口譯筆譯分類詞匯(07)-世貿(mào)組織詞匯

口譯筆譯分類詞匯（07）--世貿(mào)組織詞匯

（補(bǔ)貼協(xié)議）可訴補(bǔ)貼Actionablesubsidy(紡織品與服裝、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品)一體化進(jìn)程Integrationprocess（服務(wù)貿(mào)易）境外消費(fèi)Consumptionabroad（服務(wù)貿(mào)易）跨境交付Crossbordersupply（服務(wù)貿(mào)易）商業(yè)存在Commercialpresence(服務(wù)貿(mào)易)自然人naturalperson(服務(wù)貿(mào)易)自然人流動(dòng)Presenceofnaturalperson(解決爭(zhēng)端)被訴方Defendant（解決爭(zhēng)端）調(diào)查結(jié)果Findings(解決爭(zhēng)端)上訴Appeal(解決爭(zhēng)端)申訴方Complaint(利益的)喪失和減損Nullificationandimpairment(農(nóng)產(chǎn)品)國(guó)內(nèi)支持Domesticsupport（農(nóng)產(chǎn)品）綜合支持量AMS(AggregateMeasurementofSupport)（農(nóng)產(chǎn)品國(guó)內(nèi)支持）黃箱措施AmberBoxmeasures（農(nóng)產(chǎn)品國(guó)內(nèi)支持）藍(lán)箱措施BOP(Balance-of-payments)Provisions（農(nóng)產(chǎn)品國(guó)內(nèi)支持）綠箱措施GreenBoxmeasures(農(nóng)業(yè))多功能性Multifunctionality（歐盟）共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策CommonAgriculturePolicy(爭(zhēng)端解決)專家組Panel（知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)）地理標(biāo)識(shí)Geographicalindications《巴黎公約》(關(guān)于保護(hù)工業(yè)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的公約)ParisConvention《巴塞爾公約》（有關(guān)危險(xiǎn)廢棄物的多邊環(huán)境協(xié)定）BaselConvention《北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定》NAFTA(NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement)《瀕危物種國(guó)際貿(mào)易公約》ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies《伯爾尼公約》（有關(guān)保護(hù)文學(xué)和藝術(shù)作品版權(quán)的公約）BerneConvention《多種纖維協(xié)定》MFA(MultifibreAgreement)《紡織品與服裝協(xié)議》ATC(AgreementonTextilesandClothing)《服務(wù)貿(mào)易總協(xié)定》GATS(GeneralAgreementonTradeinServices)《關(guān)于爭(zhēng)端解決規(guī)則與程序的諒解》DSU(UnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes)《京都議定書》KyotoProtocol《里斯本條約》（有關(guān)地理標(biāo)識(shí)及其國(guó)際注冊(cè)）LisbonAgreement《蒙特利爾議定書》(有關(guān)保護(hù)大氣臭氧層的多邊環(huán)境協(xié)定)MontrealProtocol《農(nóng)產(chǎn)品協(xié)議》特殊保障SSG(SpecialSafeguard)《農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)議》中關(guān)于反補(bǔ)貼的和平條款Peaceclause《生物多樣性公約》CBD(ConventiononBiologicalDiversity)《信息技術(shù)協(xié)議》ITA(InformationTechnologyAgreement)WTO最不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家高級(jí)別會(huì)議HLM(WTOHigh-levelMeetingforLDCs)北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)NAFTA(NorthAmericanFreeTradeArea)采取措施后Expost采取措施前Exante產(chǎn)品生命周期分析LCA(LifeCycleAnalysis)出口補(bǔ)貼Exportsubsidy出口實(shí)績(jī)Exportperformance垂直兼并verticalmerger當(dāng)?shù)睾縇ocalcontent電子商務(wù)ElectronicCommerce東部和南部非洲共同市場(chǎng)COMESA(CommonMarketforEasternandSouthernAfrica)東盟自由貿(mào)易區(qū)ASEANFreeTradeArea動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施SPS(SanitaryandPhytosanitaryStandard)反補(bǔ)貼稅Countervailingduty反傾銷措施anti-dumpingmeasuresagainst…祖父條款grandfatherclause最不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家LDCs(Least-developedcountries)最初談判權(quán)(初談權(quán))INRs(InitialNegotiatingRights)最惠國(guó)待遇（現(xiàn)通常稱'正常貿(mào)易關(guān)系'）MFN（most-favored-nation)treatment最惠國(guó)貿(mào)易地位(待遇)MFN(Most-favored-nation)(Treatment)WTO術(shù)語(yǔ)英文解釋GeneralGATT—GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,whichhasbeensupersededasaninternationalorganizationbytheWTO.AnupdatedGeneralAgreementisnowoneoftheWTO’sagreements.GATT1947—Theold(pre-1994)versionoftheGATT.GATT1994—ThenewversionoftheGeneralAgreement,incorporatedintotheWTO,whichgovernstradeingoods.Members—WTOgovernments(firstlettercapitalized,inWTOstyle).MFN—Most-favoured-nationtreatment(GATTArticleI,GATSArticleIIandTRIPSArticle4),theprincipleofnotdiscriminatingbetweenone’stradingpartners.nationaltreatment—Theprincipleofgivingothersthesametreatmentasone’sownnationals.GATTArticleIIIrequiresthatimportsbetreatednolessfavourablythanthesameorsimilardomestically-producedgoodsoncetheyhavepassedcustoms.GATSArticleXVIIandTRIPSArticle3alsodealwithnationaltreatmentforservicesandintellectualpropertyprotection.TPRB,TPRM—TheTradePolicyReviewBodyisGeneralCounciloperatingunderspecialproceduresformeetingstoreviewtradepoliciesandpracticesofindividualWTOmembersundertheTrade

