2024年高考英語復(fù)習(xí)跳出題海自然環(huán)保（高考篇）（解析版）

優(yōu)點(diǎn)英語英語教材·單元主題語境專題訓(xùn)練自然環(huán)?！呖计ń馕霭妫局黝}詞（組）】environmentn.環(huán)境，自然環(huán)境，周圍情況environmentaladj.環(huán)保的；自然環(huán)境的，生態(tài)環(huán)境的environmentpollution環(huán)境污染externalenvironment外界環(huán)境internalenvironment內(nèi)部環(huán)境airpollution空氣污染environmentalprotection環(huán)保noisepollution噪音污染marinepollution海洋污染waterpollution水污染soilpollution土壤污染whitepollution白色污染garbagerecycling垃圾分類，循環(huán)回收enhancetheawarenessofenvironmentalprotection提高環(huán)保意識(shí)maintainecologicalbalance保持生態(tài)平衡ecosystem生態(tài)系統(tǒng)ecologicaldemonstrationregion生態(tài)示范區(qū)eco-agriculture生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)ecotourism生態(tài)旅游naturereserve自然保護(hù)區(qū)sustainabledevelopmentstrategy可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略windbreakandsandbreak防風(fēng)防沙林pleasantenvironment宜人的生活環(huán)境saveenergy節(jié)能reducegreenhousegasemissions減排environment—friendlyproduct環(huán)保產(chǎn)品globalwarming全球變暖lowcarboneconomy低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)cleanandrenewableenergysources清潔可再生能源nuclearenergy核能solarenergy太陽能carbondioxide二氧化碳climatechange氣候變化non-renewable不可再生的fossilfuels礦石燃料:naturalgas,coal,petroleumetc.limited/finitenaturalresources有限的自然資源alternativeenergy替代能源poaching非法打獵，盜獵damagenaturalhabitat破壞自然棲息地rarebreed稀有物種endangeredspecies瀕危物種extinctadj.滅絕(dieout,disappear動(dòng)詞)animalrightsactivist動(dòng)物權(quán)益保護(hù)者naturalreserve(giantpanda大熊貓)自然保護(hù)區(qū)protectwildlife保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物disastern.災(zāi)難，災(zāi)害；災(zāi)難性的事物disastrousadj.災(zāi)難性的havedisastrouseffecton……對(duì)……有災(zāi)難性的影響tragedyn.悲??；災(zāi)難；不幸devastatev.毀壞，破壞；使荒廢devastationn.破壞destructn.&v.毀壞，破壞destructiveadj.破壞性的，毀滅性的destructionn.破壞，摧毀explodev.爆炸，爆破explosiveadj.易爆的；爆發(fā)的explosionn.爆破，爆炸carbondioxide二氧化碳acidrain酸雨(erode腐蝕)earthquaken.地震volcanon.火山typhoonn.臺(tái)風(fēng)hurricanen.颶風(fēng)閱讀理解【2021年全國(guó)乙卷，C】You’veheardthatplasticispollutingtheoceans—between4.8and12.7milliontonnesenteroceanecosystemseveryyear.Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.Atthebeginningoftheyear,theartistbuiltapiececalled“Strawpocalypse,”apairof10-foot-tallplasticwaves,frozenmid-crash.Madeof168,000plasticstrawscollectedfromseveralvolunteerbeachcleanups,thesculpturemadeitsfirstappearanceattheEstellaPlaceshoppingcenterinHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam.Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource（來源）ofplasticpollution,butthey’verecentlycomeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon’tneedthemtodrinkwithand,becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat’spartofVonWong’sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkisgone,thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.Inapiecefrom2018,VonWongwantedtoillustrate（說明）aspecificstatistic:Every60seconds,atruckload’sworthofplasticenterstheocean.Forthiswork,titled“TruckloadofPlastic,”VonWongandagroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey’dbeendumped（傾倒）fromatruckallatonce.VonWonghopesthathisworkwillalsohelppressurebigcompaniestoreducetheirplasticfootprint.1.WhatareVonWong’sartworksintendedfor?A.Beautifyingthecityhelivesin. B.Introducingeco-friendlyproducts.C.Drawingpublicattentiontoplasticwaste. D.Reducinggarbageonthebeach.2.Whydoestheauthordiscussplasticstrawsinparagraph3?A.Toshowthedifficultyoftheirrecycling.B.Toexplainwhytheyareuseful.C.Tovoicehisviewsonmodernart.D.Tofindasubstituteforthem.3.Whateffectwould“TruckloadofPlastic”haveonviewers?A.Calming. B.Disturbing. C.Refreshing. D.Challenging.4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Artists’OpinionsonPlasticSafetyB.MediaInterestinContemporaryArtC.ResponsibilityDemandedofBigCompaniesD.OceanPlasticsTransformedintoSculptures【參考答案】1.C2.A3.C4.D【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了藝術(shù)家BenjaminVonWong用塑料垃圾制作了一個(gè)巨大的雕塑作品，讓人們通過這個(gè)雕塑重新審視自己與一次性塑料制品的關(guān)系。此外他在2018的一件作品“TruckloadofPlastic”說明了每60秒，就有一卡車塑料進(jìn)入海洋。VonWong通過用塑料垃圾制造巨型雕塑來喚醒和提高人們的環(huán)保意識(shí)。1.C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.(但一根塑料吸管或一個(gè)塑料杯真的有什么區(qū)別嗎？藝術(shù)家本杰明·馮·王（BenjaminVonWong）想讓你知道，它確實(shí)如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使觀眾重新審視他們與一次性塑料產(chǎn)品的關(guān)系。)”