2023年中考一輪復(fù)習(xí)名詞

中考一輪語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)名詞【名詞】一切有生命和無(wú)生命的物體的名稱一.名詞分類二.名詞的數(shù)2.1可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化1.大多數(shù)名詞，直接加s. students,teachers,trees desk—desks 2.以s,x,ch,s，ss結(jié)尾的名詞，加es. buses;watches,boxes,dishes,glasses特殊：stomach-stomachs以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加es. families;parties以元字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，直接加s. monkeys;holidays;boys 4.常見(jiàn)的以o結(jié)尾的一般加s,radios,videos,zoos特殊：可以總結(jié)為“黑人英雄愛(ài)吃土豆西紅柿和芒果”. negroes,heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,mangoes 5.以f和fe結(jié)尾的名詞，大多數(shù)改f/fe為ves半片樹(shù)葉自己黃，妻子拿刀去殺狼，小偷架后逃命亡thieves,wives,knives,wolves,lives,selveshalves,leaves,shelves,少數(shù)直接加s巧記：海灣邊，屋頂上，首領(lǐng)奴仆兩相望；誰(shuí)說(shuō)他們無(wú)信仰，證據(jù)寫(xiě)在手帕上gulf,roof,chief,serf,belief,proof,handkerchief6.名詞雙子座。A座：當(dāng)杠號(hào)相連構(gòu)成復(fù)合定語(yǔ)時(shí)，相連部分的名詞永保單數(shù)?！厩坝泄冢笥忻芟噙B，永保單】Heisaone-year-oldboy.B座：當(dāng)杠號(hào)相連構(gòu)成復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則?！居腥思尤撕?，無(wú)人加最后，代詞不是人】Thisisallweare,lookers-on.Janeisalmostagrown-up.touch-me-nots含羞草go-betweens中間人fathers-in-law岳父forget-me-nots勿忘我lookers-on旁邊者7.名詞修飾名詞?！厩安蛔兒笞?，有man,woman,前后都要變】 1.十名女老師tenwomenteachers 2.五棵蘋(píng)果樹(shù)fiveappletrees 3.六位男警察sixpolicemen4.三個(gè)繼子threesons-in-law5.圍觀的人lookers-on行人passers-by成人grown-upsThisisallweare,lookers-on.Janeisalmostagrown-up.Therestoodacrowdoflookers-on.那站了一群圍觀的人。7.不同國(guó)籍人的單復(fù)數(shù)中日（瑞士，Swiss葡萄牙Portuguese）不變，英法荷變en，其它加s中國(guó)人Chinese日本人Japanese英國(guó)人Englishman-EnglishmenFrenchman-FrenchmenDutchman-Dutchmen美國(guó)人American-s俄國(guó)人Russian-s羅馬人Roman-s希臘人Greek-s德國(guó)人German-s瑞典人Swede-s2.2可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化1.變內(nèi)部元音foot-feettooth-teethgoose-geesemouse-mice(老鼠）-mouses(鼠標(biāo)）2.單復(fù)數(shù)同形deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,aircraft(飛機(jī)，飛行器）,means(方式方法手段），speciesbymeansof借助于注意：神奇的魚(yú)：a.魚(yú)的條數(shù)fish-fishb.魚(yú)肉【U】c.魚(yú)的種類【C】奇妙的雞a.chick-chicks小雞b.chicken雞肉【U】chickens大雞【C】3.美元，英鎊，法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式adollar,twodollars,apound,twopounds,afranc,francs4.集體名詞1）形單意復(fù)a.people,police,cattle,crew,youth本身就是復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)（但是可以說(shuō)aheadofcattle,20headsofcattle)注意：cow-cows奶牛ox-oxen公牛b.theChinese/British/French/English/Japanese/Swiss,表示國(guó)民總成用復(fù)數(shù)eg.TheChineseareindustriousandbrave.中國(guó)人民是勤勞勇敢的。c.family,class,team,government,crowd,public看成整體用單數(shù)，看成個(gè)體，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)?！炯w名詞墻頭草，可單可復(fù)兩邊倒】d.當(dāng)mankind,man,humanity做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。5.以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞a.maths,politics,physics等學(xué)科名詞，一般是不可數(shù)名詞，為單數(shù)b.news為不可數(shù)名詞c.theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations應(yīng)視為單數(shù)TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.d.以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書(shū)名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名也視為單數(shù)。TheArabianNightsisaveryinterestingstorybook.一千零一夜是一本有趣的書(shū)。e.兩條腿走路的名詞，需要借助量詞,如，glasses,trousers,scissors,clothes,借助量詞pair,suitf.