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Chapter
1Introduction
to
Process
ControlIntroductionControl
SystemsProcess-Control
Block
DiagramControl
System
EvaluationAnalog
and
Digital
ProcessingUnits,
Standards,
And
DefinitionsSensor
Time
ResponseChapter
1
Introduction
to
Process
ControlControlControl
systemProcess
control
system1.1
IntroductionProcess
control
systemsServomechanismsDiscrete-state
control
systems1.2
Control
systems1.2
Control
systems1.2.1
Process
control
principles(1)
The
ProcessProperty:
self-regulationFor
some
input
flow
rate,
theliquid
height
will
rise
until
it
reacheheight
for
which
the
output
flow
ratematches
the
input
flow
rate.A
self-regulation
system
does
not
provide
a
regulation
of
a
variable
to
any
particular
reference
value.Non-self-regulation(1)
The
Process1.2.1
Process
control
principles1.2
Control
systemsTo
maintain
a
value,
a
sensor
is
necessary
to
provide
a
sight
tube.
Theliquid
level
is
called
controlled
variable.A
valve
has
been
added
to
the
output
flow
rate
can
be
changed
by
the
humaThe
output
flow
is
called
manipulated
variable
or
Controlling
variable.Disadvantages:
tired,
human
cost,
etc.1.2.1
Process
control
principles(2)
Human-aided
control,
artificial
regulation1.2
Control
systemsSensor:
a
floating
ball
mechanism,
human
eyesController:
a
machines
,
electronic
circuits
or
computer
,
huFinal
control
operation:
actuator
and
valve,
human
hands1.2.1
Process
control
principles(3)
Automatic
control1.2
Control
systems(3)
Error
detector
–the
difference
between
the
actual
provalue
and
setpoint.
Controller
-
to
examine
the
error
and
determine
what
acshould
be
taken.
Control
Element
(final
control
element):
refers
to
ththat
exerts
a
direct
influence
on
the
process.
e.g.
valvactuator
etc.Identification
of
elements
Process:
single-variable
process,
multi-variable
pro(perhaps
interrelated)Measurement:
sensor,
transducer.
All
sensors
are
tran but
not
all
transducers
are
sensors.1.3
Process-control
block
diagram1.3.2
Block
Diagram1.3
Process-control
block
diagramChap.
2,
3:
transducersChap
4,
5,
6:
sensorsChap.
7Chap.
8,
9,
10,
11Chap.
1,
121.3.2
Block
Diagram1.3
Process-control
block
diagramPhysical
diagram
of
a
process-control
loop1.3.2
Block
Diagram1.3
Process-control
block
diagramPhysical
diagram
of
aprocess-control
loopBlock
diagram
of
theprocess-control
loop1.4
Control
System
EvaluationControl
system
objective:The
system
should
be
stable.The
system
should
provide
the
best
possible
steady-state
regulatiThe
system
should
provide
the
best
possible
transient
regulation.1.4
Control
System
EvaluationMinimium
areaQuarter
amplitude1.4
Control
System
Evaluation1.5.1
Data
Representation1.5Analog
and
Digital
Processing1.5.2
ON/OFF
Control1.5Analog
and
Digital
Processing1.5.2
ON/OFF
ControlDeadband
-
a
range,
of
temperature
in
this
case,
whereinno
action
will
occur.Hysteresis
-
the
behavior
of
the
system
is
difference
at
thsame
value
depending
on
whether
the
temperature
isincreasing
or
decreasing.1.5
Analog
and
Digital
Processing1.5.3
Analog
Control1.5Analog
and
Digital
ProcessingSupervisory
control1.5.4
Digital
Control1.5
Analog
and
Digital
ProcessingDirect
Digital
Control
(DDC)1.5.4
Digital
Control1.5Analog
and
Digital
ProcessingSmart
Sensor1.5.4
Digital
Control1.5
Analog
and
Digital
ProcessingNetworked
Control
System1.5.4
Digital
Control1.5
Analog
and
Digital
Processing1.6.1
Units1.6
Units,
Standards,
and
Definitions1.6
Units,
Standards,
andDefinitions1.6.1
Units·
English
system,
Appendix
p6001.6
Units,
Standards,
andDefinitions1.6.1
Units·
CGS---centimeter-gram-second
system,
Appendix
p6013-15psi(pound/inch2)
,
20~100kPa4~20mA1.6.2
Analog
Data
Representation1.6
Units,
Standards,
andDefinitions1.6
Units,
Standards,
and
Definitions1.6.2
Analog
Data
Representation1.6.2
Analog
Data
RepresentationExample
1.7
Suppose
the
temperature
range 20℃
to
120℃
islinearly
converted
to
the
standard
current
range4to
20mWhat
current
will
result
from
66℃?
