交通運輸工程專業(yè)英語

交通類復合型人才培養(yǎng)專業(yè)英語叢書

交通運輸工程專業(yè)英語

張慶英王正國張夢雅主編

內容簡介

本書分為15個單元，以交通運輸系統(tǒng)為對象，論述了交通運輸?shù)幕灸Ｊ健⒒A設施

與載運工具、交通控制裝置、集裝箱運輸與多式聯(lián)運、包裝與裝運等內容；分析了交通流的

特性、交通系統(tǒng)的規(guī)劃、運輸價格與合同管理、智能交通系統(tǒng)ITS等；研究了交通安全與監(jiān)

管和運輸市場與宏觀調控的問題。

本書適合作為普通高等院校物流工程、物流管理、工業(yè)工程、交通工程等專業(yè)的教材，

亦可作為從事物流、交通等相關專業(yè)的工程技術人員的參考書。

圖書在版編目（CIP）數(shù)據(jù)

交通運輸工程專業(yè)英語/張慶英，王正國，張夢雅

主編.—北京:中國鐵道出版社有限公司,2020.1

（交通類復合型人才培養(yǎng)專業(yè)英語叢書）

ISBN978-7-113-26507-6

Ⅰ.①交…Ⅱ.①張…②王…③張…Ⅲ.①交通工

程-英語-高等學校-教材Ⅳ.①U491

中國版本圖書館CIP數(shù)據(jù)核字(2019)第298091號

書名：交通運輸工程專業(yè)英語

作者：張慶英王正國張夢雅

策劃：張文靜編輯部電話2055

責任編輯：許璐李學敏

封面設計：劉穎

責任校對：張玉華

責任印制：郭向偉

李

出版發(fā)行：中國鐵道出版社有限公司（100054，北京市西城區(qū)右安門西街8號）

網址：http:///51eds/

印刷：北京柏力行彩印有限公司

版次：2020年1月第1版2020年1月第1次印刷

開本：850mm×1168mm1/16印張：13.75字數(shù)：310千

書號：ISBN978-7-113-26507-6

定價：38.00元

版權所有侵權必究

凡購買鐵道版圖書，如有印制質量問題，請與本社教材圖書營銷部聯(lián)系調換。電話：（010）63550836

打擊盜版舉報電話：（010）51873659

前言

交通運輸是一個涉及多學科的工程領域，旨在對與運輸系統(tǒng)相關的工具、設施、

運營及其管理和組織進行功能設計，包括人和貨物通過陸路、航空、水路及其他方式，

使用相應的交通工具進行移動的過程。

本書共分15個單元。

第1單元和第2單元論述了交通運輸工程的概念和內容，闡述了交通運輸與人們

生活的關系、交通運輸?shù)臍v史和發(fā)展，以及交通運輸系統(tǒng)的技術應用。

第3單元和第4單元是交通運輸?shù)幕灸Ｊ胶突A設施，介紹了不同交通方式

及其相關設施。

第5單元論述了陸路運輸，即公路運輸系統(tǒng)和鐵路運輸系統(tǒng)及其分類和組成。

第6單元是航空和水運系統(tǒng)，內容包括機場規(guī)劃、集散系統(tǒng)、港口碼頭、貨運

車輛和港口設施。

第7單元是集裝箱運輸和多式聯(lián)運，論述了集裝箱運輸、綜合運輸、多式聯(lián)運及

貨運代理的概念、優(yōu)勢及工作過程。

第8單元闡述了交通流理論，討論了穩(wěn)態(tài)和非穩(wěn)態(tài)兩種交通流的問題。

第9單元是交通規(guī)劃，講述了交通規(guī)劃的意義、新趨勢和基本要素、規(guī)劃的

規(guī)則和過程。

第10單元介紹了交通控制裝置，列出了三種基本類型，即交通標線、交通標

志和交通信號。

第11單元是交通安全與監(jiān)管，主要內容包括交通安全的重要性和現(xiàn)狀、交通事故

的調查和處理、交通安全監(jiān)管的原則和方法。

第12單元論述運輸價格和合同管理，包括運輸供需、運輸費用及其組成、運輸合

