電子商務(wù)對(duì)國際貿(mào)易的影響中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

電子商務(wù)對(duì)國際貿(mào)易的影響中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)PAGE1電子商務(wù)對(duì)國際貿(mào)易的影響中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯，可編輯！)原文：TheImpactofElectronicCommerceonInternationalTradeE-CommerceisdoingbusinessthroughelectronicmediaorthepracticeofbuyingandsellingproductsandservicesovertheInternet,utilizingtechnologiessuchastheWeb,ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI),Email,electronicfundtransfersandsmartcards,withoutface-to-facemeetingbetweentwopartiesofthetransactions.Inbrief,E-Commerceistheonlineexchangeorsaleandpurchaseofgoodsandservices.TheBackgroundWiththeextensionofinternetinapplicationarea,fromacademies,enterprisestothegovernmentdepartments,thenetworkreachesvariableaspectsofoursociety.Fromknowledgelearning,messageobtainingtoe-commerce,thedigitalnetworkisallprovedastrongpushingstrength.Withnetwork,thedifferenceoftimeandspaceareeliminated,theexchangeandcommunicationamongpeople,theresourcessharingarebecomingmuchmoreeasier,basedonthat,moreandmoreapplicationsaredeveloped,andoneofwhichisthenetworkuniversityandremotelearningwhichwillbeagreatrevolutiontothetraditionalteachingandlearningway.Peoplecanstudyonline,exchangethoughtsinteractivelywithteachersandschoolmatesthroughnetworkratherthanspecialclassroomsinthecampus,thiswillprovideachancetolearnknowledgeallthelifeforthosewhoareinworkorcan’tgointocolleges,perhapsthenetworkuniversitywillbethemostimportantmodeltostudyinanotlongfuture.Abstract：The21stcenturyisthecenturyofthenetwork,withthegrowingpopularityofthenetwork,makinge-commercehasbecomethemostimportantinternationaltradeasameansofconveniente-commercehasbroughttheentireinternationaltradeanin-depthchange,agreatimpactthedevelopmentofinternationaltrade.Inthispaper,theimpactofelectroniccommerceoninternationaltraderesearch,firstonthemeaningandmodeofe-commerceandinternationaltrade,asimpleintroductiontobasicconcepts,followedbyanalysistoidentifytheimpactofelectroniccommerceoninternationaltrade,andfoundthatnotonlye-commercepromotetherapiddevelopmentofinternationaltradetransactions,butalsochangedthewayofmakingsmallandmediumenterprisestobecomemoreinvolvedininternationaltradeto;andmakingtheinternationalmarkettrulyberealized,butalsotheinternationaltradebusinessmanagementmajorchanges.KeyWords：Electroniccommerce;internationaltrade;InternetIntroductionInrecentyear,e-commercehasemergedasthefastestgrowingsectoroftheworldmarketplace.Despitethecontractioninthehigh-techindustryduringtherecentrecession,firmshavecontinuedtoenterandexpandtheirpresenceine-commerce,andconsumershaveincreasedthenumberofpurchasesmadeonline.E-commercecurrentlyrepresentsaverysmallshareofoverallcommerce,butitisexpectedtocontinuetoexpandrapidlyincomingyears.Ase-commercegrows,sowillitsimpactontheoveralleconomy.1．TheOverviewofE-commerce1.1TheMeaningofE-commerceE-commerceusuallyreferstotheuseofcomputertechnology,networktechnologyandtelecommunicationtechnologytoachievetheentirebusinessprocessbecomecomputerization,digitizationandnetworking.E-commerceisanewbusinessmodelmakingthatbothbuyersandsellersdonothavetomeeteachotherinvariousbusinessactivitiesinawiderangeofbusinessaroundtheworldtrade.Italsocontributestotheconsumer'sonlineshopping,onlinetransactionsbetweenmerchantsandonlineelectronicpaymentindifferentbusinessactivities,tradingactivities,financialactivitiesandactivitiesrelatedtointegratedservicesintheInternet,anopennetworkenvironmentwhichbasedonWEB/serverapplicationsways.E-commercepermeateseverystageoftradeactivities,includinginformationexchange,pre-salesservice,sales,electronicpayments,transportation,theformationofvirtualenterpriseandsharingresources.TheparticipantsofE-commerceincludeconsumers,vendors,suppliers,financialinstitutions,enterprises,governmentandotherinstitutionsorindividuals,whosepurposeistoachieveabusinessandthewholesocietyefficiencyandlow-costtrade.1.2TheE-