PolicyReviewMechanism.transparency—Degreetowhichtradepoliciesandpractices,andtheprocessbywhichtheyareestablished,areopenandpredictable.UruguayRound—MultilateraltradenegotiationslaunchedatPuntadelEste,UruguayinSeptember1986andconcludedinGenevainDecember1993.SignedbyMinistersinMarrakesh,

Tariffsbinding,bound—see“tariffbinding”electroniccommerce—Theproduction,advertising,saleanddistributionofproductsviatelecommunicationsnetworks.free-rider—Acasualtermusedtoinferthatacountrywhichdoesnotmakeanytradeconcessions,profits,nonetheless,fromtariffcutsandconcessionsmadebyothercountriesinnegotiationsunderthemost-favoured-nationprinciple.HarmonizedSystem—AninternationalnomenclaturedevelopedbytheWorldCustomsOrganization,whichisarrangedinsixdigitcodesallowingallparticipatingcountriestoclassifytradedgoodsonacommonbasis.Beyondthesixdigitlevel,countriesarefreetointroducenationaldistinctionsfortariffsandmanyotherpurposes.ITA—InformationTechnologyAgreement,orformallytheMinisterial-DeclarationonTradeinInformationTechnologyProducts,underwhich

participantswillremovetariffsonITproductsbytheyear2000.ITAII—NegotiationsaimedatexpandingITA’sproductcoverage.nuisancetariff—Tariffsolowthatitcoststhegovernmentmoretocollectitthantherevenueitgenerates.scheduleofconcessions—Listofboundtariffrates.tariffbinding—Commitmentnottoincreasearateofdutybeyondanagreedlevel.Oncearateofdutyisbound,itmaynotberaisedwithoutcompensatingtheaffectedparties.tariffescalation—Higherimportdutiesonsemi-processedproductsthanonrawmaterials,andhigherstillonfinishedproducts.Thispracticeprotectsdomesticprocessingindustriesanddiscouragesthedevelopmentofprocessingactivityinthecountrieswhererawmaterialsoriginate.tariffpeaks—Relativelyhightariffs,usuallyon“sensitive”products,amidstgenerallylowtarifflevels.Forindustrializedcountries,tariffsof15%andabovearegenerallyrecognizedas“tariffpeaks”.tariffs—Customsdutiesonmerchandiseimports.Leviedeitheronanadvalorembasis(percentageofvalue)oronaspecificbasis(e.g.$7per100kgs.).Tariffsgivepriceadvantagetosimilarlocally-producedgoodsandraiserevenuesforthegovernment.WCO—WorldCustomsOrganization,amultilateralbodylocatedinBrusselsthroughwhichparticipatingcountriesseektosimplifyandrationalizecustomsprocedures.