有些名詞，復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別意思,如goods貨物，waters水域，arts文科，arms武器，clothes衣物，greens青菜，sands沙灘，ages時(shí)代，customs海關(guān)，looks外貌，papers論文，works作品，工廠peoples民族forces軍隊(duì)lines臺(tái)詞times時(shí)代，manners禮貌contents目錄savings存款2.3不可數(shù)名詞數(shù)的表示不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)應(yīng)該借助于可數(shù)的量詞來(lái)表達(dá)，用“數(shù)詞/冠詞+量詞（單/復(fù)）+of+不可數(shù)名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示數(shù)量（注意：該結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)該和量詞保持一致）?？疾豢蓴?shù)名詞：fun,advice,weather,progress,information,bread,baggage,luggage,butter,equipment,furniture,homework,practice,wealth,housework.七大不可數(shù)名詞：【如果你想在工作上取得進(jìn)步，我給你一條建議，坐在家具上，邊收拾垃圾，邊看天氣信息】work,progress,advice,furniture,rubbish,weather,information不可數(shù)名詞三原則1.不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，按單數(shù)處理。Waterisimportantforus.2.不可數(shù)名詞的量詞可數(shù)。aglassof-twoglassesof3.當(dāng)時(shí)間，金錢，距離，重量作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)Fiveyuanisnotenough.2.4不可數(shù)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞1.抽象名詞表示具體的事時(shí)也可數(shù)Thepartyisabigsuccess.這次聚會(huì)事一個(gè)巨大的成功?！绢悺縜surprise一件令人吃驚的事adifficulty一件難事2.表示“一場(chǎng)，一段，一件，一種”時(shí),要用a或an,此時(shí)多用形容詞或of短語(yǔ)修飾，如afinerain一陣細(xì)雨，aheavysnow一場(chǎng)大雪，alongtime很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間3.有些不可數(shù)名詞，無(wú)論什么情況下也不可以轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞，比如advice,fun,homework,information,news,progress,equipment,furniture,baggage,luggage,jewelry,clothing等4.一些物質(zhì)名詞前可以加不定冠詞，或數(shù)詞，但是意思發(fā)生改變。acoffee一杯咖啡twodrinks兩杯飲料=twocupsofdrinkthreeteas三杯茶5.七大變形金剛【玻璃有時(shí)間做頭發(fā)，有空間去鍛煉，有經(jīng)驗(yàn)做紙】a.glass玻璃【U】b.time時(shí)間【U】c.hair頭發(fā)【U】d.room空間【U】玻璃杯【C】次數(shù)【C】零星幾根【C】房間【C】e.exercise鍛煉【U】v.f.paper紙【U】練習(xí)【C】試卷，論文【C】2.5名詞前的修飾語(yǔ)1.只修飾可數(shù)名詞的有each,either,neither,another,these,those,both,afew,several,many,a(large)numberof,scoresof,dozensof,agreat/goodmany,acoupleof幾個(gè)，manya許多，morethanone不止一個(gè)，quiteafew相當(dāng)多的等2.只修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有alittle,much,abitof,agreatdealof,a(large)amountof，quitealittle,agreatdealof很多3.既可以修飾可數(shù)名詞，又可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有some,any,half,most,all,alotof,lotsof,plentyof，suppliesof,enough,most大多數(shù)aquantityof,quantitiesof,(由quantity單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)）massesof大量的，amassof大量的三.名詞所有格‘s和of1.單數(shù)名詞詞尾加’stheboy’sbag.2.復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾以及以s結(jié)尾的名詞后加’theboss’book,theworkers’struggleTeachers’DayMother’sDayFather’sDayChildren’sDay3.凡是不能加s的名詞，都可以用“名詞+of+名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示所有關(guān)系thetitleofthesong4.表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家，名詞所有格的后面常不出現(xiàn)所修飾名詞thebarber’s,thetailor’s裁縫店atthedoctor’s在醫(yī)務(wù)室atTom’s在湯姆家atmyaunt’sthe+姓氏’s表示...家房子theSmith’sthe+姓氏s表示...一家人theSmiththe+職業(yè)’s表示...的店thebutcher’s肉店5.如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，共有A+B’s各有A’s+B’sJohn’sandMary’sroom,JohnandMary’sroom6.復(fù)合名詞或短語(yǔ)，’s加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾amonthortwo’sabsence一個(gè)月或兩個(gè)月的缺席7.