高中英語語法最重要知識匯總

./按：本套資料省去了名詞、代詞、形容詞等部分,保留了最最核心的句型和動詞.希望能有所幫助.第一章名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句.名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組,它在復(fù)合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等,因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能,名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句.一．主語從句主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當主語的從句,通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替,而本身放在句子末尾.1.It作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強調(diào)句的比較It作形式主語代替主語從句,主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu),主語從句的連接詞沒有變化.而it引導(dǎo)的強調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進行強調(diào),無論強調(diào)的是什么成分,都可用連詞that.被強調(diào)部分指人時也可用who/whom.例如：a>Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm.你不去看那場電影真可惜.b>Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.我對你成功與否不感興趣.c>Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的.〔強調(diào)句型d>ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.是John打碎的窗戶.〔強調(diào)句型2.用it作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)<1>Itis＋名詞＋從句Itisafactthat…;Itisanhonorthat…;Itiscommonknowledgethat…<2>Itis＋形容詞＋從句Itisnaturalthat…Itisstrangethat…<3>Itis＋不及物動詞＋從句Itseemsthat…Ithappenedthat…Itappearsthat…<4>It＋過去分詞＋從句Itisreportedthat…Ithasbeenprovedthat…Itissaidthat…3.主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況：〔1if引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首.〔2Itissaid/reported…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前.例如：正確表達：ItissaidthatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweek.錯誤表達：ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.〔3Ithappens/occurs…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前.例如：正確表達：Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.錯誤表達：Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.〔4Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前.例如：正確表達：Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.錯誤表達：Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter.〔5含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時,主語從句不可提前.例如：正確表達：Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening?錯誤表達：Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely?4.what與that在引導(dǎo)主語從句時的區(qū)別what引導(dǎo)主語從句時在句時在從句中充當句子成分,如主語．賓語．表語,而that則不然.例如：a>Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.b>Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation二．賓語從句賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句,通常放在主句謂語動詞<及物動詞>或介詞之后.1.作動詞的賓語<1>由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句<that通?？梢允÷?gt;,例如：Iheardthathejoinedthearmy.我聽說他參軍了.<2>由what,whether<if>引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,例如：a>Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.她不知道發(fā)生了什么.b>Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記.<3>動詞＋間接賓語＋賓語從句.例如：Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.她對我說她會接受我的邀請.2.作介詞的賓語,例如：Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作.3.作形容詞的賓語,例如：Iamafraid<that>I’vemadeamistake.我恐怕我已經(jīng)犯了一個錯誤.注意：that引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等.也可以將此類詞后的that從句的看作原因狀語從句.4.it可以作為形式賓語it不僅可以作為形式主語,還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that從句則放在句尾,特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中.例如：Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.我聽說她下個朋就會結(jié)婚了.5.*后邊不能直接跟that從句的動詞這類動詞有allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等.這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語,但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句.如：正確表達：Iadmiretheirwinningthematch.錯誤表達：Iadmirethattheywonthematch.6.*不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞有些動詞不可用于"動詞＋間接賓語＋that從句"結(jié)構(gòu)中,常見的有envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等.例如：正確表達：Heimpressedthemanagerasanhonestman.錯誤表達：Heimpressedthemanagerthathewasanhonestman.7.否定的轉(zhuǎn)移若主句謂語動詞為think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等,其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義,一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上,從句謂語用肯定式.例如：Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.我認為這件衣服不適合你穿.三.表語從句表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句,放在系動詞之后,一般結(jié)構(gòu)是"主語＋連系動詞＋表語從句".可以接表語從句的連系動詞有be,look,remain,seem等.引導(dǎo)表語從句的that常可省略.另外,常用的還有thereasonisthat…和Itisbecause等結(jié)構(gòu).例如：1>△Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.2>Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.3>But△thefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.4>△Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.四.同位語從句同位語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句.1.同位語從句的功能同位語從句對于名詞進一步解釋,說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容,一般由that引導(dǎo),例如：1>Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.2>Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.2.同位語在句子中的位置同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面,而是被別的詞隔開.例如：HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.3.