Non-tariffmeasuresanti-dumpingduties—ArticleVIoftheGATT1994permitstheimpositionofanti-dumpingdutiesagainstdumpedgoods,equaltothedifferencebetweentheirexportpriceandtheirnormalvalue,ifdumpingcausesinjurytoproducersofcompetingproductsintheimportingcountry.circumvention—Measurestakenbyexporterstoevadeanti-dumpingorcountervailingduties.countervailingmeasures—Actiontakenbytheimportingcountry,usuallyintheformofincreaseddutiestooffsetsubsidiesgiventoproducersorexportersintheexportingcountry.dumping—Occurswhengoodsareexportedatapricelessthantheirnormalvalue,generallymeaningtheyareexportedforlessthantheyaresoldinthedomesticmarketorthird-countrymarkets,oratlessthanproductioncost.NTMs—Non-tariffmeasuressuchasquotas,importlicensingsystems,sanitaryregulations,prohibitions,etc.priceundertaking—Undertakingbyanexportertoraisetheexportpriceoftheproducttoavoidthepossibilityofananti-dumpingduty.PSI—Preshipmentinspection—thepracticeofemployingspecializedprivatecompaniestocheckshipmentdetailsofgoodsorderedoverseas—i.e.price,quantity,quality,etc.QRs—Quantitativerestrictions—specificlimitsonthequantityorvalueofgoodsthatcanbeimported(orexported)duringaspecifictimeperiod.rulesoforigin—Laws,regulationsandadministrativeprocedureswhichdetermineaproduct’scountryoforigin.Adecisionbyacustomsauthorityonorigincandeterminewhetherashipmentfallswithinaquotalimitation,qualifiesforatariffpreferenceorisaffectedbyananti-dumpingduty.Theserulescanvaryfromcountrytocountry.safeguardmeasures—Actiontakentoprotectaspecificindustryfromanunexpectedbuild-upofimports—governedbyArticleXIXoftheGATT1994.subsidy—Therearetwogeneraltypesofsubsidies:exportanddomestic.Anexportsubsidyisabenefitconferredonafirmbythegovernmentthatiscontingentonexports.Adomesticsubsidyisabenefitnotdirectlylinkedtoexports.tariffication—Proceduresrelatingtotheagriculturalmarket-accessprovisioninwhichallnon-tariffmeasuresareconvertedintotariffs.tradefacilitation—Removingobstaclestothemovementofgoodsacrossborders(e.g.simplificationofcustomsprocedures).VRA,VER,OMA—Voluntaryrestraintarrangement,voluntaryexportrestraint,orderlymarketingarrangement.Bilateralarrangementswherebyanexportingcountry(governmentorindustry)agreestoreduceorrestrictexportswithouttheimportingcountryhavingtomakeuseofquotas,tariffsorotherimportcontrols.

TextilesandclothingATC—TheWTOAgreementonTextilesandClothingwhichintegratestradeinthissectorbacktoGATTruleswithinaten-yearperiod.carryforward—Whenanexportingcountryusespartofthefollowingyear’squotaduringthecurrentyear.carryover—Whenanexportingcountryutilizesthepreviousyear’sunutilizedquota.circumvention—Avoidingquotasandotherrestrictionsbyalteringthecountryoforiginofaproduct.CTG—CouncilforTradeinGoods—overseesWTOagreementsongoods,includingtheATC.integrationprogramme—ThephasingoutofMFArestrictionsinfourstagesstartingon1January