同的條款和條件、多式聯(lián)運合同等。

第13單元討論貨物包裝和運輸，討論了外包裝和內包裝、裝運，并列舉了一些包

裝標記的圖示實例。

第14單元介紹了智能交通系統(tǒng)的定義、用途、基本要求和效益及其應用與發(fā)展。

第15單元探討了交通運輸市場與監(jiān)管，包括交通運輸市場機制與宏觀調控，以及

交通運輸法律制度。

本書每章都有一個“科技英語小課堂”，結合科技英語的特點，給讀者以指導。

本書由武漢理工大學張慶英、王正國、張夢雅任主編。參編人員包括武漢理工大

學辜勇和張鵬、湖北工業(yè)大學李昊、武漢工商學院李昕和操露、河南工業(yè)大學岳衛(wèi)紅

和華東師范大學江霞。本書在編寫過程中得到了陳卓、李欣濛、馬昂昂、周鷺瑩、黃

晨升、章堯等學生的大力幫助，在此表示衷心感謝！

本書在編寫過程中參考和借鑒了很多專業(yè)書籍和網站的資料，編者已盡可能全面

地將其列于參考文獻中，如有疏漏，敬請諒解，并向各位作者致敬、致謝！

由于編者水平有限，時間倉促，書中疏漏和不當之處在所難免，懇請讀者批評

指正。

編者

2019年11月

CONTENTS

目錄

Unit1TRANSPORTATIONANDTHESYSTEM

（交通運輸和運輸系統(tǒng)）1

1.1DefinitionandContentsofTransportation（交通運輸?shù)亩x和內容）1

1.2TheMeaningofTransportation（交通運輸?shù)囊饬x）1

1.3TransportationandPeople’sLife（交通和人們的生活）2

1.4HistoricalDevelopmentofTransportation（交通運輸?shù)臍v史發(fā)展）3

1.5TechnologyinTransportation（交通運輸技術）4

1.6TransportationSystem（交通運輸系統(tǒng)）5

Unit2TRANSPORTATIONENGINEERING

（交通運輸工程）12

2.1WhatIsTransportationEngineering?（什么是交通運輸工程？）12

2.2TheFieldofTransportationEngineering（交通運輸工程的領域）14

2.3TheNatureofTransportationEngineering（交通運輸工程的性質）15

2.4CivilEngineeringInvolvementinTransportation

（交通運輸中的土建工程）15

2.5ObjectivesandConstraintsofTransportationSystems

（交通系統(tǒng)的目標和約束）16

2.6TransportationandtheRelatedProblems（交通運輸及其相關問題）17

2.7TransportationandSustainability（交通運輸及其可持續(xù)性）19

Unit3TRANSPORTATIONFACILITIES

（交通運輸方式）23

3.1FacilitiesofTransportation（交通運輸設施）23

3.2BasicRequestsofTransportationFacilities（交通運輸設施的基本要求）24

3.3ModesofTransportation（交通運輸方式）24

3.4RelativeImportanceofDifferentModes（不同運輸方式的相對重要性）29

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Unit4FACILITIESOFFIVEMODETRANSPORTATION