可知，VonWong用塑料垃圾制作的雕塑想讓人們重新審視與一次性塑料制品的關(guān)系，由此可知他做這個(gè)雕塑的目的是為了引起公眾對(duì)塑料垃圾的關(guān)注。故選C項(xiàng)。2.A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource(來源)ofplasticpollution,butthey’verecentlycomeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon’tneedthemtodrinkwithand,becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat’spartofVonWong’sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkisgone,thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.(全球只有9%的塑料垃圾被回收。塑料吸管絕不是最大的塑料污染源，但它們最近卻受到了抨擊，因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)人不需要吸管喝飲料，而且由于它們體積小、重量輕，無法回收利用。馮·王作品中的每一根吸管都很可能來自只喝了幾分鐘的飲料。一旦飲料消失了，吸管也要幾個(gè)世紀(jì)才能消失。)”可知，吸管由于體積小，重量輕，無法回收利用，由此可推知，作者在第三段討論吸管是為了展示它們回收的困難。故選A項(xiàng)。3.C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Inapieceform2018,VonWongwantedtoillustrate(說明)aspecificstatistic:Every60seconds,atruckload’sworthofplasticenterstheocean.Forthiswork,titled“TruckloadofPlastic,”VonWongandagroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey’dbeendumped(傾倒)fromatruckallatonce.(在2018年的一個(gè)作品中，馮·王(VonWong)想要說明一個(gè)具體的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字：每60秒，就有一卡車塑料進(jìn)入海洋。這項(xiàng)名為“一卡車塑料”的作品，馮·王和一組志愿者收集了一萬多塊塑料，然后把它們綁在一起，讓它們看起來像是同時(shí)從卡車上傾倒下來的。)”可知，這個(gè)作品以創(chuàng)新的方式讓人們了解到塑料垃圾以很快的速度和很大的量?jī)A入海洋，刷新了觀眾對(duì)海洋塑料污染的認(rèn)知，由此可推斷，這個(gè)作品會(huì)讓觀眾對(duì)塑料垃圾進(jìn)入海洋這件事“耳目一新”。故選C項(xiàng)。4.D【解析】標(biāo)題判斷題。通讀全文，結(jié)合第一段“Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.(但一根塑料吸管或一個(gè)塑料杯真的有什么區(qū)別嗎？藝術(shù)家本杰明·馮·王(BenjaminVonWong)想讓你知道，它確實(shí)如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使觀眾重新審視他們與一次性塑料產(chǎn)品的關(guān)系。)”和倒數(shù)第二段“Inapieceform2018,VonWongwantedtoillustrate(說明)aspecificstatistic:Every60seconds,atruckload’sworthofplasticenterstheocean.Forthiswork,titled“TruckloadofPlastic,”VonWongandagroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey’dbeendumped(傾倒)fromatruckallatonce.(在2018年的一個(gè)作品中，馮·王(VonWong)想要說明一個(gè)具體的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字：每60秒，就有一卡車塑料進(jìn)入海洋。這項(xiàng)名為“一卡車塑料”的作品，馮·王和一組志愿者收集了一萬多塊塑料，然后把它們綁在一起，讓它們看起來像是同時(shí)從卡車上傾倒下來的。)”可知藝術(shù)家本杰明·馮·王(BenjaminVonWong)通過利用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑的方法來提示人們重新思考與一次性塑料的關(guān)系，喚醒和提高人們循環(huán)利用的意識(shí)，促進(jìn)環(huán)保的發(fā)展。由此可知，D項(xiàng)“海洋塑料變成雕塑”符合文章主旨，適合作為標(biāo)題。故選D項(xiàng)。【2020·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ，C】Whenyouweretryingtofigureoutwhattobuyfortheenvironmentalistonyourholidaylist,furprobablydidn’tcrossyourmind.Butsomeecologistsandfashion(時(shí)裝)enthusiastsaretryingtobringbackthemarketforfurmadefromnutria(海貍鼠).UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhave(showcased)nutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles.“Itsoundscrazytotalkaboutguilt-freefur-unlessyouunderstandthatthenutriaaredestroyingvastwetlandseveryyear”,saysCreeMcCree,projectdirectorofRighteousFur.ScientistsinLouisianaweresoconcernedthattheydecidedtopayhunters$5atail.SomeofthefurendsupinthefashionshowsliketheoneinBrooklynlastmonth.NutriawerebroughttherefromArgentinabyfurfarmersandletgointothewild.“Theecosystemdowntherecan’thandlethisnon-nativespecies(物種).It’sdestroyingtheenvironment.It’sthemorus.”saysMichaelMassimi,anexpertinthisfield.Thefurtradekeptnutriacheckfordecades，butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s，thecat-sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.BiologistEdmondMoutonrunsthenutriacontrolprogramforLouisiana.Hesaysit’snoteasytoconvincepeoplethatnutriafurisgreen,buthehasnodoubtaboutit.Huntersbringinmorethan300,000nutriatailsayear,sopartofMouton’sjobthesedaysistryingtopromotefur.Thenthere’sRighteousFuranditsunusualfashion.Morgansays，”Togivepeopleaguilt-freeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeonethrowingpaintonthem-Ithinkthat’sgoingtobeamassivething,atleasthereinNewYork.”DesignerJenniferAndersonadmitsittookherawhiletocomearoundtotheopinionthatusingnutriafurforhercreationsismorallyacceptable.Shetryingtocomeupwithalabeltoattachtonutriafashionstoshowitiseco-friendly.1.WhatisthepurposeofthefashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklyn?A.Topromoteguilt-freefur. B.Toexpandthefashionmarket.C.Tointroduceanewbrand. D.Tocelebrateawinterholiday.2.Whyarescientistsconcernedaboutnutria?A.Nutriadamagetheecosystemseriously.B.Nutriaareanendangeredspecies.C.Nutriahurtlocalcat-sizedanimals.D.Nutriaareillegallyhunted.