1995andendingon1January2005.ITCB—InternationalTextilesandClothingBureau—Geneva-basedgroupofsome20developingcountryexportersoftextilesandclothing.MFA—MultifibreArrangement(1974-94)underwhichcountrieswhosemarketsaredisruptedbyincreasedimportsoftextilesandclothingfromanothercountrywereabletonegotiatequotarestrictions.swing—Whenanexportingcountrytransferspartofaquotafromoneproducttoanotherrestrainedproduct.TMB—TheTextilesMonitoringBody,consistingofachairmanplustenmembersactinginapersonalcapacity,overseestheimplementationofATCcommitments.transitionalsafeguardmechanism—Allowsmemberstoimposerestrictionsagainstindividualexportingcountriesiftheimportingcountrycanshowthatbothoverallimportsofaproductandimportsfromtheindividualcountriesareenteringthecountryinsuchincreasedquantitiesastocause—orthreaten—seriousdamagetotherelevantdomesticindustry.Agriculture/SPSAgenda2000—EC’sfinancialreformplansfor2000–06aimedatstrengtheningtheunionwithaviewtoreceivingnewmembers.IncludesreformoftheCAP(seebelow).borderprotection—Anymeasurewhichactstorestrainimportsatpointofentry.BSE—Bovinespongiformencephalopathy,or“madcowdisease”.box—Categoryofdomesticsupport.—Greenbox:supportsconsiderednottodistorttradeandthereforepermittedwithnolimits.—Bluebox:permittedsupportslinkedtoproduction,butsubjecttoproductionlimitsandthereforeminimallytrade-distorting.—Amberbox:supportsconsideredtodistorttradeandthereforesubjecttoreductioncommitments.CairnsGroup—Groupofagriculturalexportingnationslobbyingforagriculturaltradeliberalization.Itwasformedin1986inCairns,CAP—CommonAgriculturalPolicy—TheEU’scomprehensivesystemofproductiontargetsandmarketingmechanismsdesignedtomanageagriculturaltradewithintheEUandwiththerestoftheworld.CodexAlimentarius—FAO/WHOcommissionthatdealswithinternationalstandardsonfoodsafety.distortion—Whenpricesandproductionarehigherorlowerthanlevelsthatwouldusuallyexistinacompetitivemarket.deficiencypayment—Paidbygovernmentstoproducersofcertaincommoditiesandbasedonthedifferencebetweenatargetpriceandthedomesticmarketpriceorloanrate,whicheveristheless.EEP—Exportenhancementprogramme—programmeofUSexportsubsidiesgivengenerallytocompetewithsubsidizedagriculturalexportsfromtheEUoncertainexportmarkets.foodsecurity—Conceptwhichdiscouragesopeningthedomesticmarkettoforeignagriculturalproductsontheprinciplethatacountrymustbeasself-sufficientaspossibleforitsbasicdietaryernalsupport—Encompassesanymeasurewhichactstomaintainproducerpricesatlevelsabovethoseprevailingininternationaltrade;directpaymentstoproducers,includingdeficiencypayments,andinputandmarketingcostreductionmeasuresavailableonlyforagriculturalproduction.InternationalOfficeofEpizootics—Dealswithinternationalstandardsconcerninganimalhealth.multifunctionality—Ideathatagriculturehasmanyfunctionsinadditiontoproducingfoodandfibre,e.g.environmentalprotection,landscapepreservation,ruralemployment,etc.Seenon-tradeconcerns.non-tradeconcerns—Similartomultifunctionality.ThepreambleoftheAgricultureAgreementspecifiesfoodsecurityandenvironmentalprotectionasexamples.Alsocitedbymembersareruraldevelopmentandemployment,andpovertyalleviation.peaceclause—ProvisioninArticle13oftheAgricultureAgreementsaysagriculturalsubsidiescommittedundertheagreementcannotbechallengedunderotherWTOagreements,inparticulartheSubsidiesAgreementandGATT.Expiresattheendof2003.reformprocess/program—TheUruguayRoundAgricultureAgreementstartsareformprocess.Itsetsoutafirststep,intheprocess,i.e.aprogramforreducingsubsidiesandprotectionandotherreforms.CurrentnegotiationslaunchedunderArticle20areforcontinuingthereformprocess.SPSregulations—SanitaryandPhytosanitaryregulations—governmentstandardstoprotecthuman,animalandplantlifeandhealth,tohelpensurethatfoodissafeforconsumption.variablelevy—Customsdutyratewhichvariesinresponsetodomesticpricecriterion.