（五種運輸方式的載運工具）35

4.1MotorVehicle（機動車）35

4.2Train（列車）36

4.3Watercraft（船舶）39

4.4Airplane（飛機）42

4.5Pipelines（管道）43

Unit5INFRASTRUCTUREOFHIGHWAYANDRAILWAY

（公路和鐵路的基礎設施）48

5.1HighwaySystem（公路系統(tǒng)）48

5.2HighwayandItsClassification（公路及其分類）49

5.3FreewayandItsComponents（高速公路及其組成）52

5.4UrbanTransportSystems（城市交通系統(tǒng)）54

5.5Intersection（交叉口）54

5.6RailroadandItsClassification（鐵路及其分類）55

5.7RailroadTrackStructure（鐵道軌道結構）56

5.8RailroadSystem（鐵路系統(tǒng)）57

Unit6INFRASTRUCTUREOFAVIATIONANDWATERTRANSPORT

（航空和水運的基礎設施）60

6.1AirportSystem（航空系統(tǒng)）60

6.2LayingoutofAnAirport（機場布局）61

6.3AccesstotheAirport（機場的進出方式）64

6.4HarborsandPorts（港口）64

6.5CargoFacilities（裝卸設備）67

6.6Case:AnIntroductiontoaPort（案例：吉達港簡介）68

Unit7CONTAINERANDMULTIMODALTRANSPORT

（集裝箱運輸和多式聯(lián)運）73

7.1TheIncreasingRoleofContainers（集裝箱的作用）73

7.2ContainerandItsobjects（集裝箱及其使用）74

7.3AdvantagesofContainerTransport（集裝箱運輸?shù)膬?yōu)勢）75

CONTENTS

III

目錄

7.4HandingOveroftheContainerTransit（集裝箱運輸交接）77

7.5IntermodalTransport（多式聯(lián)運）77

7.6IntermodalTransportChain（多式聯(lián)運的工作鏈）80

7.7MultimodalTransportOperator（多式聯(lián)運經營人）81

7.8FreightForwarder（貨運代理）81

Unit8TRAFFICFLOW

（交通流）86

8.1ClassificationofTrafficFlow（交通流的分類）86

8.2TrafficFlowTheory（交通流理論）88

8.3StiffTrafficFlow（非穩(wěn)態(tài)交通流）95

Unit9TRANSPORTATIONPLANNING

（交通規(guī)劃）102

9.1PlanningofTransportation（交通運輸規(guī)劃）102

9.2PerspectiveonthePlanning（交通規(guī)劃的視角）104

9.3PlanningRegulations（規(guī)劃的法則）106

9.4UrbanTransportationPlanning（城市交通規(guī)劃）108

Unit10TRAFFICCONTROLDEVICE

（交通控制裝置）116

10.1TrafficControlDevicesandTheirFunction（交通控制裝置及其功能）116

10.2TrafficMarkings（交通標線）117

10.3TrafficSigns（交通標志）119

10.4TrafficSignals（交通信號）124

Unit11TRAFFICSAFETYANDSUPERVISION

（交通安全與監(jiān)管）131

11.1MeaningofTrafficSafety（交通安全的含義）131

11.2TrafficSafetyandAccidents（交通安全與事故）132

11.3ResearchMethodsofTrafficSafety（交通安全研究方法）134

11.4TheBasicContentofTrafficSafetySupervision

（交通安全監(jiān)管的基本內容）135

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交通運輸工程專業(yè)英語

Unit12TRANSPORTPRICEANDCONTRACTMANAGEMENT

（運輸價格和合同管理）144

12.1TransportationDemandandSupply（運輸供需）144

12.2PriceofTransport（運輸價格）145

12.3TransportPriceandItsComponent（運輸價格及其組成）146

12.4WaysofFixingPrices（定價方式）147

12.5DefinitionofTransportContract（運輸合同的定義）148

12.6TheElementsandTermsofTransportContract

（運輸合同的要素和條款）149

12.7CompositionandIssuesofaContract（合同的組成和要點）151

12.8MultimodalTransportContract（多式聯(lián)運合同）153

Unit13PACKAGINGANDSHIPPINGOFFREIGHT

（貨物包裝和運輸）159

13.1PackagingoftheFreight（貨物的包裝）159

13.2TypesofPackaging（包裝類型）160

13.3OuterPackingandInnerPacking（外包裝和內包裝）161

13.4PackagingMarks（貨物標記）161

13.5ShippingAdvice（裝運通知）165

Unit14INTELLIGENTTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMS

（智能交通系統(tǒng)）171

14.1WhatIsITS？（什么是智能交通系統(tǒng)）171

14.2CharacteristicsandComponentsofITS

（智能交通系統(tǒng)的特性與分類）175

14.3ITSCategories（智能交通系統(tǒng)的類別）176

14.4ITSApplications（智能交通系統(tǒng)的應用）178

14.5DevelopmentofITS（智能交通系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展）180