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“collapsed”inparagraph5probablymean?A.Boomed. B.Becamemature. C.Remainedstable. D.Crashed.4.WhatcanweinferaboutwearingfurinNewYorkaccordingtoMorgan?A.It’sformal. B.It’srisky. C.It’sharmful. D.It’straditional.【參考答案】1.A2.A3.D4.B【語篇解讀】本文是說明文。介紹了美國(guó)新奧良和布魯克林舉辦了不同尋常的時(shí)裝秀。展出海貍鼠制成的皮衣。海貍鼠們每年都在破壞大片的濕地，因此設(shè)計(jì)師稱這是一種環(huán)保的舉措，科學(xué)家們也對(duì)海貍鼠損壞生態(tài)平衡表示了擔(dān)憂。1.A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhaveshowcasednutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles.“Itsoundscrazytotalkaboutguilt-freefur-unlessyouunderstandthatthenutriaaredestroyingvastwetlandseveryyear,”saysCreeMcCree,projectdirectorofRighteousFur.得知，美國(guó)新奧爾良和布魯克林舉辦了不同尋常的時(shí)裝秀，時(shí)裝秀上展出海貍鼠皮制成的不同風(fēng)格的衣服，項(xiàng)目總監(jiān)CreeMcCree說：“除非了解海貍鼠正每年破壞大片濕地，否則談?wù)摕o罪感皮衣是很瘋狂的事情”，可以判斷出由于海貍鼠對(duì)生態(tài)造成了巨大的破壞，這場(chǎng)海貍鼠皮衣時(shí)裝秀銷售的是無罪惡感皮衣。故選A項(xiàng)。2.A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段ScientistsinLouisianaweresoconcernedthattheydecidedtopayhunters$5atail.得知，科學(xué)家們?nèi)绱藫?dān)心以至于他們決定按照一條海貍鼠尾巴付給獵人們5美元，可以推斷出科學(xué)家們擔(dān)憂海貍鼠們嚴(yán)重破壞生態(tài)平衡。故選A項(xiàng)。3.D【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第五段Thefurtradekeptnutriaincheckfordecades,butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s,thecat-sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.得知，毛皮貿(mào)易使海貍鼠受到了幾十年的控制，但是當(dāng)海貍鼠市場(chǎng)在20世紀(jì)80年代末崩潰時(shí)，這種貓大小的動(dòng)物數(shù)量瘋長(zhǎng)，根據(jù)but判斷，這是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，以前由于皮毛交易，海貍鼠處于控制，現(xiàn)在這種海貍鼠之所以能夠數(shù)量激增，是由于市場(chǎng)不再銷售海貍鼠皮毛導(dǎo)致的，可以推斷出劃線詞collapsed是和D.crashed倒閉的意思最相近。故選D項(xiàng)。4.B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段ModelPaigeMorgansays,“Togivepeopleaguilt–freeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeonethrowingpaintonthem-Ithinkthat’sgoingtobeamassivething,atleastinNewYork.”得知，為了給人們一種無罪的選擇，人們可以穿皮衣而不被人們潑油漆，我認(rèn)為在紐約將是一件巨大的事情，根據(jù)模特摩根所說得知，在紐約穿皮質(zhì)衣服是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的。故選B項(xiàng)?！?019·北京卷，D】Bytheendofthecentury，ifnotsooner，theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate，accordingtoanewstudy.Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms，thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue，dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas，whilereducingitinotherspots，leadingtochangesintheocean'sappearance.Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface，wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie，theyburycarboninthedeepocean，animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth，sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow，butalsonutrients.StephanieDutkiewicz，ascientistinMIT'sCenterforGlobalChangeScience，builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃，itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters，suchasthoseoftheArctic，awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton，andtheseareaswillturngreener.“Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging.”shesaid，“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”1.Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?A.Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.B.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.C.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.D.Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Sensitive. B.Beneficial C.Significant D.Unnoticeable3.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.B.Dutkiewicz'smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchangesC.PhytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimateD.Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.4.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage？A.ToassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchangesB.ToanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchainC.ToexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceansD.Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton【參考答案】1.B2.D3.D4.C【語篇解讀】本文為說明文。一項(xiàng)最新研究表明，由于氣候變暖，世界海洋將會(huì)變得更藍(lán)、更綠。