對婚戀觀的研究-以《理智與情感》為例

ChapterThreeTheExpressionofMarriageandLoveViewinReasonandEmotionThischapterpresentsseveraldifferentviewsoflovethroughthecharacterizationofdifferentcharactersandthedescriptionofthecontentoftheworks.3.1TheLoveoftheSoulEleanoristheeldestsisterinthefamily,mothersimple,sisternaive,soshebecamethemostmatureandcautiousoneinthefamily,sheissmart,goodatobservingtheenvironmentandpeople,understandtheterribleoftheworld,knowhowtoadvanceandretreat,knowhowtoignorehappinessandanger,knowhowtoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamily.EdwardbeforemetEleanor,actuallyhasandmissSteeleLucyengaged,unexpectedlyinloveforEleanor,buthedidn’tlikelovetoMaryAnn,inthefaceofhismotheraskedhimmakerichwoman,otherwisecanceltheidentityofhisheirpressure,hestillchoosetomarryLucy,Edwardisawillingtosacrificetheirfeelingstoperformyounghastyengagement.Throughoutthenovel,sisterEleanorpresentsreaderswiththeimageofasensibleandcalmyoungwoman,butbehindthiscalmmind,readerscaneasilyfindherstrongemotions,themostobviousmanifestationofwhichisEleanor’shandlingofEdward’semotions.Thetwopeopleareconnectedinheart,althoughtheydonotdirectlyexpresstheirfeelingstoeachother,butintheirdailylife,itisnotdifficultforustofindthetacitunderstandingbetweenthetwopeopleandthebudoflove.[6]1223.1.1FindingSoulLoveInlove,everyonehasamoreorlessprofitablechoice.However,somepeoplepreferemotion,whileothersfavorreality.Inthe18thcentury,theBritishclassstratificationwasserious,andthestatusofwomenwaslow.Ithasbecomeatrendforwomentoseekeconomicsecurityandimprovetheirsocialstatusthroughmarriage.FannyintroducedhisbrotherEdward,andtoldeveryonethathewouldcometoNolanManorinthenearfuture,whichwouldmakelifefeelmoredifficult.However,forthefirsttimewemet,Edwardgavepeoplethefeelingofkindness,cleverreaction,andsomeshyness,givingpeopleakindofgentleman,butnotverygoodatexpressingtheirfeelings.Edward’sidealwastogetaminister,preachgoodinthecountry,andliveaquietandfunlife.Afewweekslater,thekindandamiableEdwardwontheapprovalofEleanor’smother,whoseemedtohavediscoveredthesubtleemotionalchangesbetweenherdaughterEleanorandEdward.Hermothertemporarilyblockedthenewsthatthehousehadbeensettled,whichshethoughtwastheonlyreasonforthemtostayinthissadplace,buttheirmutualfeelingsdidnotgettheapprovalofthenewmistressofNolanManor.Fannysaidthatifherbrothercan’tmarryadecentwife,thefamilyinheritancewouldbecancel.AllwithEdwardhasnothadtimetoexpress,onthemother’sordertosuddenlyleave,andtemporarilyshelved.Theydidnotagreeandpromise,butthetacitunderstandingofthetwopeoplealsosuggeststhattheirheartsareconnected,theirfeelingswillnotbedrawnonasentence.Althoughtheirstatuswasgreat,theyalwayshadeachotherintheirheartsandnevergaveuplookingforeachother.EleanorembarkedontheroadtoLondoninordertofindEdward,justtoseeEdwardagain.Loveisneverfadingmark,evenifthestorm,alsoneverwaver.ShefellinlovewithEdward,andknewthatEdwardlikedher,butshewasneverecstatic,notputthejoyofloveonherfacelikeordinarygirls,shehadneverinvestedmuchexpectationintheuncertainthings.WhensheknewEdwardandLucyengagement,shewasextremelypainful,butshechosethestrongfeelingsburiedintheheart,keepthesecret,andeventocalmpolitefacerivalagainandagain,themostvaluableisthateveninthiscase,shedidnotblamehateEdward,sheisverykindempathy,tryingtounderstandEdward’sdifficulties,evenlatercanhelpEdwardtogethappiness,sheisaveryrationalgirl,herreasoniswarmkind,havemindhavebearing.3.1.2ForbearingSoulLoveSometimesloveisfullofpainandendurance.Eleanor’sloveforEdwardisrestrainedandrational.ShewasinterlinkedwithEdward.