Unit15TRANSPORTATIONMARKETANDREGULATIOIN

（交通運輸市場和法規(guī)）184

15.1TransportationMarketMechanism（交通運輸?shù)氖袌鰴C制）184

15.2Macro-controlofTransportationMarket（交通運輸市場的宏觀調控）187

CONTENTS

V

目錄

15.3SubjectandObjectSystemofMacro-controlMechanism

（宏觀調控機制的主客體體系）189

15.4TheModesandMeansofMacro-controlSystem

（宏觀調控體系的模式和手段）190

15.5InformationConductionandPowerSystemofMacro-control

（信息傳導與宏觀調控的動力系統(tǒng)）190

15.6LegalSystemofTransportation（交通運輸?shù)姆ㄒ?guī)系統(tǒng)）191

Appendix

（附錄）195

References

（參考文獻）208

Unit1

TRANSPORTATIONANDTHESYSTEM

1.1DefinitionandContentsofTransportation

Transportationisordinarilydefinedasameansofconveyanceortravelfromoneplaceto

another,or,itisapublicconveyanceofpassengersorgoodsespeciallyasacommercialenterprise.

Theimportanceoftransportationinworlddevelopmentismultidimensional.Forexample,oneof

thebasicfunctionsoftransportationistolinkresidencewithemploymentandproducersofgoods

withtheirusers.Fromawiderviewpoint,transportationfacilitiesprovidetheoptionsforwork,

shopping,andrecreation,andgiveaccesstohealth,education,andotheramenities.

Nearlyeveryday,itemsinthenewsremindusoftransportation’svitalroleinoureconomy

anditssignificantrelationshiptoourqualityoflife.Mobilityisimportanttothewhole

community.Anexplorationoftherealmoftransportation,withemphasisonkeyaspectsofits

engineeringanditscloserelationshiptooursocialandeconomiclivesisfocusedinthiscourse,

whichislikelytobehelpfultoleadtotransportationengineeringsolutionsintherealworld.

1.2TheMeaningofTransportation

Whatistransportation?Howdoyoudefineyourrelationshiptotransportation?Isitonlythe

tripsthatyoumake?Orisitthecarthatyoudrive?Whetherweareconsideringpeopleorgoods,

eachtripbeginsatanoriginandendsatadestination.Transportationiseverythinginvolvedin

movingeitherthepersonorgoodsfromtheorigintothedestination.Considerthebusinessman’s

tripdepictedinFigure1.1.Thetripisfromthebusinessman’shome(origin)toahotelinadistant

city(destination).Ifhetakestrainratherthanairplaneforadistanttrip,thedepartureandarrival

airportsarereplacedbytherailwaystations.

Thetripcouldbegininhispersonalautomobile,onapublictransitvehicle,orinataxi.This

firstlinkofhistriptakeshimfromhometotheairportparkinggarageortothedooroftheairport

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交通運輸工程專業(yè)英語

terminal.Thisfirstsegmentisoneofseveralline-haulportionsofthetrip.Ifhedriveshiscar,he

parksitattheairportparkinggarage,changingfromthehighwaymodetothewalkingmodefora

shortdistance,andthentakingtheshuttlebustotheairport.Ifhelefthomebypublictransitor

taxi,hegetsdroppedoffdirectlyatthedoortotheairportterminal.Theplaceswherethereisa

changeofmodearereferredtoasintermodaltransferpoints.Thistriphasseveralpointswherethe

businessmanchangesmode.Althoughthemainportionofhistripisbyairplane,thereare

numerousotherusesofthetransportationsysteminvolved.

TransitorTaxi

Stop

AirportDeparture

Walking

Automobile

Home(Origin)Airplane

(Destination)

Hotel

AirportArrival

BusBusStopWalking

Figure1.1Abusinessman’strip

1.3TransportationandPeople’sLife

Consideringyourfurniture,yourclothes,thefoodyoueat,andeverythingelseyouuseas

partofyourlife,thereisverylittleamongthosethingsthatdidnotatsomepointundergo

movementbyatleastonefreightcarrier.

Goodtransportationprovidesforsafe,rapid,comfortable,convenient,economical,and

environmentallycompatiblemovementofpeopleandgoods.Thefieldoftransportationcanbe

comparedtoamansionwithseveralstories,manychambers,andscoresofconnections.We

wouldliketotakethereaderonashorttourofthismansionjusttoacquainthimorherwithsome

ofitscharacteristics.Oneoftheprerequisitesforaccompanyingusonthistripistohaveanopen

mind.Almosteveryonewillhavehadseveralyearsofpersonalexperienceasauserofthe

transportationsystem,suchasacardriver,abuspassenger,anelevatoruser,afrequentflyer,or

justasidewalkuser.Naturally,almosteverypersonwilltendtoacquirehisorherownpersonal

viewpoint.Notwopersonscanbeexpectedtocometothesameconclusionaboutaproblem

confrontingtransportationeventhoughtheyareeachknowntobehighlyobjectiveandrational.