commercePatternTheE-commercepatternisreferstothebasicmodewhichtheenterprisesobtainthebusinessincomeusingtheInternetdevelopmentmanagement,itisbasedonacertaintechnologybasedcommercialoperationwayandtheprofitpatterninthenetworkenvironment.TheresearchandtheanalysisoftheE-commercepattern’sclassifiedsystemishelpfulinunearthsthenewE-commercepattern,providesthewayfortheE-commercepatterninnovationandbehelpfulintheenterpriseformulatesthespecificE-commercestrategyandtheimplementationstep.TheE-commercepatterncanestablishdifferentclassificationframeworkfromdifferentangles.Fromthetraditionalviewpoint,E-commercepatternissummedupasB2C(BusinesstoConsumer),B2B(BusinesstoBusiness),C2B(ConsumertoBusiness),C2C(ConsumertoConsumer),B2G(BusinesstoGovernment),BMC（BusinessMediumConsumer）..1.2.1TheEmergenceofE-commerceDuringthe1940s’and1950s’,thefiberopticcommunicationtechnologiesandcomputertechnologybasedonmicroelectronicshasdetonatedtheinformationtechnologyrevolutionwhichstillhasnotceaseduntilnow.Whetheritisdataprocessingorinformationtransmission,thehumanbeingshaveenteredanunprecedentederaofefficient.Inthe1970s,theproductionofEDItechnology(ElectronicDataInterchange,ElectronicDataInterchange)causesthepeoplebegantotrytoexchangebusinessdataautomaticallybetweendifferentcomputers,whichistheprimaryformofe-commerce.E-commerceoriginatedinthe1960s’anddevelopmentinthe1990s’,andtheimportantconditionsofitsemergenceanddevelopmentaremainly:●Government'ssupportandimpetusAftertheEuropeanUnionissuedEuropeElectronicCommerceAgreementin1997andtheUSissuedthe“FrameworkforGlobalElectronicCommerce”,theelectroniccommercehasbeenvaluedbythegovernmentsallovertheworld.●WidespreaduseofcomputerIntherecent30years,thefasterspeedofcomputer'sprocessing,thestrongerhandlingability,thelowerpriceandthebroaderapplicationareaprovidedthesolidfoundationforuseofE-commerce.●PopularityandmaturityofthenetworkUptoDecember31,2008,theChinesenetcitizenachievesat298,000,000people,andthepopularizingrateachieves22.6%,whichsurpassestheglobalaveragelevel.●ImpeccablenetworkserviceAccordingtothestatistics,therearemorethan4000influentialwebsitesintheworld,andalmosteverywebsitecanprovidetheelectroniccommerceinformationandtheservice.AndtheOn-linepaymenttechnologyandtheelectroniccurrencypaymenttechnologyarereliableandpopularusedallovertheworld.ArecentstudyofthemarketplacebyNielsen//NetRatingsfoundmorethan200millionAmericans(or75%)areusingtheInternet.Thosewhoshoppedonlinein2003spent$17.2billiononlineinjustthefourthquarteralone.Researchfirmsanticipatethat,in2004,thenumberofonlineshopperswillincreaseby14percent,representing30percentoftheU.S.population.Infourmoreyears,halfthecountry’spopulationwillbepurchasingonline.1.2.2TheMeaningofInternationalTradeTheinternationaltradereferstheexchangebetweencommodityandserviceindifferentcountries(and/orarea),thebusinessofbuyingandsellingcommoditiesbeyondnationalborders.Itistheinternationalshiftofcommodityandservicewhichisalsocalledtheworldtradeandcomposedoftwoparts,importsandexports.Internationaltradeistheexchangeofgoodsandservicesbetweencountries.Thistypeoftradegivesrisetoaworldeconomy,inwhichprices,orsupplyanddemand,affectandareaffectedbyglobalevents.PoliticalchangeinAsia,forexample,couldresultinanincreaseinthecostoflabor,therebyincreasingthemanufacturingcostsforanAmericansneakercompanybasedinMalaysia,whichwouldthenresultinanincreaseinthepricethatyouhavetopaytobuythetennisshoesatyourlocalmall.Adecreaseinthecostoflabor,ontheotherhand,wouldresultinyouhavingtopaylessforyournewshoes.Tradinggloballygivesconsumersandcountriestheopportunitytobeexposedtogoodsandservicesnotavailableintheirowncountries.Almosteverykindofproductcanbefoundontheinternationalmarket:food,clothes,spareparts,oil,jewelry,wine,stocks,currenciesandwater.Servicesarealsotraded:tourism,banking,consultingandtransportation.Aproductthatissoldtotheglobalmarketisanexport,andaproductthatisboughtfromtheglobalmarketisanimport.Importsandexportsareaccountedforinacountry'scurrentaccountinthebalanceofpayments.2TheImpactofElectronicCommerceonInternationalTrade2.1PromotetheRapidDevelopmentofInternationalTradeTheelectronictransactioncanreplaceothertradingmethodtoacertainextent.Inthiscase,theriseine-commercetradewilloffsetthedeclineintradeinotherways.Forexample,theincreaseofinternationalcommercialvolumethroughtheInternetmeansthedecreaseofthevolumethroughthemailorservicesacrosstheborder.However,electroniccommerceimprovethetransactionefficiencyandcreatestheextracommercialopportunityunceasinglybyreducingthetransactioncostandtheprice,whichononehandfromthesuperioritythattheelectroniccommercecanreducethepriceandincreasestheinternationaldemand;Ontheotherhanditcancreatethenewtradepartneranddevelopthenewbusinesspartner,makingtheseovertopcostorimplementationdifficultiestransactionbecomesfeasible.Moreover,electroniccommercecanbesupplementofthetraditionaltransactionmethodtocompletethetransactiontogetherwiththetransportationoftangiblegoods.Forexample,electroniccommercecanbethesupplementarymeansoftradethroughadvertisement,marketing,purchaseandelectronicpayment.Inshort,electroniccommercemakesthecross-bordertransferofinformationandresourcesharingtrulymeettherequirementsasbreakingthespaceandtimelimit,thuspromotedtheinternationaltradedevelopment.Ine-commerceenvironment,theimportersandconsumersofacountrycanbothcomparethewebsitesthroughtheprovisionofgoodspriceandseekingthelowestpricesallovertheworldandusetheonlineauctionbiddingandotherformsofcollectivebargainingtobuygoodsatlowerprices.Thiscanreducethepricesofimportedgoodsinthecountryandbeconducivetothedevelopmentofthecountry'simporttradeandgrowth,andformtheexpansioneffectsoftradetoacertainextent.2.2ChangedtheTradeModeThetraditionalmarketingmodelisthefirstwiththeproducttolookforcustomers,andsellersarebasicallytelephonecommunication,mailingproductcatalogs,allkindsofexhibitions,andsothetraditionalwaytoexchangeviewsandsuggestions.Thechangesarisingfromelectroniceommercemarketing,thepromotionofinternationaltrade,marketing,generatenewformsofmarketing-e-marketing(e-marketing).E-marketing,therearetwomeanings:onereferstotheuseofelectronicmeansofmarketing;theotheronereferstotheInternetasthecoree-marketing.However,thelatterisdevelopingasamoderninternationaltrade,animportantwayofmarketing.Theemergenceofe-commercemakesasignificantchangeinthetradetransactionsoftheinternationalmarket,andcontributestotheappearanceofthevirtualtradingmarketwithoutcashtransaction.Electroniccommercedevelopedabrand-newopening,multi-dimensional,thethree-dimensionalmarketenvironmentthroughtheexchangeofon-line“virtual”information,whichbrokethroughthepremiseconditioninwhichtraditionalmarketmusttakecertaintimeandarea.thewholeworldareconnectedintoaunified"bigmarket"bytheinformationnetwork,promotingtoformaworldeconomicsmarketability.Meanwhile,itdrovethedevelopmentofourcountry’ssocialeconomyingreatextentandurgeddeepenthereformofourcountry’senterpriseinindustrialstructureandthetradingmode.Theexistingnetworkhasachievedthereal-timetransmissionandexchangeofthestandardformatamongthebusinessusersdocumentsuchascontracts,billsoflading,invoicesandsoon).Bothbuyersandsellerscanhandletheorder,thenegotiations,signing,thedeclaration,theinspection,thechartering,thetaxespaymentandothertradeserviceproceduredirectlyonline,whichreducedthetradinghoursgreatlyandmadethetransactionmorefastandconvenientandpromotetheworkingefficiencyofthefinance,thecustoms,thetransportationandtheinsurance.Thecapital,thecommodityandthetechnologybroughtbythefastflowinginformationacceleratetheglobalflowsofproductionelementsandpromotenetworkeconomytothecomputernetworktechnologyastheplatformandelectroniccommerceforthepatternintherapidlydevelopingeconomyworld.Theeconomicandtradecooperationandtheconnectionamongcountriescanstrengthengreatlyunderthiskindofnetworktrade'senvironmentandbringthenewenergyandspirittothedevelopmentofworld’seconomic.2.3MakingSMEsMoreInvolvedinInternationalTradeTherapiddevelopmentofe-commerceintheworldmakesthepositionwherethelargeenterprisesplaysaleaderroleintheinternationaltradeintraditionaltradepatterndecreasedaybydayandusheredabrand-newdevelopmentopportunitiesandabroaderinternationalmarket.TheemergenceofelectroniccommercemakestheSmallandmedium-sizedenterpriseshavemoreopportunitiestoshowtheirgoodbrandimageandproductontheinternationalstage,whichismainlymanifestedintwoaspects:Ontheonehand,e-commerceishelpfulforthesmallandmedium-sizedenterprisedisplaysitsuniquesuperiorityofproductsandgreatlydevelopsthebrandproducts.inenvironmentalimpactofthetraditionalmassproductionandmarketing,peopleoftentendtobuythemostsatisfyingproductsinthelowestprice,whichoftenhastherelativeadvantageoftheadvantageinlargescaleofeconomies,massproductioncapabilitiesbylargeenterprises,theformationofcost,sothattobeadominantpositioninthesmallandmedium-sizedenterprisecompetition.However,electroniccommerceprovidedcustomersaneffectivewaythattheycantalkfacetofacewithmanufacturersofproductsandorderedservicespersonalized,bywhichcustomerscanmassivelyvisitenterprise'srelatedwebsite,describetheirproductsandbusinessneedsanddifferentrequirementsinthewebsides,andmakeatransformfromlargescaleproduction'spatternintothepersonalizedproductorderingpattern。Forenterprises,thecostadvantagesofmassproductionarereplacedbythedifferentiationadvantagesofrequirementsofpersonalizedproduct.Theorganizationalstructureofthesmallandmedium-sizedenterpriseintheproductionisrelativelyflexible,notsocomplicatedasthebigenterprises.Thespeedofinformationacquisitionandinformationspreadwithintheenterpriseisfastandtheabilitytograspinformationisstrong.Thesmallandmedium-sizedenterprisecanmakeappropriateresponsetocustomerrequirementsmorepromptlyandproducecustomizedproductstomeettheindividualneedsofdifferentcustomersintime.Theycanalsoincreasemarketshareandsetupagoodimageforthecustomers.Ontheotherhand,electroniccommercecreatednotonlyanewmodeofinformationtransferbutalsoanewcorporateorganizationmode,electronicvirtualtradingpatterns.Virtualenterprisestakeadvantageofmodernmeansofcommunication,computertechnologyandcomputerinformationnetworkfocusingonthepurchaseorsalespermissionofagroupofindependentsmallandmediumcompanies,whichalsomakeuseofthecheaplaborallaroundtheworldtocarryoutprocessingandproduction,thussavingalotoflaborcostsandresources.Itmakesthesmallandmedium-sizedenterprisehavetheabilitytoinvolvementintheinternationalmarketcompetitionwithlarge-scaleenterprises,andimprovetheirownproductadvantageinthecompetitionceaselesslyandpromotetheirproducts’qualityandbrandposition.2.4MakingtheInternationalMarketTrulyAchievedAlthoughtheconditionsofmoderntransportandcommunicationhasgreatlyimproved,makingtheunifiedgoalofinternationalmarketstrengthengradually,theelectroniccommerceworldmarketachievesarealsenseofunityinashorttime.Firstly,theunifiedglobalmarketisformed.Withthedevelopmentofmoderninformationandnetworktechnology,theInternethascoveredmorethanonehundredcountriesandregionsaroundtheworld,andtheterminaluserscontinuetoincreaseeachyearshowingaprominenttrendwhichthee-commerceestablishedonthebasisofInternetplatformbecomeaunityworldmarket.Second,thechangingpotentialdisciplineofthemarketaffectstheglobaleconomicdevelopmentlargely.Theformationofvirtualtradingmarketmakestheinformationaboutgoodsandservicesonaglobalscalecanbeadequatelyandtimelyflowaccurately,beyondthepreviousboundariesofgeographyandtimeconstraints,whichshowstheuniquemobilityfeaturesandreducesboththeimportandexportinformationisnotsymmetryandthedistortionofinformation.Itavoidsorreducesthechangescausedbytheincompletemarketinformation.Thecompetitionbetweenthesameorsimilarqualityofgoodsofismoreintense.2.5MakingaSignificantChangeonInternationalTradeManagementTransactionmodelprovidedbyelectroniccommerceprovidesamorecompleteinformationandsecuremarketenvironmenttointernationaltrade.Theworldeconomythroughinternationaltrademechanismsachievesthecross-borderoperationofresourcesandtheoptimalallocationoffactorsofproductiontoexpandingproductioncapacityofenterprisessothatthemarketmechanismcanbemadefullyeffectiveinvariousenterprisesandplayanimportantroleallovertheworldandtrulyachievetheintegrationofresources.Thistrademethodbreaksthetraditionaltrade-baseddevelopmentofasinglemodeofoperationofthelogisticssituationandcreatedanewtradestrategytoachievestrategictarget.Thisbusinessstrategictargetprovidescomprehensive,multi-level,multi-angle,securityandfastinteractivebusinessservicemodelthroughthemoderncomputerinformationnetwork.Producers,usersandconsumerscanachievenoneinventorythroughthenetworksystemandmoresmoothlydeliveryofgoodsflow,whichcanreducethepotentialmarketrisk.Computerinformationnetworkserviceswillbecomethelargestinternationaltradeplatforminthemiddle,theimportandexportbusinessbytheinternationalcommoditytradingastraditionaltransactionsfacetheenormouschallenges,fromtheformationofasymmetricinformationwhichtheprincipal-agentrelationshipshaken,anditcausearevolutionofinternationaltradecenterorganizationalrestructuring.3AdvantagesofE-commerce3.1ReduceTransactionCostsAccordingtostatisticsoftherelevantdatafromdomesticandforeign,electroniccommercecansavefivetotenpercentofthetransactioncostsforcompanies.Thisisaconsiderabledataforanymanufacturerintermsofenterprisesandproducts.Nomattertheproduceandsellthegoodsstepbystepinthetraditionalwayortheenterprisesthatrelatedtothesitethroughthecreationofweb-basedplatformwillengagedintheproductionandproductprocessing.Variousrawmaterialsareusedbybusinessesthroughtechnicalprocessestoproducegoodsorproviderelatedservicesandtosellingtoconsumers.Anenterprise'sproductionprocessincludesnotonlyproductsmanufactureandprovidinghelpandservicetothepeople,butalsoarangeofproductsduringtransport,marketingandotheractivities.TheproductionfunctionofInternetsellersshowsitsmaximumoutputcapacity.Onlywhene-commercecommoditypriceslowerthantraditionalretailpricesofgoodscanitreallybeeffectiveandbeagoodcompetitiveadvantageintheeconomicorderinanincreasinglycompetitivemarkettofindtheirownplace.E-commerceoffersawaytocutcostsandexpandtheirmarkets.Theydonotneedtobuild,staff,ormaintainaphysicalstoreorprintanddistributemailordercatalogs.Automatedordertrackingandbillingsystemscutadditionallaborcosts,andiftheproductorservicecanbedownloadedthene-commercefirmshavenodistributioncostsinvolved.BecausetheproductscanbesoldsellovertheglobalInternet,sellershavethepotentialtomarkettheirproductsorservicesgloballyandarenotlimitedbythephysicallocationofastore.

AstheInternetisacosteffectivemediumofdelivery,themainadvantageofonlineecommerceisitscostefficiency.Andhere'swhy:Ecommercedecreasesthecostofcreating,processing,distributing,storingandretrievingpaper-basedinformation.Highmailingandprintingcostsarealsoloweredor,inmanycases,completelyeliminatedasthebuyermostoftenpaysfortheshippingoftheproductsthattheybuy.Thecostofmarketingofpromotionalmaterialalsodropsdrastically.Anothermajoradvantagethatmostcompaniesseeistheincreaseinsalese-commercebrings,andincreasedsalestypicallymeanincreasedprofitsaswell.3.2ImproveEfficiencyCompanytraditionalsalesthroughthelayersofmiddlemenbatchestocomplete,whiletheproductionofe-commerceenablesbusinessestodirectlytoconsumers,thatistoconductdirecttransactionsthroughthenetwork.Thiswillnotonlyachieve24-hourservice,butalsoeliminatesalargenumberofintermediatelinks.Asthemiddlesessiontoreducethepotentialreductionincostofsales,therebyreducingthefinalsalespriceoftheproduct,whichwillnotonlyhelpenterprisesexpandtheironlinesales,butalsothebenefitofallwiththeseproductsorservicesasinputsofindustrialmulti-levelscrollingtoreduceproductioncosts,andultimatelybenefitingconsumers.Onlineshopscanremainopentwenty-fourhoursaday,withouttheneedofstaff.Similarly,customerscanshopatanytimeofthedayornight,andfromthecomfortoftheirownhome.E-commercesitesarealsoabletoovercomeproblemscausedbydistance,allowingbusinesstoadvertiseandselltobuyersallovertheworld.

