社會(huì)學(xué)導(dǎo)論(英文)課件

Introduction

toSociology1Henry

L.

TischlerPrepared

by

Charles

E.

FaupelChapter

1:The

Sociological

Perspective2What

to

Expect

in

This

Chapter...3Defining

the

Sociological

PerspectiveThe

Sociological

ImaginationSociology

and

Common

SenseSociology

and

ScienceSociology

and

the

Social

SciencesThe

Development

of

SociologyTheoretical

Perspectives

in

SociologyPersonal

experiencewith

drug

use4Awareness

of

friendsand

associates’patternsof

drug

useSystematic

studyofarandomsample

of

drugusersDefining

the

SociologicalPerspective“Sociology

is

the

scientific

studyofhuman

society

and

social

interactions.”What

makes

sociology

“scientific?”Levels

of

Understanding

Drug

UseThe

Sociological

ImaginationC.

Wright

Mills

coined

theterm“sociological

imagination”

torefer

to

“...the

vivid

awarenessof

the

relationship

betweenprivate

experience

and

thewider

society.”C.

Wright

Mills5Sociology

and

CommonSenseCommon

sense

assumptions

are

usually

based

on

verylimited

observation.Moreover,

the

premises

on

which

common

senseassumptions

are

seldom

examined.Sociology

seeks

to:use

a

broad

range

of

carefully

selected

observations;andtheoretically

understand

and

explain

those

observations.While

sociological

research

might

confirm

commonsense

observation,

its

broader

base

and

theoreticalrational

provide

a

stronger

basis

for

conclusions.6The

Scientific

MethodSociology

and

ScienceScience

is“...abodyofsystematicallyarranged

knowledgethat

shows

theoperation

of

generallaws.”As

a

science,sociology

employs

thescientific

methodFormulate

hypothesesChoose

research

designGather

DataAnalyze

DataReview

of

literature7Sociology

and

the

SocialSciences8The

Development

ofSociology9Sociology

emerged

as

a

separatediscipline

in

the

nineteenth

centuryThis

was

a

time

of

great

socialupheaval

due

largely

to

the

Frenchand

Industrial

RevolutionsSeveral

early

sociologists

shapedthe

direction

of

the

disciplineAuguste

Comte

(1798-1857)Responsible

for

coining

the

term“sociology”Set

out

to

develop

the

“science

ofman”

that

would

be

based

onempirical

observationFocused

on

two

aspects

of

society:Social

Statics—forceswhichproduceorder

and

stabilitySocial

Dynamics—forces

whichcontribute

to

social

change10Harriet

Martineau

(1802-1876)Authored

one

of

the

earliestanalyses

of

culture

and

life

inthe

United

StatesentitledTheory

and

Practice

of

SocietyinAmericaTranslated

Comte’s

PositivePhilosophy

into

EnglishHarriet

Martineau11Herbert

Spencer

(1820-1903)Authored

the

first

sociology

text,Principles

of

SociologyMost

well

known

for

proposing

adoctrine

called

“Social

Darwinism”Suggested

that

people

who

couldnotcompete

were

poorly

adapted

to

theenvironment

and

inferiorThis

is

an

idea

commonly

calledsurvival

of

the

fittest12Karl

Marx

(1818-1883)Marx

is

the

father

of

conflict

theorySaw

human

history

in

a

continualstate

of

conflict

between

two

majorclasses:Bourgeoisie—owners

ofthemeansofproduction

(capitalists)Proletariat—the

workersPredicted

that

revolution

wouldoccur

producing

first

a

socialiststate,

followed

by

a

communistsociety13Emile

Durkheim

(1858-1917)Durkheim

moved

sociology

fullyinto

the

realm

of

anempiricalscienceMost

well

known

empiricalstudy

is

called

Suicide,

wherehe

looks

at

the

social

causes

ofsuicideGenerally

regarded

as

thefounder

of

functionalist

theoryEmile

Durkheim14Max

Weber

(1864-1920)Much

of

Weber’s

work

was

a

critiqueor

clarification

ofMarxHis

most

famous

work,The

ProtestantEthic

and

the

Spirit

of

Capitalismdirectly

challenged

Marx’s

ideas

on

therole

of

religion

in

societyWeber

was

also

interestedinbureaucracies

and

the

process

ofrationalization

in

society15The

Development

of

Sociologyin

the

United

StatesAmerican

sociology

had

its

beginnings

at

theUniversity

of

Chicago

in

the

early

20th

centuryThe

early

emphasis

was

on

empirical

study

ofcommunities

and

neighborhoodsLater,

East

Coast

schools

such

as

Columbia

andHarvard

Universities

began

sociology

departments,producing

scholars

such

as

W.E.B.

Dubois,

TalcottParsons,

and

Robert

MertonHome

page

of

the

University

of

the

Chicago

Sociology

Dep’t16Theoretical

Perspectives:FunctionalismFunctionalism

sees

society

asa

system

of

highly

interrelatedparts

that

work

togetherharmoniouslyThe

image

that

functionalistsuse

to

understand

society

is

aliving

organismEach

part

of

society

workstogether

for

the

benefit

of

thewhole

much

like

a

living17Theoretical

Perspectives:Conflict

Theory18Conflict

theory

is

grounded

in

the

work

ofKarlMarxSociety

is

understood

to

be

made

up

ofconflicting

interest

groups

who

vie

for

powerand

privilegeThis

dynamic

results

in

continuous

socialchange,

which

is

the

normal

state

of

affairsConflict

theory

focuses

heavily

on

inequalityand

differential

distribution

of

power

andwealthTheoretical

Perspectives:The

Interactionist

Perspective19Focuses

on

how

individuals

make

sense

ofand

interpret

the

worldThis

perspective

tends

to

focus

on

the

“micro-order”

of

small

groupsHas

given

rise

to

several

specificapproaches:Symbolic

Interactionism

developed

by

GeorgeHerbert

MeadEthnomethodology

developed

by

Harold

GarfinkelDramaturgy

developed

by

Erving

GoffmanComparing

Theoretical

Persp