雙重所有格apictureofmybrother（我兄弟的一張照片）vsapictureofmybrother’s(我兄弟擁有的一張照片）8.另類所有格：表時(shí)間、距離+’sa.一個(gè)三天的假期aholidayofthreedaysathreedays’holidayathree-dayholidayb.一個(gè)二十分鐘的路程awalkoftwentyminutesatwentyminutes’walk/rideatwenty-minutewalk9.部分用to表達(dá)所有格的名詞（鑰匙，答案，橋和路，出入口的所有格都用to)thekeytothedoortheanswertothequestion=thekeytothequestionthebridgetotheknowledgethewaytotheschooltheexittothebuildingtheentrancetothehall四.名詞辨析1.noise,sound,voice2.people,person,population3.job,work，career4.news,information,message,instruction5.praise,pride,proud6.instrument,instruction,invention,invitation7.sight,view,scene,scenery8.sign,signal,mark,symbol9.award,reward,prize10.cause,reason,excuse11.power,strength,force,energy12.journey,voyage,trip,tour,travelhaveagoodjourneytravelagency13.question,problem14.few,afew,little,alittle五、易混詞性1.honest/honesty2.affect/effect3.healthy/health4.wealthy/wealth5.succeed/success6.patient/patience7.difficult/difficulty8.breathe/breath鞏固練習(xí)1.Allthe________inourschoolenjoyedthemselvesonMarch8thbecauseitwastheirownholiday.A.menteacher B.womenteachers C.womanteacher D.menteachers2.Theproblemsaredifficulttosolve.Pleasegiveme________.A.manyadvice B.someadvice C.anadvice D.someadvices3.Thisis________and________room.A.myfather;mother B.myfather’s;motherC.myfather’s;mother’s D.myfather;mother’s4.WhenPetercomes,pleaseaskhimtoleavea________.A.notice B.message C.sentence D.information5.—Howfarisyourteacher'shomefromhere?—It’sabouttwo________drive.hour’s B.hours C.hours’ D.hour6.Afteryearsofwar,thepeopleinSyriaarethirstyfor________.A.price B.noise C.peace D.course7.AfterreadingthenovelTreasureIsland,Paulhasmore________thanbeforebecauseofthemaincharacter,braveJim.A.humour B.wealth C.luck D.courage8.Thefoodsafetyisaserious________inourcountry.Weshouldtrytosolveit.A.subject B.program C.problem D.opinion9.—Listen!Whoissinging?—It’sBetty.Shehasasweet________.A.sound B.voice C.noise D.speech10Theboydidn’tsleepwellbecauseofthe________fromthedog.A.voice B.noise C.music D.song11.Great________forfootballlovers—morethan50,000soccerschoolswillbebuiltinourcountrybytheendof2025．A.news B.message C.situation D.information12.—Willyoufixupthemachineaccordingtothe________,David?—Noproblem.A.instructions B.inventions C.invitations D.interviews13.—Whatkindofporridgewouldyoulike,Alice?—Iwouldlike________.A.eggporridge B.eggsporridge C.fishporridges D.fishesporridge14.Couldyougivesome________tothe________students?A.advice;boy B.advices;boys C.suggestion;boy D.suggestions;boys15.Iwillneed________abouttheclimatebeforeImakethefinaldecision.A.afewinformation B.alittleinformationsC.alittleinformation D.afewinformations16.Myaunthasbeautifullong________,butIcanseesomewhite________.A.hair;hair B.hairs;hair C.hair;hairs D.hairs;hairs17.—Mum,I’veheardthatwecan’teat________thesedays.Isittrue?—Takeiteasy.Itissafetoeatcookedmeat.A.chicken B.chickens C.achicken D.thechicken18.—Leo,doyouknowwhothegirlinthephotois?—Yes,sheis________littlesister.Ruby’sandJason’s B.RubyandJason C.Ruby’sandJason D.RubyandJason’s19.It’snotagood________forstudentstogoonlinejustforanswerstohomework.A.skill B.game C.hobby D.habit20.—Mom,whichisthebetter________forme,aseniorhighschooloravocational(職業(yè)的)highschool?