同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別<1>定語從句中的that既代替先行詞,同時以在從句中作某個成分〔主語或賓語,而同位語從句中的that是連詞,只起連接主句與從句的作用,不充當句中任何成分.<2>定語從句是形容詞性的,其功能是修飾先行詞,對先行詞加以限定,描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的,其功能是對名詞進行補充說明.例如：1>ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.〔他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國.〔第一個that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語從句,that在從句中作賓語2>ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.〔湯姆將出國的消息是他講的.〔同位語從句,that在句中不作任何成分第二章定語從句定語從句在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,有時也可以修飾部分或整個句子.被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞.定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞〔關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引出.關(guān)系代詞有：who,whom,whose,that,which,as.關(guān)系副詞有：when,where,why,how.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間,起連接作用,同時又可做定語從句的一個成分.當關(guān)系代詞做賓語時可以省略.定語從句中的謂語動詞必須在人稱上和數(shù)量上和先行詞保持一致.定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句.1、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1>who,whom,that這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下：Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?〔who/that在從句中作主語Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.〔whom/that在從句中作賓語2>whose用來指人或物,〔只用作定語,若指物,它還可以同ofwhich互換,例如：Pleasepassmethebookwhose<ofwhich>coverisgreen.3>which,that它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如：Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.〔which/that在句中作賓語Thepackage<which/that>youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.<which/that在句中作賓語>△關(guān)系代詞that和which都可以指物,that和Who都可以指人,其用法區(qū)別：△1>不用that的情況：a>在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時<錯>Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.b>介詞后不能用Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.c>多用who的情況①關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語Afriendwhohelpsyouintimeofneedisarealfriend.②先行詞為those,people時Thosewhowereeitherfoolsorunfitfortheirofficescouldnotseethecloth.③先行詞為all,anyone,ones,one指人時Onewhodoesn'tworkhardwillneversucceedinhiswork.④在Therebe句型中Thereisastrangerwhowantstoseeyou.⑤在被分隔的定語從句中AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.⑥在有兩個定語從句的句子中,其一用who,其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個以上的并列定語從句時,后一個必須重復(fù)前一個關(guān)系代詞.Thestudentwhowaspraisedatthemeetingisthemonitorthatisverymodestandstudiesveryhard.Thereisateacherwhoisalwaysreadytohelpothersandwhoenjoyswhathedoes.△2>只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況a>在不定代詞,如：anything,nothing,everything,all,much,few,any,little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which.Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.b>先行詞有theonly,thevery,thejust修飾時,只用that.Heistheverymanthathelpedthegirloutofthewater.c>先行詞為序數(shù)詞<thelast>、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時,只用that.ThefirstEnglishbookthatIreadwas"ThePrinceandthePauper"byMarkTwin.d>先行詞既有人,又有物時.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathevisited.e>當主句是以who或which開始的特殊疑問句時,用that以避免重復(fù).Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate.f>關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe.2、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點、方式或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語.關(guān)系副詞when,where,why,how的含義相當于"介詞+which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例如：Thereareoccasionswhen<onwhich>onemustyield.Beijingistheplacewhere<inwhich>Iwasborn.Isthisthereasonwhy<forwhich>herefusedouroffer?I'msurprisedthewayhow<bywhich>heworksouttheproblem.注意：①在非限制性定語從句中,"介詞+which"結(jié)構(gòu)不能代替關(guān)系副詞.如：Theysetupastatefortheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.②含有介詞短語的動詞一般不能拆開,介詞仍放在動詞后面.Isthisthebookwhich<that>shewaslookingfor?3、名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞/形容詞最高級+介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句Shehaswrittenabook,thenameofwhichIhaveforgotten.Therearefifty-fivestudentsinourclass,allofwhomareworkinghard.Therearefivecontinentsintheworld,thelargestofwhichisAsia.4、as,which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的差別由as,which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個主句,相當于andthis或andthat.As一般放在句首,which在句中.Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句,常帶有"正如"的意思.Asisknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.用法區(qū)別：<1>as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首,而which不可.Asweallknow,heneversmokes.<2>as代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞,則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which.<3>非限定性定語從句中出現(xiàn)expect,think,suppose等表示猜測、想象、預(yù)料等時.Shesucceededinherdoingtheresearchwork,asweexpected.<4>As的用法thesame…as;such…as中的as是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu),和……一樣…….Ishouldliketousethesametoolasisusedhere.Weshouldhavesuchadictionaryasheisusing.第三章狀語從句狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子.通常由副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、分詞和從句等擔當.例如：

1.