What
temperature
doe6.5mA
represent?1.6
Units,
Standards,
andDefinitions1.6.3
DefinitionsErrorBlock
definitionsTransfer
function
(T.
F.)StaticDynamic1.6
Units,
Standards,
and
Definitions1.6
Units,
Standards,
and
Definitions1.6.3
Definitions4)
Accuracy
-
specify
the
maximum
overall
ever
of
a
device,
usuallyexpressed
as
inaccuracy.
Several
forms:Measured
variable.
e.g.
±2℃
-uncertainty
of
±2℃in
any
value
o temperature
measuredPercentage
of
the
instrument
full-scale
(FS)
reading.
e.g.
±5%
F
5-V
full-scale
range
meter,
the
accuracy
would
be
±5%FS×5V=
±
0.025VPercentage
of
instrument
span,
i.e.
percentage
of
the
range.
e.g. span
for
a
20
to
50
psi
range,
the
accuracy
would
be
(±0.03
)(50-±0.9psiPercentage
of
the
actual
reading.
e.g.
±2%
of
reading
2V,
the
acc would
be
±0.04V1.6
Units,
Standards,
and
Definitions1.6.3
Definitions5)
System
accuracy
–
the
overall
accuracy
of
many
elementsprocess
control
loop
to
represent
a
process
variable.The
best
way
is
in
the
terms
of
the
T.
F.6)
Sensitivity
-
a
measurement
of
the
change
in
output
of
aninstrument
for
a
change
in
input.High
sensitivity
is
desirable,
e.g.
10mV/℃
is
higher
than
5mV/℃evaluated
together
with
other
parameters
(linearity,
range,
accuracGenerally
indicated
by
the
T.
F.e.g.
5mV/℃
means:T.
F.,
i.e.
when
input
is
1
℃,
output
is
5mV.sensitivity,
i.e.
if
input
change
by
1℃,
output
change
5mV.1.6
Units,
Standards,
and
Definitions1.6.3
Definitions1.6
Units,
Standards,
and
Definitions1.6.3
Definitions7)
Hysteresis
and
Reproducibility8)
ResolutionComparing
Sensitivity
and
ResolutionSensitivity:
refers
to
the
output
when
input
change
by
oResolution:
refers
to
the
input
which
causes
the
minimumrecognized
output.1.6
Units,
Standards,
and
Definitions1.6.3
Definitions1.6
Units,
Standards,
and
Definitions1.6.3
Definitions9)
LinearityEXAMPLE
1.14
A
sensor
resistance
changes
linearly
from
100180
Ohm
as
temperature
changes
from20to
120℃.
Find
alinear
equation
relating
resistance
and
temperature.Solution:Thedesired
equationwouldbe
of
the
form1.6.4
Process-Control
DrawingsP&ID:
Piping
and
Instrumentation
Diagram
Page
6221.6
Units,
Standards,
and
Definitions1.6.4
Process-Control
DrawingsP&ID:
Piping
and
Instrumentation
Diagram
Page
6221.6
Units,
Standards,
and
Definitions1.7
Sensor
Time
ResponsePerfect
sensor:
b(t)
reaches
the
finalvalue
with
nolag.However,
all
sensors
will
exhibitsome
lag
between
the
output
and
the
inpu
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