國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)01

EnglishforInternationalTradePractices

-國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)英語-

Chapter1InternationalTrade

11.ReasonsforInternationalTradedefinitionofinternationaltrade:exchangeofgoodsandservicesbetweencountries,includingimportandexportbasicreasonsforinternationaltrade:domesticnon-availabilityofresourcesprincipleofcomparativeadvantage1.1“resources”&foreigntradeKeywords1:resource(usu.pl.)supplyofrawmaterials,etc.whichbringacountry,person,etc.wealth.typesofresources:naturalresources&humanresourcestangible&intangibleresourceskeywords2:factorsofproduction(生產(chǎn)要素)theelementsusedtoproduceeconomicgoods,i.e.,land,labor,capitalandenterprise.(LongmanFinancialGlossary)1.2“cost”&foreigntradeKeywords1:absoluteadvantageItreferstothecapabilityofonenationtoproducemoreofagoodwiththesameamountofinputthananothercountry.ItwasproposedbyAdamSmithinhisfamouswork,“TheWealthofNations”[1776]AccordingtoSmith,tradeisbasedonabsoluteadvantageandbenefitsbothnationswheneachnationspecializesintheproductionofthecommodityofitsabsoluteadvantageandexchangespartofitsoutputforthecommodityofitsabsolutedisadvantage.1.2“cost”&foreigntradeKeywords2:comparativeadvantageItwasproposedbyDavidRicardoinhisfamous“PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation”Itclaimsthatevenifabsoluteadvantagedoesnotexist,thelessefficientnationcanstilltradewithothers.Itcanspecializeinproducingandexportingthegoodsinwhichitsabsolutedisadvantageisless.Thisisthecommodityofitscomparativeadvantage.(internationalspecialization)Keywords:opportunitycostWhatisopportunitycost?Itisabasictermfromthedisciplinesofmoderneconomicsandaccounting.Theopportunitycostofsomethingiswhatyousacrificetogetit.opportunity=valueofbestforegonealternativeE.g.Youropportunitycostforattendingclassis...Youropportunitycostfordrinkingbeerallnightis…2.BenefitsofInternationalTradekeywords1:capitalgoods

(生產(chǎn)資料)goodsusedtoproduceothergoods,e.g.fixedassetslikemachineryandbuildings.keywords2:economiesofscale

(規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì))factorswhichtendtoreducetheaveragecostsofproducinganitem,asthescaleoftheindustrydevelops.Someindustries,suchasautomobileproduction,areonlyefficientatverylargescales.RepresentativesofFreeTradephysiocracy（重農(nóng)主義）Fran?oisQuesnay魁奈（1694-1774）absoluteadvantage（絕對成本論）AdamSmith亞當(dāng)·斯密（1723-1790）comparativeadvantage（比較成本論）DavidRicardo李嘉圖（1772-1823）neo-classicaltheory（新古典主義）AlfredMarshall馬歇爾（1842—1924）factorendowmentstheory（要素稟賦論）Heckscher-Ohlin赫克歇爾（1879-1952）-俄林KeyWordsofFreeTradeTheoriesinvisiblehandabsolutecost/advantagecomparativecost/advantageinternationalspecializationfactorendowmentscompetitiveadvantage無形之手絕對成本/優(yōu)勢相對成本/優(yōu)勢國際分工要素稟賦競爭優(yōu)勢3.1.ReasonsforTradeProtectionismprotectnationalsecurityprotectinfantindustryprotectagainstunfaircompetitionprotectdomesticemploymentforpoliticalconsiderationprotectfinancialstabilitykeywords1–tariffbarriergeneraltypesofcustomstariffs：revenuetariffprotectiontariffbasictypesofimportduty:specifictariffadvaloremtariffcompoundtariffalternativedutycommonly-usedimportsurtax:countervailingdutyanti-dumpingduty（ADD）財(cái)政性關(guān)稅保護(hù)性關(guān)稅從量稅從價(jià)稅復(fù)合稅可選稅反補(bǔ)貼稅反傾銷稅keywords2–non-tariffbarrierskeywords1:quota:quantitativerestrictionorupperlimitintermsofquantityorvalueofimported/exportedgoods.keywords2:importlicense:permitfromthegovernmentforimporttocontrolthevolumeofimport.keywords3:voluntaryexportrestraints(VER):anagreementbetweentwogovernmentsinwhichthegovernmentoftheexportingcountryagreestorestrainthevolumeofitsownexports.4.ArgumentsforTradeRestrictionpreventunfair-competitionfromforeigncountriesbringdiversityandstabilitytonationaleconomystoprichnationsfromexploitingpooronespenalizenationswithvariousproblemsnurturedomesticinfant-industrysavelocaljobopportunitiesdefendnational-securityprotectnationalculturepreventdumpingRepresentativesofTradeProtectionismmercantilism（重商主義）15thcentury

–17thcentury（Europe）protectivetariff（保護(hù)關(guān)稅論）AlexanderHamilton（漢密爾頓）（1757-1804）protectionofinfantindustry（保護(hù)幼稚工業(yè)論）FriedrichList（李斯特）（1789-1846）Keynesianism（凱恩斯主義）JohnMaynardKeynes（凱恩斯）（1883-1946）neo-tradeprotectionism

(新貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義)governmentinterventionKeyWordsofTradeProtectionisminfantindustrylocalemploymentnationalcultureunfaircompetitionnationalsecuritybalanceoftrade幼稚行業(yè)本地人就業(yè)民族文化不公平競爭國家安全貿(mào)易平衡TermstoRememberabsolute(comp