Naturally,ourgrandparentswerepleasedtogetourphonecall.<副詞>

2.

Weworkedhard,fromsunrisetosunset.<介詞狀短語>

3.

Tohelpmydisabledaunt,Ispendanhourworkinginherhouseeveryday.<不定式>

4.

Seenfromadistance,thefarmhouselookeddeserted.<過去分詞>

5.

IknowhowtolightacampfirebecauseIhaddoneitbefore.〔原因狀語從句狀語的位置比較靈活,可以位于句首、句末或句中.enough用作狀語修飾形容詞和副詞時必須后置.狀語從句主要用來修飾主句或主句的謂語.一般可分為九大類,分別表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較和方式.盡管種類較多,但由于狀語從句與漢語結(jié)構(gòu)和用法相似,所以理解和掌握它并不難.狀語從句的關(guān)鍵是要掌握引導(dǎo)不同狀語從句的常用連接詞和特殊的連接詞即考點.現(xiàn)分別列舉如下:

1．時間狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：when,as,while,assoonas,while,before,after,since,till,until

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：theminute,themoment,thesecond,everytime,theday,theinstant,immediately,directly,nosooner…than,hardly…when,scarcely…when

Ididn’trealizehowspecialmymotherwasuntilIbecameanadult.

WhileJohnwaswatchingTV,hiswifewascooking.

Thechildrenranawayfromtheorchard<果園>themomenttheysawtheguard.

NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.

EverytimeIlistentoyouradvice,Igetintotrouble.

2．地點狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：where

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：wherever,anywhere,everywhere

Generally,airwillbeheavilypollutedwheretherearefactories.

Whereveryougo,youshouldworkhard.

3．原因狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：because,since,as,since

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：seeingthat,nowthat,inthat,consideringthat,giventhat,consideringthat,

MyfriendsdislikemebecauseI’mhandsomeandsuccessful.

Nowthateverybodyhascome,let’sbeginourconference.

Thehigherincometaxisharmfulinthatitmaydiscouragepeoplefromtryingtoearnmore.

Consideringthatheisnomorethan12yearsold,hisheightof1.80misquiteremarkable.

4．目的狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：sothat,inorderthat

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：lest,incase,forfearthat,inthehopethat,forthepurposethat,totheendthat

Thebossaskedthesecretarytohurryupwiththeletterssothathecouldsignthem.

Theteacherraisedhisvoiceonpurposethatthestudentsinthebackcouldhearmoreclearly.

5．結(jié)果狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：so…that,so…that,such…that,

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：suchthat,tothedegreethat,totheextentthat,tosuchadegreethat,

Hegotupsoearlythathecaughtthefirstbus.

It’ssuchagoodchancethatwemustnotmissit.

Tosuchandegreewasheexcitedthathecouldn’tsleeplastnight.

6．條件狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：if,unless,

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as/solongas,onlyif,providing/providedthat,supposethat,incasethat,onconditionthat

We’llstartourprojectifthepresidentagrees.

Youwillcertainlysucceedsolongasyoukeepontrying.

Providedthatthereisnoopposition,weshallholdthemeetinghere.

7．讓步狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：though,although,evenif,eventhough

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as<用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝>,while<一般用在句首>,nomatter…,inspiteofthefactthat,while,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever

MuchasIrespecthim,Ican’tagreetohisproposal.

盡管我很尊敬他,我卻不同意他的建議.

Theoldmanalwaysenjoysswimmingeventhoughtheweatherisrough.

Nomatterhowhardhetried,shecouldnotchangehermind.