[7]157Althoughmanypeopledidnotapproveoftheirloveatthattime,EleanorwalkedintoEdward'sheartwithherdeeploveforEdward,andfinallyusheredinthetruelove.IcanrealizethatEleanor’sheartisactuallylonelyandshelongsforloveverymuch.ShefellinlovewithEdward,buttheresponsibilityletherlearntoputawaytheirwaywardandemotion,darenotshowtheirlove.Fromthesocialaspect,wecanknowthatEleanorisanelegantladywhoalwayspaysattentiontoherwordsanddeeds.Atthesametime,shealsocaresaboutEdward’sreputationandworriesthatsomebadwordswillaffectherandEdward’slife.Inthefaceofawarmbutgossipyneighbor,EleanordidnotrevealEdward,butchosetosufferinsilencealone.Indeed,intermsofemotionalwomenmayalwaysbeinaweakposition,peoplearounddarenotlaughatmen,andEleanoritselfbeautifulandgentleenoughtomakegossipcurious,especiallyinemotional,Eleanorbreedingtoldherthatshecanonlychoosesilence,ifEdward,thenthisrelationshipwillsoonbeexposedinfrontofpeople,andcontroversial,soEleanorontheonehand,ontheonehandandtoprotectherandEdward’sreputation.Shemakesapersonfeeldistressed.AndwhenEleanormetEdwardagaininLondon,Eleanorhadnotbeguntofeelthejoyofseeinghersweetheartagain,butLucypouredcoldwateronher,andextinguishedherexpectationallalong.Asearlyasfiveyearsago,LucyandEdwardhadbeenengagedinaprivatelife.AlthoughEleanorwasverysad,shestillsincerelywishedLucyandEdwardhappiness.Throughanalysisandresearch,Eleanor’scharactermaybealittleweak,butitismorefilledwithinnerworld.AlthoughshecouldnotholdhandswithEdward,shecouldhaveaclearconscience.WhenhersisterMarianneweptforher,Eleanorchosetocomfortherwithlove,toholdherandtoholdbackhertears.AlthoughEleanorlostEdward,butshedidnotloseherheart,stillstrongandgentlefacelife.Eleanor’slove,sincerebutforbearance,althoughknowingthatEdwardisengagedtohercousin,alsohelpedEdwardrealizehisdream.Obviouslythetwopeoplewholoveeachotherareblockedbecauseofthereality,butinthebackofthestorythisheartbreakingloveappearedareversal.Perhapsthisisthewonderfulplaceoflove,nottothelastmomentnooneknowstheend.Inthislove,Eleanor’shearthasbeenfullofuncertainty.Shehasnotdaredtoexpressherselfinherfeelings,evendarenotrevealherloveforEdward,onlyclumsypay.ButitissuchsincerefeelingsthatEleanorfinallygainsthetrueloveshehasbeenwaitingfor,andatthesametimegetseveryone’sblessing.3.2DreamLoveTherepresentativeofemotionalloveinSenseandSensibilityisMarianne.MariannechoosestobelikeJulietandQueenArthur.Shechoosestoignitethepassionoflovewithpassion,evenifshediesforloveintheend,inordertoenjoythegloryoflove.DifferentfromthemorerationalElena,Marian’schoicetopreferemotionmakesMarianneverhideemotion,butbelievethatloveisnotaflower,whichhasanaturaldecline.Marianne,seventeen,isspontaneousandpassionate,withaspecialemphasisonartisticinterestandtheintimacyoflovers.Soshefellinlovewiththehandsome,romanticWilloughbyatfirstsight,andthoughtthathisfeaturesandlookswereexactlytheimageoftheheroinsomefavouritestoryofhers