IntellectualpropertyBerneConvention—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortheprotectionoftherightsofauthorsintheirliteraryandartisticworks.CBD—ConventiononBiologicalDpulsorylicensing—Forpatents:whentheauthoritieslicensecompaniesorindividualsotherthanthepatentownertousetherightsofthepatent—tomake,use,sellorimportaproductunderpatent(i.e.apatentedproductoraproductmadebyapatentedprocess)—withoutthepermissionofthepatentowner.AllowedundertheTRIPSAgreementprovidedcertainproceduresandconditionsarefulfilled.Seealsogovernmentuse.counterfeit—Unauthorizedrepresentationofaregisteredtrademarkcarriedongoodsidenticalorsimilartogoodsforwhichthetrademarkisregistered,withaviewtodeceivingthepurchaserintobelievingthathe/sheisbuyingtheoriginalgoods.exhaustion—Theprinciplethatonceaproducthasbeensoldonamarket,theintellectualpropertyownernolongerhasanyrightsoverit.(AdebateamongWTOmembergovernmentsiswhetherthisappliestoproductsputonthemarketundercompulsorylicences.)Countries’lawsvaryastowhethertherightcontinuestobeexhaustediftheproductisimportedfromonemarketintoanother,whichaffectstheowner’srightsovertradeintheprotectedproduct.Seealsoparallelimports.geographicalindications—Placenames(orwordsassociatedwithaplace)usedtoidentifyproducts(forexample,“Champagne”,“Tequila”or“Roquefort”)whichhaveaparticularquality,reputationorothercharacteristicbecausetheycomefromthatplacegovernmentuse—Forpatents:whenthegovernmentitselfusesorauthorizesotherpersonstousetherightsoverapatentedproductorprocess,forgovernmentpurposes,withoutthepermissionofthepatentowner.Seealsocompulsoryellectualpropertyrights—Ownershipofideas,includingliteraryandartisticworks(protectedbycopyright),inventions(protectedbypatents),signsfordistinguishinggoodsofanenterprise(protectedbytrademarks)andotherelementsofindustrialproperty.IPRs—Intellectualpropertyrights.LisbonAgreement—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortheprotectionofgeographicalindicationsandtheirinternationalregistration.MadridAgreement—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortherepressionoffalseordeceptiveindicationsofsourceongoods.mailbox—ReferstotherequirementoftheTRIPSAgreementapplyingtoWTOmemberswhichdonotyetprovideproductpatentprotectionforpharmaceuticalsandforagriculturalchemicals.Since1January1995,whentheWTOagreementsenteredintoforce,thesecountrieshavetoestablishameansbywhichapplicationsofpatentsfortheseproductscanbefiled.(Anadditionalrequirementsaystheymustalsoputinplaceasystemforgranting“exclusivemarketingrights”fortheproductswhosepatentapplicationshavebeenfiled.)parallelimports—Whenaproductmadelegally(i.e.notpirated)abroadisimportedwithoutthepermissionoftheintellectualpropertyright-holder(e.g.thetrademarkorpatentowner).Somecountriesallowthis,othersdonot.ParisConvention—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortheprotectionofindustrialintellectualproperty,i.e.patents,utilitymodels,industrialdesigns,etc.piracy—Unauthorizedcopyingofmaterialsprotectedbyintellectualpropertyrights(suchascopyright,trademarks,patents,geographicalindications,etc)forcommercialpurposesandunauthorizedcommercialdealingincopiedmaterials.RomeConvention—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,UNESCOandILO,fortheprotectionoftheworksofperformers,broadcastingorganizationsandproducersofphonograms.TRIPS—Trade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights.UPOV—InternationalUnionfortheProtectionofNewVarietiesofPlantsWashingtonTreaty—Treatyfortheprotectionofintellectualpropertyinrespectoflay-outdesignsofintegratedcircuits.WIPO—WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization.