這一現(xiàn)象是因?yàn)橐环N叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因?yàn)楣饩€反射的作用，它們?cè)诤Ｑ蟊砻嫘纬闪宋孱伭膱D案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋變暖趨勢(shì)的影響。氣候變暖會(huì)改變海洋的主要特征，并影響浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)。1.B【解析】段落大意題。第一段“Bytheendofthecentury.Ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.”可知，到本世紀(jì)末，一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，由于氣候變暖，如果不盡快的話，世界上的海洋將會(huì)變得更藍(lán)、更綠。結(jié)合第二段“Attheheartphenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganismscalledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktonscreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentration”可知，這種現(xiàn)象的核心是一種叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光線的作用下在海洋表面形成了五顏六色的圖案。海洋的顏色從綠色到藍(lán)色不等，這取決于海洋的類型和浮游植物濃度。由此可推斷出這兩段主要敘述了海洋生物是海洋顏色變化的原因。分析選項(xiàng)可知B符合題意，故選B項(xiàng)。2.A【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞后的“Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunshineandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.”可知，氣候變暖會(huì)改變海洋的主要特征，并會(huì)影響浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)。由此可判斷“Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swarmingtrend”可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋變暖趨勢(shì)的影響。故選A項(xiàng)。3.D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener”,可知Dutkiewicz的模型預(yù)測(cè)，目前只有少量浮游植物的藍(lán)色區(qū)域可能會(huì)變得更藍(lán)。但是在一些水域，比如北極，氣候變暖會(huì)使浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)條件更加成熟，而這些水域會(huì)變得更綠了”。由此可推斷，浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)條件更加成熟，浮游動(dòng)植物就更多了，這些水域會(huì)變得更綠了。分析選項(xiàng)可知D項(xiàng)符合題意。故選D項(xiàng)。4.C【解析】目的意圖題。第一段提出文章的主旨“Bytheendofthecentury.Ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.”可知到本世紀(jì)末。一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，由于氣候變暖，如果不盡快的話，世界上的海洋將會(huì)變得更藍(lán)、更綠。再結(jié)合第三段“Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swarmingtrendWarmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,…”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趨勢(shì)的影響，變暖改變了海洋的關(guān)鍵特征，并能影響浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)”。可知本文主要解釋氣候變化對(duì)海洋的影響。故選C項(xiàng)?！?019·天津卷，C】Howdoesanecosystem（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)）work？Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare？Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves？Tofindananswer，scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs，notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.Withsuchmodels，scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs，forinstance，consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator（掠食動(dòng)物）alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey（獵物），thetwospeciesarestronglylinked；whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies，theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies，itcansurvivetheextinction（滅絕）ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare，theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable，wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s，scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspeciesincludingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean，wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale，whileonland，wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally，thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey，scientistssaysbecauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint（臨界點(diǎn)），itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.1.Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs？A.Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.B.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.C.Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.D.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.2.Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator______A.hasawidefoodchoiceB.caneasilyfindnewpreyC.stickstoonepreyspeciesD.canquicklymovetoanotherplace3.Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline？A.Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.B.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.C.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.D.Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.4.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4？A.Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.B.Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.C.Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.D.Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.5.Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance？A.Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.B.Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.C.Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.D.Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.【參考答案】1.B2.C3.D4.A5.D【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。本文介紹了借助食物網(wǎng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些在食物網(wǎng)運(yùn)營(yíng)的關(guān)鍵原則。科學(xué)家們說;因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)越過了它的臨界點(diǎn)，它們很難再回來。該系統(tǒng)將告訴我們何時(shí)適應(yīng)人類活動(dòng)，這些活動(dòng)正將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)推向崩潰，或者甚至允許我們將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)從邊緣拉回來，預(yù)防是關(guān)鍵。1.B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.可知，借助食物網(wǎng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了食物網(wǎng)中的一些關(guān)鍵原則。故選B項(xiàng)。2.C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的Whenapredator(掠食動(dòng)物)alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey(獵物)，thetwospeciesarestronglylinked可知，當(dāng)捕食者總是吃大量的單一獵物，這兩個(gè)物種是緊密相連的。故選C項(xiàng)。3.D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhad,asurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack可知，處于食物網(wǎng)頂端的食肉動(dòng)物對(duì)它們沒有直接攻擊的其他物種的種群數(shù)量有著驚人的控制，由此可推斷出，如果食物鏈頂級(jí)食肉動(dòng)物的數(shù)量大大下降，其他物種的種群將經(jīng)歷意想不到的變化。故選D項(xiàng)。4.A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline可知，人類過度的活動(dòng)會(huì)將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)推向崩潰，由此可推斷出，不受控制的人類活動(dòng)極大地破壞了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選A項(xiàng)。5.D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.可知，早期變暖系統(tǒng)發(fā)出緊急需要采取預(yù)防行動(dòng)的信號(hào)幫助我們維持生態(tài)平衡。故選D項(xiàng)?！?018·北京卷，C】Plastic-EatingWormsHumansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋場(chǎng)),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms’chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste(糊狀物)andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromtheworms’stomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017.FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.＂Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,＂sheexplains,＂Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.＂JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(腸道微生物)?Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂1.Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.C.Theycanconsumeplastics.D.Theywindupinlandfills.2.AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto.A.identifyothermeansofthebreakdownB.findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC.confirmtheresearchfindingsD.increasethebreakdownspeed3.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight.A.helptoraisewormsB.helpmakeplasticbagsC.beusedtocleantheoceansD.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture4.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.【參考答案】1.C2.B3.D4.C【語篇解讀】本文為說明文。文章介紹了一種吃塑料的蟲子大蠟螟，它胃中的酶能夠降解塑料，這為解決塑料污染提供了新的途徑。1.C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.可知，研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，蠕蟲分解日常食物的能力讓它們可以分解塑料，也就是說它們可以消費(fèi)塑料。故選C項(xiàng)。2.B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(腸道微生物)?可知，下一步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明這種酶來源于哪里，是蟲子自己產(chǎn)生的還是它腸道里的微生物產(chǎn)生的。故選B項(xiàng)。3.D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂可以推斷出，Bertocchini希望這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)將來能在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中使用，而不是僅僅依靠蠕蟲來分解塑料。故選D項(xiàng)。4.C【解析】寫作意圖題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.可知，有一種新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根據(jù)最后一段最后一句Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂可知，Bertocchini希望將這種方法推廣到工業(yè)中。由此可以推知寫作意圖為介紹一種分解塑料的方法。故選C項(xiàng)?！?018·浙江卷，B】StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconsiderthathe’sanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad.Whatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneof

Stein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags.Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts(收銀臺(tái)).Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslike

Stein

to

makethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.Amongthebagmakers'argument:manycitieswithbansstillallowshoppers

to

purchasepaperbags,whichareeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergy

to

produceandtransport.Andwhileplasticbagsmaybeugly

to

lookat,theyrepresentasmallpercentageofall

garbage

onthegroundtoday.Theindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplacement:reusableshoppingbags.Thestrongerareusablebagis,thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.However,longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergy

to

make.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeusedatleast131timestobebetterfortheplanetthanplastic.Environmentalistsdon'tdispute（質(zhì)疑）thesepoints.Theyhopepaperbagswillbebannedsomedaytooandwantshoppers

to

usethesamereusablebagsforyears.1.WhathasStevenSteinbeenhiredtodo?A.Helpincreasegrocerysales. B.Recyclethewastematerial.C.Stopthingsfallingofftrucks. D.Arguefortheuseofplasticbags.2.Whatdoestheword“headwinds”inparagraph2referto?A.Bansonplasticbags. B.Effectsofcitydevelopment.C.Headachescausedbygarbage. D.Plasticbagshungintrees.3.Whatisadisadvantageofreusablebagsaccordingtoplastic-bagmakers?A.Theyarequiteexpensive. B.Replacingthemcanbedifficult.C.Theyarelessstrongthanplasticbags. D.Producingthemrequiresmoreenergy.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Plastic,PaperorNeither B.Industry,PollutionandEnvironmentC.RecycleorThrowAway D.GarbageCollectionandWasteControl【參考答案】1.D2.A3.D4.A【語篇解讀】文章分析了幾種購(gòu)物袋的使用情況，塑料袋造成了環(huán)境問題，盡管紙袋容易回收，但生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸需要更多的能源，希望消費(fèi)者使用耐用可重復(fù)使用的袋子。1.D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段oneof

Stein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags.和第二段plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslike

Stein