Hewon’tlistenwhateveryoumaysay.

8．比較狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as<同級比較>,than<不同程度的比較>

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：themore…themore…;justas…,so…;AistoBwhat/asXistoY;no…morethan;notAsomuchasB

Sheisasbad-temperedashermother.

Thehouseisthreetimesasbigasours.

Themoreyouexercise,thehealthieryouwillbe.

Foodistomenwhatoilistomachine.食物之于人,猶如油之于機器.

9．方式狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as,asif,how

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：theway

WheninRome,doastheRomando.

Shebehavedasifsheweretheboss.

Sometimesweteachourchildrenthewayourparentshavetaughtus.☆10.

狀語從句的簡化狀語從句的省略狀語從句同時具備下列兩個條件:①主句和從句的主語一致,或從句主語為it；②從句主要動詞是be的某種形式.從句中的主語和be動詞?？墒÷?例如：

When<themuseumis>completed,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.

He’llgototheseasideforhisholidayif<itis>possible.

另外,比較狀語從句經(jīng)常省略.例如：

I’mtallerthanhe<istall>.

Thehigherthetemperature<is>,thegreaterthepressure<is>.

就狀語從句而言,有時為了使語言言簡意賅,常常將狀語從句進行"簡化".狀語從句的"簡化"現(xiàn)象在口語中較為普遍,而且在高考中的復(fù)現(xiàn)率也較高.因此,有必要對其進行全面、透徹的了解.狀語從句的"簡化"現(xiàn)象常存在于以下五種狀語從句中:①由if,unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句;②由although,though,evenif/though等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句;③由when,while,as,before,after,until/till等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句;④由as,asif等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句;⑤由as,than等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句.下面針對這五種情形作一歸納.

<1>當狀語從句的主語是it,且謂語動詞是be時,it和be要完全簡化掉.例如:

If<itis>possible,hewillhelpyououtofthedifficulty.如果可能的話,他會幫你擺脫困境.

Youmustattendthemeetingunless<itis>inconvenienttoyou.除非情況對你來說不方便,否則你必須出席這次會議.

<2>當狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致時,從句可以將主語和be動詞簡化掉.常用于以下幾種情形:

a.連詞+形容詞

As<hewas>young,helearnedhowtorideabike.他小時候就學會了騎自行車.

Whenever<sheis>free,sheoftengoesshopping.她有空就去逛商店.

Workhardwhen<youare>young,oryou'llregret.少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲.

b.連詞+名詞

While<hewas>ayoungboy,hewasalwaysreadytohelpothers.他在孩提時代就樂于助人.

Although<hewas>afarmer,nowheisafamousdirector.盡管他曾是個農(nóng)民,而現(xiàn)在是位著名的導(dǎo)演了.

c.連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞

As<shewas>walkingalongtheriverbank,shewassingingapopsong.她沿著河堤邊走邊唱著流行歌曲.

Although<heis>doinghisbestinmathsthesedays,hehasstillgotnogoodmarks.盡管近來他一直在學數(shù)學,但他仍然沒有取得好成績.

d.連詞+過去分詞

Hewon'tgotherewithusunless<heis>invited.除非受到邀請,否則他不會和我們一道去那里.

Theconcertwasagreatsuccessthan<itwas>expected.這場音樂會出乎意料地取得了巨大成功.

e.連詞+不定式

Hestoodupasif<hewere>tosaysomething.當時他站起來好像要說什么.Hewouldn'tsolvetheproblemevenif<hewere>totakecharge.即使他來負責,他也解決不了這個問題.f.連詞+介詞短語

Shelookedanxiousasthough<shewas>introuble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻煩.