Tryashardasyoucantoapproachthefieldoftransportationanditsmyriadproblemswithan

openmind,freeofpresumptionandprejudice.Likefood,shelter,clothing,andsecurity,

Unit1TRANSPORTATIONANDTHESYSTEM

3

第1單元交通運輸和運輸系統(tǒng)

transportationisanintegralpartofhumanculture.Movementinabroadsenseoffersboth

inherentjoyandpleasureaswellaspain,suffering,andfrustration.Thesefactorswillassume

evengreaterimportanceintheyearsahead.

Everybodyisinvolvedwithtransportationinsogreatavarietyofwaysthatamerelistingof

thesewayswouldtakeusbysurprise.Ultimately,allhumanbeingsareinteractingoverdistance

andtime,andthisinteractioncreatesinvolvement.Transportationhasanincreasinglyclose

relationshiptovarioussocial,economic,andpoliticalaffairs.Theroleoftransportationinthe

day-to-daylifeofhumanbeingscanbeappreciatedinvariousaspects.

1.4HistoricalDevelopmentofTransportation

Theprinciplesoftransportationhavebeenevolvingovermanymillennia.Humanbeingsare

knowntohavedevisedandusedconvenientroutesasearlyas30,000BC.Althoughitwastraders

andmigrantswhoopenedmostmajorroutesofcommunication,themilitaryhasgenerallybeen

responsibleforimprovingthestatusofearlyroutesbuiltbycivilians.Thefirstwheeledmilitary

vehiclesweredevelopedaround2500BC,andsincethen,significantresourceshavebeendevoted

byrulersandtheirbuilderstoconstructingandmaintainingcommunicationroutesintheformof

roads.

Steadyprogresshassincebeenmaintainedinprovidingthehighwayandstreetnetwork

(whichformsthestationarycomponentofthetransportationsystem),inprovidingvehiclesfor

movingpeopleandgoodsoverthisnetwork(whichcomprisesthedynamicpart),andin

enhancingtheabilityofdrivers(orcontrollers)tooperatethevehicles.Basically,itisthesethree

majorinteractingcomponentsthataretobestudiedcritically.

Beforebicyclesandmotorvehiclescameintofashion,vehiclespeedsseldomexceeded10

milesperhour(mph).Naturally,asurfaceofcompactedbrokenstonemadeanidealpavement

surface,evenforthesolidironwheelstheninuse.Today,thehighwaysystemconsistsofmillions

uponmillionsofmilesofhigh-classstreetsandhighways,classifiedbyfunction,intoaseriesof

interconnectednetworks,whichprovideaccesstomostpartoftheworldbyroad.Thecenterpiece

ofthehighwaydevelopmentprograminthedevelopedcountriesisthefreewaysystem,

consideredtobeoneofthegreatestpublicworksachievementssincethedawnofhistory.In

urbanareas,thethrusthasbeeninconstructingcomplicatedfreewayinterchanges,pedestrianand

bicyclefacilities,andhigh-occupancyvehicleandbuslanes.

Vehicles(andpseudovehicles)havebeeninusesincehumanbeingslearnedtowalk.People

whotraveledonfootcouldmanagebetween10and25milesperday.ItisclaimedthattheIncas

wereabletotransmitmessagesattherateof250milesperdaybyusingfastrunnersovershort

stretches,thusachievingspeedsofabout10mph.Horses,ontheotherhand,couldmakealmost

40milesperday.Bythelate1840s,thehorse-drawnstreetcarappearedinanumberofcities,

operatingatanaveragespeedofabout4mph.Itwasnotuntilthe1880sthatelectricallypropelled

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transportationwasintroduced.BythebeginningofWorldWarI,theelectricstreetcarhadalready

hadamajorimpactonthegrowthandstructureofthecity.