Investmentexport-performancemeasure—Requirementthatacertainquantityofproductionmustbeexported.FDI—Foreigndirectinvestment.local-contentmeasure—Requirementthattheinvestorpurchaseacertainamountoflocalmaterialsforincorporationintheinvestor’sduct-mandating—Requirementthattheinvestorexporttocertaincountriesorregion.trade-balancingmeasure—Requirementthattheinvestoruseearningsfromexportstopayforimports.TRIMS—Trade-relatedinvestmentmeasures.

DisputesettlementAppellateBody—Anindependentseven-personbodythat,uponrequestbyoneormorepartiestothedispute,reviewsfindingsinpanelreports.automaticity—The“automatic”chronologicalprogressionforsettlingtradedisputesinregardtopanelestablishment,termsofreference,compositionandadoptionprocedures.DSB—DisputeSettlementBody—whentheWTOGeneralCouncilmeetstosettletradedisputes.DSU—TheUruguayRoundUnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes.nullificationandimpairment—Damagetoacountry’sbenefitsandexpectationsfromitsWTOmembershipthroughanothercountry’schangeinitstraderegimeorfailuretocarryoutitsWTO

obligations.panel—Consistingofthreeexperts,thisindependentbodyisestablishedbytheDSBtoexamineandissuerecommendationsonaparticulardisputeinthelightofWTOprovisions.

Servicesaccountingrate—Intelecoms,thechargemadebyonecountry’stelephonenetworkoperatorforcallsoriginatinginanothermercialpresence—Havinganoffice,branch,orsubsidiaryinaforeigncountry.GATS—TheWTO’sGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices.generalobligations—Obligationswhichshouldbeappliedtoallservicessectorattheentryintoforceoftheagreement.Initialcommitments—Tradeliberalizingcommitmentsinserviceswhichmembersarepreparedtomakeearlyon.modesofdelivery—Howinternationaltradeinservicesissuppliedandconsumed.Mode1:crossbordersupply;mode2:consumptionabroad;mode3:foreigncommercialpresence;andmode4:movementofnaturalpersons.multi-modal—Transportationusingmorethanonemode.IntheGATSnegotiations,essentiallydoor-to-doorservicesthatincludeinternationalshipping.nationalschedules—TheequivalentoftariffschedulesinGATT,layingdownthecommitmentsaccepted—voluntarilyorthroughnegotiation—byWTOmembers.naturalpersons—People,asdistinctfromjuridicalpersonssuchascompaniesandorganizations.offer—Acountry’sproposalforfurthertocols—AdditionalagreementsattachedtotheGATS.TheSecondProtocoldealswiththe1995commitmentsonfinancialservices.TheThirdProtocoldealswithmovementofnaturalpersons.prudence,prudential—Infinancialservices,termsusedtodescribeanobjectiveofmarketregulationbyauthoritiestoprotectinvestorsanddepositors,toavoidinstabilityorcrises.schedule—“ScheduleofSpecificCommitments”—AWTOmember’slistofcommitmentsregardingmarketaccessandbindingsregardingnationaltreatment.specificcommitments—See“schedule”.

Regionalism/tradeanddevelopmentACP—African,CaribbeanandPacificcountries.Groupof71countrieswithpreferentialtradingrelationwiththeEUundertheformerLom?TreatynowcalledtheCotonouAgreement.AndeanCommunity—Bolivia,Colombia,Ecuador,PeruandVenezuela.APEC—AsiaPacificEconomicCooperationforum.ASEAN—AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ThesevenASEANmembersoftheWTO—Brunei,Indonesia,Malaysia,Myanmar,thePhilippines,SingaporeandThailand—oftenspeakintheWTOasonegroupongeneralissues.TheotherASEANmembersareLaosandVietnam.Caricom—TheCaribbeanCommunityandCommonMarketcomprises15countries.CTD—TheWTOCommitteeonTradeandDevelopmentCustomsunion—Membersapplyacommonexternaltariff(e.g.theEC).EC—EuropeanCommunities(officialnameoftheEuropeanUnionintheWTO).EFTA—EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation.freetradearea—Tradewithinthegroupisdutyfreebutmemberssetowntariffsonimportsfromnon-members(e.g.NAFTA).G15—Groupof15developingcountriesactingasthemainpoliticalorganfortheNon-AlignedMovement.G77—Groupof