—EitherisOK.It’suptoyourfutureplan.A.choice B.result C.experience D.news21.—I’mnotsurewhattowriteaboutTheSecretGardeninthereport.—Youshouldreadsome________aboutthebookbeforewriting.A.reviews B.reasons C.resultsD.rewards22.—Haveyoupaidthe________?—Yes.It’stenmoredollarsthismonth.A.bill B.price C.value D.menu23.Youcanseethe________inourfaceswhenwetalkaboutthegreatachievementsinthepast70years.A.doubt B.pride C.regret D.ability24.Overonehundredyearsago,theworldrecordforthe________100-metreracewas10.6secondsA.man B.man’s C.men D.men’s25.Tomalways________foranhoureveryday,butheneverdoesmath________.A.exercise;exercises B.exercise;exercise C.exercises;exercise D.exercises;exercises26.USscientistEdwardT.Hallsaidthatinaconversationbetweentwopeople,65%of________isdonethroughbodylanguage.A.application B.pronunciation C.introduction D.communication27.—Keepquiet!Ineedcomplete________whenI’mworking.—Sorry,dad.Iwon’tmakeanynoiseagain.A.trust B.silence C.control D.strength28.Nobodythoughtiteasytofinishsomuchworkin_______.A.twodays’timeB.two-daystimeC.twoday’stimeD.twodaystime29.MissGreenisafriendof_______.A.Mary’smother’sB.MarymotherC.Mother’sofMaryD.Marymother’30.YangLiwei,thefirstspacemaninChina,isthe_______ofChinesepeople.A.proudB.pridesC.proudestD.pride完成句子【★★☆】1.他們上星期捕到許多老鼠。Theycaught________________lastweek.【★★☆】2.I’msotirednow,andIneed________________________.(2小時(shí)的睡眠)【★★☆】3.她喜歡用各種水果做沙拉。Shelikesmakingsaladwith________________________________.【★★★】4.鮑勃和露西只是我姐姐的兩個(gè)朋友。（我姐姐還有其他朋友）BobandLucyarejusttwo________________________________.【★☆☆】5.這個(gè)警察從河中救起了一個(gè)10歲的男孩。Thepolicemansaved________________________fromtheriver.【★★★】6.新冠肺炎疫情發(fā)生以來(lái)，中國(guó)盡己所能為有需要的國(guó)家提供支持和幫助，得到國(guó)際社會(huì)的普遍贊譽(yù)。Sincetheoutbreakoftheepidemic,Chinahasbeendoingitsbesttooffer________andhelptothe________inneed,allthishasbeenwidelypraisedbytheinternationalcommunity.【★★★】7.隨著人民生活水平的不斷提高，人們?cè)絹?lái)越重視自己的身體。Aspeople’sliving________continuestorise,theyarepayinggreater________totheirhealth.【★★★】8.中國(guó)取得的成就萬(wàn)眾矚目，其中之是在科學(xué)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域。It’sknownaroundtheworldthatChinahasmadegreat________.Oneisinthefieldsofscienceand________.【★★★】9.許多國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人高度評(píng)價(jià)中國(guó)為控制疫情所做的諸多努力。Manycountryleadersspokehighlyofthegreat________thatChinahadmadeincontrollingthepandemic.【★★★】10.這位藝術(shù)家很有創(chuàng)造力，他可以用沙子制作不同的變化圖片。Theartistissocreativethathecanmakedifferentchangingpictureswith________.中考高頻、易錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)高考頻易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)名詞詞義理解（不）同類名詞詞義辨析、抽象名詞詞義辨析、名詞詞義近義名詞詞義辨析名詞的數(shù)單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)、名詞數(shù)量的表達(dá)不可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量的表達(dá)名詞所有格可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的-’s所有格并列名詞的-’s所有格高考頻易錯(cuò)題典例名詞詞義辨析TheNewYorkTimesisapopulardaily.A.DictionaryB.magazineC.newspaperD.guidebook高考頻易錯(cuò)題解題秘笈中考?？