.MariannecompletelyignoredthemorereservedColonelBrandon,andthoughthimaboringoldman.WhenWilloughbywastoleaveforLondon,Marianne,byhergrief,atelittleandslept,shedtears,orwentoutalone,givingfullplaytoherfeelingsofotherinjuries.Marianne’sloveforWilloughbywastheidealofJaneAustenherself.Herloveiswarmandsincere.Inthefaceofthepersonshelikes,shetakestheinitiativetoattack,notafraidoftheseculareyes,andstrivestopursueherdreamofvigorouslove.IncontrasttosisterEleanor’semotionalrestraint,sisterMarianneisdesperatetopursuelove.MaryAnnisapassionateandromanticgirl,mostoftheemotional,willnothidetheirfeelings,metwholeheartedlyinto.Unfortunately,whenshedidnotfullyrecognizeaperson,shegaveherhearttoamanwhocheatedandplayedwithwomen’sfeelings.3.2.1TheGapbetweenRealityandDreamMarianne’sdreamofloveistomarryWilloughbyandliveahappylifewithhim,buttherealityisthatWilloughbyhurtsMarianneandabandonsheratlast.Later,whenMariannelearnedthetruth,shewasseriouslyill,andthemanshedespised,ColonelBrandon,wasalwayssilentlybyherside,takingcareofhercarefully.Afterthisseriousillness,Mariannematuredalot,andwhenshesawWilloughbyturningablindeyetoheratthebanquet,shefinallyrecognizedWilloughby’scharacter,andrealizedthathewasonlyplayingwithher.Shehadnointentionofmarryingherself,andevenduringthewholetimetheyweretogether,Mariannehadneverheardaword“Iloveyou”.ItwasonlywhenshereadtheletterthatsherealizedthatshedidnotfullyunderstandWilloughby’scharacteratfirst,whichledtothistragicloveexperience.ButitwasfromthisexperiencethatthelovebetweenMarianneandColonelBrandonwasfinallymade,andthatMarianne’sfeelingsbecamealittlemoresensible,andshewasnotasdesperateasbeforefortheso-calledlove.Intheend,Mariannecametounderstandthatthereisabiggapbetweenrealityanddream.Sometimeswhatyoudreamofwillnothappeninreality,andwillnotcometrue.Sheunderstoodthegapbetweenrealityanddream.Marianne’sdreamoflovewastomarryWilloughby,butinrealityshemarriedColonelBrandon,amanshedislikedatfirst.FromMarian’sloveexperience,wecanknowthatdreamswilleventuallyloseoutinthefaceofreality.Inthesocialbackgroundatthattime,lovecanhardlyresisttheinherenttradition.Peopledon’tgiveuppowerfulmarriagepartnersfortruelove.Fortunately,Marianunderstoodthistruth,walkedoutofherowndreamoflove,calmlyacceptedthereality.Marianne’sattachmenttoWilloughbyhadbeenoccasionedbyatimewhenshehadbeenoutinaheavyrain,andhadinjuredherfootintherain.AtthistimeshemetWilloughby,whosegentlegentlemanfascinatedMarianne,andshecouldnothelpit.UnlikeEleanor,MariannewasfreetoexpressherloveforWilloughby,andifEleanor’slovewassubtle,Marianne’swaspassionateandunrestrained.Inthisway,regardlessoftheopinionofothers,regardlessofstatus,Mariannethrewherselfintolove.ButitwasunexpectedthatWilloughby,forwhomMariannehadgiveneverything,hadnevergivenherhisheart.Willoughbywasanunreliableman,butMarianne,whowassoabsorbedinherfeelingsastobecompletelyunawareofallthis,waspersuadedbyWilloughby.3.2.2DifficulttoEliminatetheGapThereisagapbetweendreamandreality.EleanorandMariannewereborninafamilythatisnotrich.Thepovertyofthefamilyalsomakesitdifficultforthemtoeliminatethegapinunderstanding.Marianne’sfamilyisnotrich,butsheplaysthepianowell,andbecauseofthepoorfamilyconditionsandfeelinferior,alsodidnotbecomedepressedcharacter,sheisstillcheerfulandfrank,inthefaceoflovewarmandunrestrained,loveapersonwillbedesperatetoseizetheirownlove.Shewasnaiveandpassionate,andbelievedthatshecouldonlyloveonepersonforlife;andwhenshewassavedbyWilloughby,andlovedhimeverafter,itneveroccurredtoherthatshemightbebetrayed,andthatherloverwouldbeasfaithfulasherself.Butshefellinlovewithadespicableman,andthelovebrokeherheartandbones,andittookheralongtimeofpainandtearstorealizethatfeelingsarenoteverythinginlife,justasEleanorsaid:“Charmingthoughthenotionofasingleandabidingloveis,andthoughonemaysaythatone’shappinessdependsentirelyonanother,itdoesnotmeanthatitshould;itwouldbeimproperandimpossible.”Intheend,MarianmarriedColonelBrandon,themanwhosheoncethoughtwasnotromanticorlovely,butalwayssilentguardingherside.Eventhoughshefellinlovewithothersandwatchedhersufferforothers,shenevergaveup.ShealwaysgaveherselflesshelpinthemostpainfulmomentofMarian.ComparedwithEleanorandMaryAnn,Lucy’sfamilyconditionsareverypoor.Inhereyes,shejustwantstomarryarichman.BecauseLucysawthatEdwardwastheeldestsoninthefamilyandwouldinheritalargeamountofpropertyinthefuture,shesecretlymadeaprivateengagementwithEdwardattheriskofdiscontentfromEdward’sfamily.Edward’smotherarrangedarichMissMortonforEdwardandletthemmarry.InordertoliveuptothepromiseofLucy,Edwardresolutelyrefused.Later,Edward’smotherdisinheritedEdwardandgaveittoEdward’syoungerbrotherRobert.LucyalsobetrayedEdwardbecauseofthishugegapandbegantoloveEdward’sbrother.ItisbecauseofLucyandEdwardfamilysocialstatusgap,maketheirloveprogressisnotverysmooth,inthefaceofthehugegapbetweenthem,LucycanonlytrytogetEdward’smotherfavortomarryhimselfintoarichfamily,livearichlife.Atthattime,moneywasthemostimportantthinginBritain,whichemphasizedtheimportanceofmatchingfamilies,soinmanycases,itwasdifficultfortwopeopletogettogethereveniftheylovedeachother.Iftheywantedtogettogether,theyhadtoovercomethehugegap,andbecausethegapwasdifficulttoeliminate,manygirls’marriagesinthesocietyatthattimedidnothaveahappyending.3.3TraditionalSolidifiedLoveTheEnglishcountrysideinthe18thcenturyisquietandbeautiful,likewalkinginagreendreamland.Simpleandelegantarchitecture,beautifulandspoonySawmanlovepoems,alladdcharmingcolortotheshapingofcharacters.Inthesocialbackgroundatthattime,itwasundoubtedlydominatedbytraditionallove.Solidifiedlove,asthenameimplies,referstotheinvariablelove,andsolidifiedloveismoney-dominatedlove.Peopleusuallyunconsciouslychoosetheoppositesexwithhighsocialstatusandpower.Awidedifferenceinsocialstatusisalsofrownedupon.Itseemsthateveryoneacceptsloveandmarriagedominatedbymoneyandneglectsthepursuitoflove.Solidifiedloveisactuallysuch,becausetheyhavealreadyproducedthedefinitionandviewofloveintheirheart,whenchoosingapartnerwillusuallyrefertotheirowninnerjudgment,evenforthepeoplewhoareverylikeitisdifficulttobravenotafraidofseculareyestopursuetheirownlove.Onecannotlivewithoutemotion,butemotionmustbegovernedbyreason.Inthefaceofthechoiceofloveandmarriage,wecan’tbeabsoluterationalityandabsolutesensibilitystrangledbythethroat.Goodlove,mustbethebalanceofSenseandSensibility.Bothneedtolookatthefeelingsofreason,butalsoneedsincereemotionalpay.Whenfacedwithsolidifiedlove,manypeoplechoosetosufferinsilence,butMarianisdifferent,shetreatslovedifferentlyfromotherwomen,herfranknessisauniquepointoflightinsolidifiedlove.