Theentirepicturefortransportationchangedin1885withDaimlerandBenz’sintroduction

ofthegasoline-poweredinternal-combustionengine.Withinthelast100years,themotorvehicle

hasrevolutionizedprivatetransportationallovertheworld.Beforetheappearanceofthemotor

vehicle,vehiclespeedsseldomexceeded10mph.Thecarsoonchangedthesituation,andfor

purposesofsafetyandefficiency,trafficsignalswereintroducedatintersections.

Someofthemostoutstandingtechnologicaldevelopmentsintransportationhaveoccurredin

thepreceding200years:

(1)ThefirstpipelineintheUnitedStateswasintroducedin1861;

(2)Firstrailroadopenedin1825;

(3)Theinternal-combustionenginewasinventedin1866;

(4)Thefirstautomobilewasproducedin1886(byDaimlerandBenz);

(5)TheWrightbrothersflewthefirstheavier-than-airmachinein1903;

(6)Thefirstdieselelectriclocomotivewasintroducedin1921;

(7)LindberghflewovertheAtlanticOceantoEuropein1927;

(8)Thefirstdieselenginebuseswereusedin1938;

(9)Thefirstlimited-accesshighwayintheUnitedStates(thePennsylvaniaTurn-pike)

openedin1940;

(10)TheInterstateHighwaySystemwasinitiatedin1950;

(11)Thefirstcommercialjetappearedin1958;

(12)Astronautslandedonthemoonin1969;

(13)Theuseofcomputersandautomationintransportationgrewdramaticallythroughthe

1960sand1970sandcontinuestogrowunabated;

(14)Microcomputershaverevolutionizedourcapabilitiestorunprogramssincethe1980s

andsuchcapabilitieshavehelpedustoexaminealternativesquicklyandefficiently.

1.5TechnologyinTransportation

Thefantasticspurintechnologypromotestheworldontheupgrade,andexpeditesthe

evolutionoftransportation.Theaccelerationoftechnologyitselfisfrequentlydramatizedbya

briefaccountoftheprogressintransportation.Ithasbeenpointedout,forexample,thatin6000

BC,whenthechariotwasinventedthatthemaximumspeedwasraisedtoroughlytwentymiles

perhour.

Soimpressivewasthisinvention,sodifficultwasittoexceedthisspeedlimit,thatnearly

3,500yearslater,whenthefirstmailcouchbeganoperatinginEnglandin1754,itaverageda

meretenmph.Thefirststeamlocomotive,introducedin1825couldhaveatopspeedofonly

thirteenmphandthegreatsailingshipofthetimelaboredalongatlessthanhalfthatspeed.Itwas

Unit1TRANSPORTATIONANDTHESYSTEM

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第1單元交通運輸和運輸系統(tǒng)

probablynotuntilthe1880sthatman,withthehelpofamoreadvancedsteamlocomotive,

managedtoreachaspeedofonehundredmph.Ittookhumansmillionsofyearstoattainthat

record.

Ittookonlyfifty-eightyears,however,togofourtimesthatfast,sothatby1938menin

airplanesweretravelingatbetterthat400mph.Ittookameretwenty-yearflickoftimetodouble

thatlimitagain.Andbythe1960srocketplanesapproachedspeedsof4000mph,andmenin

spacecapsuleswerecirclingtheearthat1,800mph.

Thousandsofyearsgoby,andthen,inourowntimes,asuddenburstingofthelimits,a

fantasticspurtforward.Whetherweexaminedistancetraveled,orthespeedtransported,therole

oftechnologyisnottobesneezed.Itisclearandunmistakablethattheadvancementof

transportationreliesbasicallyontechnology.

Multifariousadvancedtechnologiesaregainingground.Transportationengineeringincreasingly

involvestheapplicationofadvancedtechnologiesknowncollectivelyasIntelligentTransportation

Systems(ITS),whichhasabroadspectrumofadvancedtechnology,rangingfromin-vehicle

componentstoadvancedtrafficmanagementsystems,andhascomeforthduringthelastdecade.