济~解題必備知識(shí)advantage優(yōu)點(diǎn)benefit好處,益處choice選擇contribution貢獻(xiàn)decision決定difference差別，差異entertainment娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)environment環(huán)境fun樂(lè)趣,快樂(lè)hono(u)r榮幸,榮譽(yù)importance重要(性)instruction指示，命令interview采訪，面試invention發(fā)明memory記憶，回憶mistake錯(cuò)誤pride自豪,驕傲progress進(jìn)步,進(jìn)展purpose目的,意圖relationship關(guān)系suggestion建議tradition傳統(tǒng)名詞高考頻易錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)真題專練一、單項(xiàng)選擇1．（2020·貴州銅仁·中考真題）—Tokeepourcitycleanandbeautiful,the________arealwaysverybusyinthestreet.—Theyshouldberespectedbyallthepeople.A．drivers B．postmen C．firemen D．cleaners2．（2022·山東東營(yíng)·中考真題）TheYellowRiverDeltaNationalNatureReserve(黃河三角洲國(guó)家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū))isthe________ofmorethansixmillionbirds.A．a(chǎn)rea B．home C．house D．family3．（2022·內(nèi)蒙古呼和浩特·中考真題）—Itwascarelessofyoutomakesuchamistake.Letthatbea________toyou!—OK.I’llbemorecareful!A．condition B．competition C．lesson D．hobby4．（2022·貴州黔西·中考真題）The________ofthisconcertistoraisemoneyforanewFangcanghospital.A．a(chǎn)ctivity B．purpose C．question D．reason5．（2022·遼寧營(yíng)口·中考真題）—InChina,weuseredpaperforhongbaobecauseredmeansgoodluck.—Oh,that’sinteresting!IwanttoknowmoreChinese________.A．events B．policies C．festivals D．traditions6．（2022·江蘇鎮(zhèn)江·中考真題）Listeningtomusicandwatchingfilmsarebothrelaxingformsof_______.A．a(chǎn)chievement B．a(chǎn)greementC．development D．entertainment7．（2022·江蘇常州·中考真題）Althoughthematchismovinginanunexpected________,ourteamwillwinfinally,Ibelieve.A．instruction B．introduction C．position D．direction8．（2020·廣東·東莞市南城開(kāi)心實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)校一模）Theareplayinggameswiththeirontheplayground.A．child;womanteachers B．child;womenteachersC．children;womenteachers D．children;womanteachers9．（2022·安徽·模擬預(yù)測(cè)）—Couldyougivemesome________onlearningEnglish?—Ithinkyoushoulddomorereading.A．a(chǎn)dvice B．newsC．messages D．information10．（2022·湖北·陽(yáng)新縣富川中學(xué)模擬預(yù)測(cè)）—ThelandingofChina’srover(登陸車)ZhurongonMarsisalandmarkofChina’sspaceindustry.—Yes.________greatprogressChinahasmadeinitsspaceexploration.A．What B．Whata C．How D．Howa11．（2021·廣西·都安瑤族自治縣教學(xué)研究室三模）I’dliketobuysome________inthesupermarket.A．chickenandpotatoes B．chickensandpotato C．chickenandpotato D．chickensandpotatos12．（2022·廣西·環(huán)江毛南族自治縣教育局三模）—Iheartherearethreeforeignstudentsinyourclass.—Yes.Oneisan________andtheothertwoare________.A．Australian,Germans B．Australians,GermenC．Australians,Germans D．Australian,Germen13．（2021·遼寧·模擬預(yù)測(cè)）________theteachersintheirschoolisabout200andonefourthofthemare________teachers.A．Anumberof;women B．Anumberof;womanC．Thenumberof;women D．Thenumberof;woman14．（2022·重慶·一模）Thehospitalis_________fromhere.A．fortyminutes’swalk B．fortyminute’swalk C．fortyminuteswalk D．fortyminutes’walk15．（2022·西藏拉薩·一模）—Whoseroomisthis?—It’s________.A．LucyandLily B．Lucy’sandLily’s C．LucyandLily’s D．Lucy’sandLily16．（2022·四川涼山·一模）________motherscan’tcometoschoolonSchoolDaybecausetheyhavetowork.A．BobandAlan’s B．Bob’sandAlan’s C．BobandAlan D．Bob’sandAlan17．（2018·湖北黃石·模擬預(yù)測(cè)）—Mary,thispairofgloves_______foryou.—_________nicesurprise!A．is;Whata B．a(chǎn)re;Whata C．is;How D．a(chǎn)re;How18．（2022·云南·開(kāi)遠(yuǎn)市教育科學(xué)研究所二模）—________isthepopulationofYunanaccordingtotheseventhnationalpopulationcensus(人口普查)?—Thereareover47millionpermanentresidents(常住人口)inYunnan.A．What B．How