HehadmasteredtheEnglishlanguagebefore<hewas>intheUSA.他到美國之前就懂英語了.注意:當從句主語和主句主語不一致時,從句部分要么用完全形式,要么用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來表達.例如:

Whenthemeetingwasover,allthepeoplewentoutofthemeeting-room.當會議結(jié)束時,人們都走出了會議室.<=Themeetingover,….>第四章倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)一全部倒裝全部倒裝是指將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前.此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時.常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：1.here,there,now,then,thus等副詞置于句首,謂語動詞常用be,come,go,lie,run.例如：1>Theregoesthebell.鈴聲漸漸消失了.2>Thencamethechairman.然后主席就來了3>Hereisyourletter.這是你的信.2.表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首,謂語表示運動的動詞.例如：1>Outrushedamissilefromunderthebomber.轟炸機下面發(fā)出了一顆導(dǎo)彈.2>Aheadsatanoldwoman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞,如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝.例如：1>Herehecomes.他來了.2>Awaytheywent.他們走了.二部分倒裝部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前.如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞,則需添加助動詞do,does或did,并將其置于主語之前.1.句首為否定或半否定的詞語,如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,atnotime,innoway,notuntil…等.例如：1>NeverhaveIseensuchaperformance.我從來沒看過這樣的表演.2>Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothisquestion.你在哪兒都不會找到這個問題的答案.3>Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間.注意：當Notuntil引出主從復(fù)合句,主句倒裝,從句不倒裝.注意：如否定詞不在句首不倒裝.例如：1>Ihaveneverseensuchaperformance.我從來沒看過這樣的表演.2>Themotherdidn'tleavetheroomuntilthechildfellasleep.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間.2.帶有否定意義的詞放在句首,語序需要部分倒裝.常見的詞語有：not,never,seldom,scarcely,barely,little,atnotime,notonly,notonce,underoncondition,hardly…when,nosooner…than…等.例如：1>Notonlydidherefusethegift,healsoseverelycriticizedthesender.他不僅拒收了禮品,還狠狠批評了送禮的人.2>Hardlyhadshegoneoutwhenastudentcametovisither.她剛要出門時有個學生來找她.3>Nosoonerhadshegoneoutthanastudentcametovisither.她剛要走時一個學生來看她.注意：只有當Notonly…butalso連接兩個分句時,才在第一個分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu).如果置于句首的Notonly…butalso僅連接兩個并列詞語,不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu).例如：NotonlyyoubutalsoIamfondofmusic.我和你都喜歡音樂.3.表示"也"、"也不"的so,neither,nor放在句首時,句子作部分倒裝.例如：1>TomcanspeakFrench.SocanJack.Tom能說法語,我也能.2>Ifyouwon'tgo,neitherwillI.如果你不去,我也不去.注意：當so引出的句子用以對上文內(nèi)容加以證實或肯定時,不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu).意為"的確如此".例如：1>TomaskedmetogotoplayfootballandsoIdid.Tom讓我去踢足球,我去了.2>It'sraininghard.Soitis.雨下得很大.的確很大.4.only放在句首,強調(diào)狀語〔副詞,介詞短語或狀語從句等,全句語序要部分倒裝.例如：Onlyinthisway,canyoulearnEnglishwell.你只有用這種方法才能學好英語.Onlyafterbeingaskedthreetimesdidhecometothemeeting.他被請了三次才來開會.注意：如果句子為主從復(fù)合句,則主句倒裝,從句不倒裝Onlywhenheisseriouslyill,doesheeverstayinbed.他只有病得非常嚴重時才會臥床休息.三as,though引導(dǎo)的倒裝句as/though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前〔形容詞,副詞,分詞,實義動詞提前.此時應(yīng)注意：1>句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞；2>句首是實義動詞,其他助動詞放在主語后.如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語,隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前.