whatisanequationoflinem?

Three

Morethanthree

(A)

(B)

y3x1

y3x1

(C)

(D)

(E)

y3x1

yx13

yx13

3x7y126xky6

Forwhichofthefollowingvaluesforkwillthesystemofequationsabovehavenosolution?

(A)14

7

0

7

14

Thetableaboveshowsthenumberofitems100customerspurchasedfromahardwarestoreovera4-hourperiod.Whichofthefollowingcanbedeterminedfromtheinformationinthetable?

Theaverage(arithmeticmean)numberofitemspurchasedpercustomer

Themediannumberofitemspurchasedpercustomer

Themodeofthenumberofitemspurchasedpercustomer

None

IandIIonly

IandIIIonly

IIandIIIonly

I,II,andIII

STOP

Ifyoufinishbeforetimeiscalled,youmaycheckyourworkonthissectiononly.

Donotturntoanyothersectioninthetest.

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SECTION4

Time—25minutes24Questions

TurntoSection4(page5)ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.

Directions:Foreachquestioninthissection,selectthebestanswerfromamongthechoicesgivenandfillinthecorrespondingcircleontheanswersheet.

Theborderbetweenthetwoproperties,never by

legalmeans,hadlongbeenthesubjectof

betweentheantagonisticneighbors.

determined..concord

undermined..hostility

verified..consonance

quantified..diversion

established..disputation

EventhoughCharliewasinapparentlygoodhealth,thedoctorprescribedforhimsome medicationdue

Eachsentencebelowhasoneortwoblanks,eachblankindicatingthatsomethinghasbeenomitted.BeneaththesentencearefivewordsorsetsofwordslabeledAthroughE.Choosethewordorsetofwordsthat,wheninsertedinthesentence,bestfitsthemeaningofthesentenceasawhole.

Example:

Hopingto thedispute,negotiatorsproposed

acompromisethattheyfeltwouldbe toboth

laborandmanagement.

enforce..useful

end..divisive

overcome..unattractive

extend..satisfactory

resolve..acceptable

tohisfamilialhistoryofhighbloodpressure.

presumptive

predictive

preliminary

premeditated

preventative

Thoughearlieranatomistshadtouchedontheidea,PaulBrocawasthefirstto fullythemodern

notionthatspecificbehaviorsarecontrolledbyparticularareasofthehumanbrain.

articulate (B)derogate (C)represent

(D)refute (E) iterate

Designedasagatheringplace,thenewstudentloungewasappropriately withtables,chairs,andeven

sofaswheregroupscouldassemblecomfortably.

indicated (B)appointed

denuded (D)conflated

venerated

Namedinhonoroftheschool’sfounder,theRichardBrownstoneCommunityServiceFellowshipisoneofthehighestawards BrownstoneSchool

graduates.

conscriptedto (B)redeemedfor

conferredon (D)relegatedto

deprivedof

Thepassagesbelowarefollowedbyquestionsbasedontheircontent;questionsfollowingapairofrelatedpassagesmayalsobebasedontherelationshipbetweenthepairedpassages.Answerthequestionsonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassagesandinanyintroductorymaterialthatmaybeprovided.

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Questions6-9arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Themigrationandthewintergatheringofmonarchbutterfliesareamongthemostspectacularofallnaturalphenomena,uniqueintheinsectworld.LincolnBrowerwroteofhisfeelingonawarmMarchmorningashewatchedtensofthousandsofthesebutterfliesexplodefromtheirrestingplacesonthetreesatanoverwinteringsiteinMexico:“Flyingagainsttheazureskyandpastthegreenboughsoftheoyamels,thismyriadofdancingembersreinforcedmyearlierconclusionthatthisspectacleisatreasurecomparabletothefinestworksofartthatourworldculturehasproducedoverthepast4000years.”ButevenasIwritethisparagraph,thewintergatheringplacesofthemonarcharebeingdestroyedbyillegallogging—indeed,alloftheoyamelforestsinMexicoarethreatenedbylegalandillegallogging.Iftheloggingcontinuesatitspresentrate,allofthe

overwinteringsitesinMexicowillbegonebythefirstdecadesofthetwenty-firstcentury.Sodesperateisthesituation

thattheUnionfortheConservationofNatureandNaturalResourceshasrecognizedthemonarchmigrationasanendangeredbiologicalphenomenonandhasdesignateditthefirstpriorityintheirefforttoconservethebutterfliesoftheworld.

AlleffortstopreservetheoverwinteringsitesinMexicohavefailed.InAugustof1986,theMexicangovernmentissuedaproclamationdesignatingthesesitesasecologicalpreserves.Fiveofthe12knownsitesweretoreceivecompleteprotection.

Loggingandagriculturaldevelopmentweretobeprohibitedintheircoreareas,atotalareaofonly17squaremiles,and

onlylimitedloggingwastobepermittedinbufferzonessurroundingthecores,atotalofanother43miles.Theproclamationwaslargelyignored.Oneofthe5“protected”siteshasbeenclear-cut,somebufferzoneshavebeenmoreorlesscompletelydestroyed,andtreesarebeingcutinallofthecoreareas.AsBrower

toldme,guardsthatwereappointedtoprotectthemonarchcolonieshavenotpreventedillegalloggingbuthavebarredtourists,filmcrews,andscientistsfrom

55witnessingloggingactivities.Itisincomprehensibletomethatawaycannotbefoundtoprotectamere60squaremilesoflandthatarehometooneoftheworld’smostspectacularbiological

60phenomena.

Ifthemonarchsaretosurvive,theoyamelforestsinwhichtheyspendthewintermustremainintact.Evenminorthinningofthecoreareascauseshigh

65mortalityamongthebutterflies,becausethecanopyoftheintactforestservesasaprotectiveblanketandumbrellaforthem.Withinadensestandoftrees,thetemperaturedoesnotdropaslowasit

70doeselsewhere,enablingthemonarchstosurvivefreezingweatherundertheblanketoftrees.Thinningthetreesputsholesinthe“umbrella”thatprotectsthemonarchs,lettingthemgetwetduring

75winterstorms.Awetbutterflylosesitsresistancetofreezinganddies.Evenadrybutterflylosespreciouscaloriesasitsbodyheatradiatesouttothecoldnightskythroughholesinthecanopy.

Thequotationinlines9-16servesprimarilyasa

detailedexplanationoftheculturalsignificanceofaplace

personalobservationaboutartisticawareness

dramaticportrayalofanimpressiveevent

scientificaccountofararephenomenon

conclusiveargumentfortheartisticimportanceofspectacle

Theauthorviewsthe“efforts”citedinline33as

understandablyfutile

necessarilylimited

scientificallymisguided

largelyundesirable

unjustifiablyineffective

Thethirdparagraphisbestdescribeda