Withdatabeingstoredonline,e-commercecanalsobeamoreenvironmentallyfriendlymeansofdoingbusiness.And,becausebranchesofthebusinessallovertheworldcanthenaccessthisdata,theyarebetterequippedtodealefficientlywithanycustomers’queries.Inadditiontothis,transactions,whichtakeplaceovertheinternet,tendtobeprocessedmuchmorequickly,whilsteliminatingthechanceofhumanerror.Thismeansthate-commercecanbeamuchmoreefficientmeansofdoingbusiness,andwhichcanalsobeextremelybeneficialtothecustomer.3.3IncreaseBusinessOpportunitiesWiththeincreasingnumberofinternetusersnowadays,moreandmorepeopleandbusinessmenareseeingalotofopportunitiesinE-Commerce.Thisisabusinessventurewhichinvolvessellingofgoodsorproductsandservicesviatheinternetorothercomputernetworks.ItisalsoreferredtoasElectronicMarketing.Throughthisformofbusiness,buyingorsellingproductscanbedonewithoutleavingyourhomeaslongasinternetisavailable.Therearehugepotentialsinbuildingabusinessonline.Withtherighttoolsandmarketingstrategies,youcancomeupwithaprofitablebusiness.Imaginethenumberofpeoplewhoregularlyusetheinterneteveryday.Somepeoplespendhourshookedontheinternet.Moreover,withthebusylifestylethatalotofpeoplehavethesedays,mostofthemprefertodotheirshoppingonline.Forthesereasons,thereareindeedbusinessopportunitiesviaE-Commerce.ElectronicMarketinghadreachednewheightsintherecentyearsandbusinessindividualshadseenalotofpotentialinit.Competitionhasbecomeverytoughamongtheplayers.However,therearemanywaystopromoteanonlinebusiness.Withthevariousservicesandfeaturesspecificallymadetoincreasetheexposureofwebsites–fromgettingadomainnameallthewaytogeneratingtraffic,successinE-Commercecanbeachievedwithoutanydoubt.3.4ReduceInventoryTheriseoftheInternethasrevolutionizedthemannerinwhichretailersoperate.Theearlystagesofthedotcomeraallowedbusinessestoexperimentwithdifferentbusinessmodels.Internetretailersfocusedonfront-endactivities,overlookingtheimportanceofback-endoperationssuchassupplychainmanagement.Retailershavetheoptiontodistributetheirproductsviathetraditionalmethod,drop-shipping,oramixoftraditionalanddrop-shippingstrategiesalsoknownasthehybridtechnique.Retailershavetoaccountforstock-outsandactaccordinglytonotlosesalesorcustomers.Largeretailerswithanonlineandphysicalpresencehavetheflexibilitytoservecustomersbetterthansmallerretailers.4.Implicationsoffuturee-commercegrowthIfbuyersandsellerscontinuetoincreasetheiruseofe-commerce,theoveralleconomyislikelytobeaffectedintwoways.First,costsavingsachievedbye-commercesellerswillincreasinglyleadtohigherproductivity.Second,thecombinationofincreasedcompetitionandcostsavingswillresultindownwardpressureonthepricelevelandpossiblyinflationasmanye-firmswillchargelowerpricesthanconventionalsellers.Becauseofthesmallsizeofe-commerce,thelargestimpactonproductivityandinflationintheneartermwillcomefromtheresponseoffirmsnotengagingine-commerceastheyfacepressuretolowerpricesandincreaseproductivityinordertoremaincompetitive.4.1Impactonproductivity

Ase-commercecontinuestoexpand,itsimpactonaggregateproductivityislikelytoincrease.E-firmsuseinformationtechnologyextensivelytoreducecostsoftransactions,inventoryholdings,advertising,searchandtransportation.Thesecostsavingsareachievedinpartthroughareductionintheamountoflaborrequiredforeachbusinesstask.Asaresult,productivity,whichismeasuredbyoutputperhourofallworkers,islikelytobehigheronaveragefore-firmsthanfornon-e-firms.E-commercewillmakealargerpositivecontributiontooverallproductivityasitcontinuestoexpandinsizerelativetotherestofthemarketplace,butthisimpactislikelytooccurovera