例如：Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.盡管他愿意努力工作,但是他好像從來都不能令他的工作満意.注意:讓步狀語從句中,有though,although時,后面的主句不能有but,但是though和yet可連用.四其他部分倒裝1.so…that句型中的so位于句首時,需倒裝.例如：Sofrightenedwashethathedidnotdaretomoveaninch.他害怕得動都不敢動.2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中,例如：Mayyouallbehappy.望大家開心愉快.3.在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were,had,should等詞,可將if省略,把were,had,should移到主語之前,采取部分倒裝.例如：WereIyou,Iwouldtryitagain.如果我是你,我就再試一次.第五章"It"用法及其句型和固定搭配"It"用法及其句型和固定搭配,是高中英語語法的重點、難點,又是近幾年高考的熱點,因此應(yīng)給予充分的重視,現(xiàn)將it用法歸納如下：一、It用作實詞表達以下概念:指代前文提到的事物,前文中的this,that；替代前文中的內(nèi)容；指代一位性別不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但談話雙方都知道的那件事；指代時間、天氣、氣候、距離等自然現(xiàn)象……二、It用作形式主語替代作主語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞,而把真正作主語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞置于句尾.It作形式主語的常見句型：1.代作主語的動詞不定式,其句型為<1>Itbeadj.<forsb.>todosth.此處adj.通常為描述事件的形容詞：easy,difficult,hard,necessary,unnecessary,possible,impossible,likely,unlikely,right,wrong,important,unimportant,legal,illegal,well-mannered,ill-mannered,polite,impolite,clear,obvious,certain,suitable,proper,fit,useful,useless,dangerous…例Itisillegal<forateenager>todriveacarwithoutalicense.<2>Itbeadj.ofsb.todosth.此處adj.通常為描述人的形容詞：kind,unkind,nice,rude,cruel,considerate,thoughtful,thoughtless,careful,careless,silly,foolish,stupid,clever,wise,crazy.例It'skindofyoutohelpmewiththeproblem.<3>It替代作主語的動名詞的常見句型It'snogood/usedoing…It's<well>worthdoing…It's<well>worthone'swhiledoing/todo…It's<well>worthwhiledoing/todo例It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk.2.It替代作主語的從句常見句型<1>Itis+noun+從句例Itisnosecretthatthepresidentwantstohaveasecondtermatoffice.<2>Itisadj.+clauseIt'ssurprisingthat…<should>………竟然……It'sapity/shamethat…<should>………竟然……例It'simportantthatyoushouldapologizetoherforyourrudeness.<=It'sofmuchimportancethatyoushouldapologizetoherforyourrudeness.><3>Itverbsb.+clause=Itisv-ing+clauseIt+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze/bother/concern/frighten/please/angersb.that…例Itworriedmethatshedrovesofast.<=Itwasworryingthatshedrovesofast.><4>Itverb<tosb.>that…=sb/sthverbtodo<verb=appear,seem,comeabout,emerge,follow,chance,happen,occur,transpire,turnout,workout>例It<so>happened/chancedthattheywereout.<=Theyhappened/chancedtobeout.><5>Itisv-edthat…=sb/sthistodo<verb=say,report,think,believe,hope,expect,agree,accept,decide,determine,intend,plan,understand,know例Itissaidthatthecouplehavegottendivorced.<=Thecouplearesaidtohavegottendivorced.><6>Itisv-edthat…<should>…<verb=demand,request,require,order,suggest,advise,recommend例Itissuggestedthattheyshouldbeginwiththethirdquestion.三、It作主語的句型1.Ittakessb.…todo…<=sbtakes…todo…>某人用多長時間做某事例Ittookthemenaweektomendourroof.<=Thementookaweektomendourroof.>2.It's<just><un>likesb.todo…〔不像某人做某事的風格例Itwas<just>likehimtothinkofhelpingus.3.It's<about/high>timethat…should/v-ed…是該做某事的時候了例It's<about/high>timethatweshouldtakeaction.4.It'sthex-thtime<that>…h(huán)avev-ed…第幾次做某事了例It'sthethirdtimethathehasfailedthedrivingtest.5.Itis/hasbeen…since…continuousv-ed<延續(xù)性動詞>某動作已有多長時間不發(fā)生了例It's10yearsthathelivedhere6.Itwas<not>…before…過<不>了多長時間某動作發(fā)生了例Itwasnotlongbeforetheyarrived.