Transportationengineeringwillappealtothosewhowanttobeonthetechnologicalcuttingedge

andwhoareinterestedinpracticalapplicationsofadvancedcomputing,surveillance,control,and

communicationssystems.Althoughmanyofthesetechnologiesarecurrentlyintheexperimental

orlimitedreal-worldapplicationstage,theapplicationofnewtechnologiesincludingITSacross

theworldrevealsanewtrend.

1.6TransportationSystem

Asystemisasetofinterrelatedparts,calledcomponentsthatperformanumberoffunctions

inordertoachievecommongoals.Itisalso,asexplainedattheLongmanDictionaryof

ContemporaryEnglish,agroupofrelatedpartsthatworktogetherasawholeforaparticular

purpose.

Thetransportationsystemisorganizedaroundsociety’sneedtoprovideanadequateservice

andinvolvesbroadinteractionwithmanyotherdisciplines.Thetransportationsystemitselfisone

ofthemajorfunctionalsystemsofsociety,andisanessentialfeatureofpeople’slives,especially

inwealthysocieties.Thegoalsofthetransportationsystemareprimarilyeconomic;themost

importantconstraintsitfacesareenvironmental.Thetransportationsystemitselfmaybeanalyzed

infunctionaltermsorintermsofmodesoftransportation.

1.6.1ScopeandFunctionalOrganizationofTransportationSystem

Transportationisoneofthemajorfunctionalsystemsofmodernsociety.Asystem,inthe

senseintendedhere,issomethingthatmaybethoughtofasawholeconsistingofpartsor

components.Thedescriptionofasysteminvolvesidentificationofthesystemitselfasdistinct

EnglishforTransportationEngineering

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交通運輸工程專業(yè)英語

fromitsenvironment(thatis,therestoftheworld),identificationofitscomponents,anda

descriptionofhowthecomponentsinteract.Inthecaseofthetransportationsystem,the

componentsmaybeconceivedofinvariousways.Forinstance,theymaybethoughtofasentities

thatperformvariousfunctions(ortasks)intheprovisionoftransportation,asinthissection,oras

beingdifferentmodesoftransportationdescribed.

Thetransportationsystemisacomprehensivesysteminthecontextofsocietybecauseit

providesaservice,themovementofgoodsandpeoplefromplacetoplace,thatisessentialtothe

functioningofthecommunity.Itisamajorfunctionalsystembecauseitisanessentialfeaturein

theeconomyandthepersonallivesofpeopleeverywhere,mostespeciallyinthedeveloped

nations.Ahighlydevelopedtransportationsystemmakespossibletheabundanceandvarietyof

goodsandthehighlevelsofpersonalmobilitythatarethehallmarks(forbetterorforworse)ofa

wealthysociety.Theeconomicscopeofthetransportationsystemisindicatedbythefactthatin

1998,transportationaccountedfor11.2percentofthegrossdomesticproductand19percentof

theaveragehouseholdexpendituresintheUnitedStates.Itsimpactonthelivesofindividualsis

revealedbythefactthatin1995theaverageAmericanmade1,568localtrips,andtraveledover

27,500km,5,000kmofwhichwasforlong-distancetravel(tripsofmorethan160km).Atthe

sametime,thetransportationsystemisamajorsourceofresourceconsumptionand

environmentalimpact.

Transportationaccountsforalmosttwo-thirdsofthepetroleumconsumptionintheUnited

Statesandisamajorcontributortoenvironmentalproblemssuchasairpollution,noise,and

destructionofnaturalhabitats.

Ifviewedinfunctionalterms,thetransportationsystemincludesthefollowingcomponents:

(1)Physicalfacilities,includingstreets,roads,andhighways;railroads,airports,seaand

riverports,pipelines,andcanals;

(2)Fleetsofvehicles,vessels,andaircraft;

(3)Operatingbasesandfacilities,includingvehiclemaintenancefacilitiesandofficespace;

(4)Organizations.Thesemaybeclassifiedroughlyasfacility-orientedorganizationsand

operatingorganizations.Facility-orientedorganizationsareprimarilyinvolvedinplanning,

designing,constructing,maintaining,andoperatingfixedfacilities.TheyincludetheUnitedStates

DepartmentofTransportation;statedepartmentsoftransportation(orequivalentagencies);

metropolitanplann