四、It作形式賓語用來替代作賓語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞,而把真正作賓語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞置于句尾.It作形式賓語的常見句型：1.verb+it+adj./noun<for/of>todo/clause<verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep…>例Ithinkithardforyoutodothetaskonyourown./Ithinkithardthatyou'lldothetaskonyourown.2.verb+it+adj./noun<one's>doing<adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile><noun=nouse/nogood/worthone'swhile/awasteoftime/money/energy/words><verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep…>例I'llmakeitworthyourwhiletellingmeabouthissecret.3.verb+it+important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essentialthat…<should>…verb+it+ofmuch/great/no/littleimportancethat…<should>…<verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep…>例Ithinkitimportantthatyou<should>attendtheconference.4.verb+it+as+noun/adj.+clause<verb=accept,regard,take,see,view>例Thelecturertakesitasencouragingwhensomanystudentsattendhislecture.5.v.+it+prep.+that…oweittosb.that…把…歸功于…leaveittosbthat…把…留給某人去做takeitforgrantedthat…想當然keepitinmindthat…例Don'tbothertoarrangeanything.Justleaveittometosortout.6.It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的動詞后面,尤其是表示好惡的動詞后,enjoy,like,love,dislike,resent,hate,don'tmind,befondof,feellike,seeto賓語從句緊跟it之后例IhateityoucanswimsowellandIcan't.7.It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的介詞后面,賓語從句緊跟it之后〔exceptthat例外例I'mforitthatyouwillfollowtheiradvice.五、強調(diào)句型Itis/was+被強調(diào)部分+that<who>…強調(diào)句型用來強調(diào)謂語動詞以外的任何句子成分.當被強調(diào)部分是人時也可以用who.在使用強調(diào)句型時需注意以下幾點：1.請注意強調(diào)句型的特殊疑問句例Whenwasitthathechangedhismindtotakepartintheactivity？2.在強調(diào)原因狀語從句時,只能強調(diào)由because所引導(dǎo)的從句例Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidn'tcometoschoolyesterday.3.在強調(diào)not…until結(jié)構(gòu)時必須把not與until一起放到被強調(diào)的位置上例ItwasnotuntilshetookoffherdarkglassesthatIrealizedshewasmybrother.4.注意強調(diào)句型與定語從句的區(qū)別例Itwasat7o'clockthathecamehereyesterday.<強調(diào)句型>Itwas7o'clockwhenhecamehereyesterday.<定語從句>六、It常用的固定搭配1.makeit<1>.在口語當中相當于succeed,表示：成功、做到、說定、趕上、及時到達例It'shardtomakeittothetopinshowbusiness.<2>.在口語中相當于fixthedatefor,表示"約定好時間"例—Shallwemeetnextweek?—OK.WejustmakeitnextSaturday.2.asitis<1>.相當于infact,inreality表示"事實上,實際情況是……"例Wehadplanedtofinishthetasktoday,butasitisweprobablywon'tfinishituntilnextweek.<2>.相當于方式狀語從句,表示"照原樣"例Leavethetableasitis.3.asitwere相當于asonemightsay,thatistosay,表示"也就是說,可以說,換句話說"例Heis,asitwere,amodernSherlockHolmes.4.ifitweren'tfor…/ifithadn'tbeenfor…用來引導(dǎo)虛擬語氣,相當于without,orbutfor,表示"如果不是……,要不是……"例Ifitweren'tforTom,Iwouldn'tbealivetoday.5.that'sit<1>.相當于That'sall.That'ssomuch.表示"至此為止,沒有別的了"例Youcanhaveonemoresweet,andthat'sit.<2>.相當于That'sright.表示"對啦"例—Iguessthekeytotheproblemisthechoice"A"—That'sit.6.catchit在口語中,相當于bepunished/scoldedfordoingsth.wrong.表示"因做錯事而挨罵,受責備,受批評,受懲罰"例We'llreallycatchitformourteacherifwe'relateforclassagain.7.haveit<1>.相當于say,insist表示"說,主張,表明,硬說"例Rumourhasitthattheyaregettingdivorced.<2>.相當于gettoknowsomething,表示"了解,知道,獲悉"例IhaditfromJohnthatshewasgoingabroad.8.havewhatittakes在口語中,相當于bewellqualifiedfor,表示"具有成功的條件"例Youcantakeitfrommethatyourdaughterhaswhatittakestobeastar.9.soitseems/appears.10.Keepatit!<Don'tgiveup!>相當于goon,表示"繼續(xù)做,不放棄"例Myteacheraskedmetokeepatit.11.Goit!<Goon!>拼命干,莽撞12.Nowyouhavedoneit!<Youhavedonesth.wrong.>13.Nowyou'llcatchit!<You'llbepunished.>14.Asithappened,…在口語中,相當于it'sapitythat…,表示"真不湊巧,真遺憾"例Asithappened,theywereout.15.Asitturnedout,…在口語中,相當于itwasfoundtobeintheend,表示"最后被證明是"例Asitturnedout,hisstatementwasfalse.16.Suchasitis<theyare>在口語中,相當于althoughitmaynotbeworthmuch,表示"雖然沒有多大價值"例Youcanborrowmyexamnotebook,suchasitis.17.Takeit/thingseasy.相當于Don'tworryordon'thurry.用來勸告別人,表示"不要慌,別擔心,存住氣"例Takeiteasy!Hewilldoitwell.18.Takeitfromme.在口語中,相當于believemewhatIsay.表示"請相信我的話,我敢擔保"例Youcantakeitfrommethathewillmakeitthistime.19.Forwhatitisworth…在口語中,相當于althoughI'mnotsureit'sofvalue,表示"不管其價值如何"例HereisthearticleIpromiseyou,forwhatit'sworth.20.Worthit在口語中,相當于useful,表示"有好處,值得做"例Don'thesitateaboutit!It'sworthit.21.Believeitornot.表示"信不信由你"例Believeitornot,TomisgettingmarriedtoMarynextSunday.22.Takeitorleaveit.v.要么接受要么放棄例Thatismylastoffer.Youcantakeitorleaveit.23.Italldepends/thatalldepends在口語中,相當于ithasn'tbeendecidedyet,表示"那得看情況,還沒有定下來"例—Areyougoingtothecountrysideforholiday?—It/Thatalldepends.24.It'suptosb.在口語中,相當于it'sdecidedbysb.表示"由……決定,由……負責,取決于……"例—Shallwegooutfordinner?—It'suptoyou.第六章主謂一致主謂一致,指人稱和數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系.如:Heisgoingabroad.Theyareplayingfootball.可分為:語法一致,內(nèi)容一致,就近一致.<一>語法一致原則:即主語為單數(shù),謂語用單數(shù),主語為復(fù)數(shù),謂語也用復(fù)數(shù).以下為注意事項:1.單數(shù)主語即使后面帶有with,alongwith,togetherwith,like<象>,but<除了>,except,besides,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan<而不是>,including,inadditionto引導(dǎo)的短語,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù).如:Airaswellaswaterismatter.空氣和水都是物質(zhì).Nooneexcepttwoservantswaslateforthedinner.除了兩個仆人外,沒有一個人遲來用餐.2.用and連接的并列主語,如果主語是同一個人,同一事,同一概念,謂語動詞用單數(shù),否則用復(fù)數(shù).如:Thepoetandwriterhascome.那位詩人兼作家來了.<一個人>Ahammerandasawareusefultools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具.<兩樣物>用and連接的成對名詞習慣上被看成是一個整體,如:breadandbutter<黃油抹面包>,knifeandfork<刀叉>等作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù).3.不定式<短語>,動名詞<短語>,或從句作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù).如:Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福.Whenwe’llgooutforanoutinghasbeendecided.我們什么時候出去郊游已決定了.4.用連接的并列主語被each,every或no修飾時,謂語動詞用單數(shù).Everyboyandeverygirllikestogoswimming.每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳.Noteacherandnostudentwasabsentfromthemeeting.沒有老師也沒有學生開會缺席.Eachmanand<each>womanisaskedtohelp.每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫忙.5.eachof+復(fù)數(shù)代詞,謂語動詞用單數(shù).復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each,謂語動詞用單數(shù).如:Eachofushassomethingtosay.我們每個人