[8]1603.3.1TheLackofWomen’sStatusWiththerapiddevelopmentofcapitalistindustrialization,thesocialorderofBritainalsochanged,andtheworshipofmoneywasincreasinglyprevalent.Atthattime,peoplewerejudgedbyhowmuchmoneytheyhad,andmenweredominant,withwomenthemselveshavinglittlerole.Duetotheregulationsofthesocialsystem,womenhavealwaysbeensubordinatetomenandhardlyhavearighttospeak.Underthesocialbackgroundatthattime,womenassumedgreatpressureandhadtoconsiderashortcuttosurvivetochangetheirsituation.Marriageisoneoftheshortestwaysforthemtosurvive.Onlythroughmarriagecantheyimprovetheirsocialstatus.Itwasatimeofeconomicprosperity,butwomen’seconomicconditionsandstatuswerenotpromoted.Theyarestillfinanciallydependentonmenandsubjecttomen.OneofthemostobviouswomenisLucy,whocomesfromalowbackgroundandhaslittleeducation,andtriesherbesttomarryintoarichfamily.ShehasnofeelingsforEdward,butisinterestedinhisstatusasheir.WhenEdwardisdisinherited,Lucyturnsaroundandchoosesanewheir,Robert.Althoughfullofirony,italsoreflectstherealityoflowsocialstatusandpersecutionofwomenatthattime.Economyisthedirectcauseoftheunequalstatusofmenandwomen,anditisatooltocontrolthesurvivalofothers.Therootcauseisthatthesocialsystemofmaledominationrepresseswomen,erodeswomen’sself-consciousnesstoalargeextent,andaffectswomen’sthinking.3.3.2Well-matchedMarriageSenseandSensibilityisundoubtedlyatreasurebookofmarriage,whichprofoundlyreflectstheideaofmatchingfamiliesandtheinfluenceofeconomyonmarriage,andhasfar-reachingenlightenmentsignificanceformodernpeople.Toacertainextent,thisworkacceptsthetraditionalconceptofmarriage,andbelievesthatwealthandfamilymatchmakingplayanimportantroleinmarriage,whichcanevenbesaidtobeanessentialcondition.Itfacestherealitytoacertainextent,andalsomaintainsthetraditionalconceptofloveandmarriage.Austenopposedtotheconceptofmarriagedominatedbymoneyandstatusinsociety,andexpressedherownconceptofmarriagethroughlovenovels.Shebelievedthatloveisthebasisofahappymarriage,andonlyamarriagewithlovecanbehappyandhappyforalongtime.Austen’srationalanalysisofsocietyandmarriagefromtheperspectiveofwomencoincideswithmodernwomen’sviewofmarriage.Fromthiswork,itisnotdifficulttofindthecharacteristicsoftheconceptofmoney.EleanorandEdwardarestillfacingalotofpressureandchallenge,disapprovalofthevoicefromtimetotimeechoedintheears,itisbecausethepeoplearemarriedmarriagemadetheirfeelingsexperiencesuffering.MaryAnnismoneyvictimsofmarriage,WilloughbymaybeintheprocessofgettingalongwithMaryAnnlikeMaryAnn,buthumangreedlethimchoosetogiveupthepoorMaryAnnandchoosetohavealotofdowryofurbanwomen,andwhethertherearefeelingsbetweentwopeopleisnotimportant,theirmarriageismorelikeadeal.ChapterFourReasonsfortheFormationofDifferentViewsonLoveandMarriagebetweenReasonandEmotionThroughthedescriptionoftheBritishsocialhistoryandthecharactersofthetwosisters,thischapterintroducesthereasonsfortheformationofdifferentviewsonmarriageandlovebetweenSenseandSensibility.4.1Women’sPersonalitiesJaneAusten’screationcomesfromlife,andthecontentsdisplayedinherworksarecloselyrelatedtoherlifebackground.Inthesocietywhereshelivedatthattime,thestatusofmenandwomenwasnotequal,butshecleverlytoldtheworkwithtwocompletelydifferentpersonalitiesandthinkingmodes.Thedescriptionofthesisters’outlookonlifeandvaluesreflectswomen’sdifferentattitudesandviewsonmarriageandloveunderdifferentpersonalities.SenseandSensibilityissetinarespectablehomeintheEnglishcountryside,withmarriageasthetheme,aroundtheloveandmarriageoftwosistersEleanorandMarianne.Eleanorwasakind-heartedgirl,intelligent,decisive,andperceptive.HersisterMariannewasinmanywaysequalinability,sensitive,intelligent,andenthusiastic.Thetwosistersexperiencedemotionalsetbacksataboutthesametimeandwereindeeppain,buttheydealtwiththemindifferentways.WhenEleanorheardthatherbelovedEdwardhadbeenengagedtoLucy,shewasverysurprised,butshehidthesefeelingsherself.Onthecontrary,Marianneshowedacompletelydifferentbehavior,andherheartwasbrokenonthenightwhenherfavoriteWilloughbyleft.Shecouldnotandwouldnotcontrolheremotions,andeventheslightestmentionofWilloughbywouldmakehercry.ItisobviousthatAustenintentionallyusedEleanortorepresentreasonandMariannetorepresentemotionwhilecreatingthesetwocharacters.InAusten’stime,BritainwasfullofcheesysadnovelsandGothicnovels,inwhichtheheroineswerevirtuousvirginswhoseromanceswereoftenaccompaniedbysentimentality,wherecoincidencesoccurredattherighttimeandthegodsappearedoncertainoccasionstobringtheplottoaclimax.AlthoughAusten’snovelsreflectasmallrangeoflife,butreversedthevulgaratmosphereoffictionwritingatthattime,inthehistoryofthedevelopmentofBritishfictionhasalinkbetweenthepastandthefuture.4.2Women’sConceptionsSenseandSensibilitytakesplaceintheEnglishcountrysideinthe19thcentury,wherethefeudalrulingclasshasfallenandthenewbourgeoisieisrising.However,thesocietyisstillamale-centeredpatriarchalsociety.Women,asmen,notonlyrelyonmenmaterially,butalsorelyonmenspiritually.However,eveninthesocialbackgroundofthattime,theheroinecanstillmaintainanindependentpersonalityandahighdegreeofspiritualfreedom.Eleanoristheeldestdaughterofthefamily,andherexperiencesinlifehaveshapedherrational,calmandcautiouscharacter.Hermateselectioncriteriadonotvaluetheotherpersonappearanceandeconomicconditions,buttheinnercultivation.Afteraseriesoffamilychanges,EleanoreventuallychosethehonestEdward.Sheiskind,gentlecharacter,alwaysputyourselfintheneedsofothersandhappiness,therefore,Eleanorknowtocontroltheirfeelings:“Eleanoralthoughnotclosedalone,isolatedfromhisfamily,notleavethehousedeliberatelyhidethem,alsonotsleepallnighttoworry,buteverydayshestillhaveenoughtimetomissEdward,guesshisattitude,indifferenttimesanddifferentstateofmind,herthoughtsalsoeachdifferent,sometimesaffectionate,sometimespity,sometimessatisfaction,sometimesblame,sometimesdoubt.”Herapproachtomarriageandlovereflectsherrationalviewofmarriageandlove.[9]6InMarianne,apassionateandsincereviewofloveandmarriageisembodied.Marianne,17,isspontaneousandpassionate,withaspecialemphasisonartisticinterestandtheintimacyoflovers.Icouldnotbehappy,shethought,“withamanwhosetastesdidnotentirelyconcurwithmine.Hemustagreewithme;Wemustbefascinatedbythesamebooks,bythesamemusic,”andthereforefellinloveatfirstsightwiththehandsome,romanticWilloughby,andthoughthisfaceandcountenancetomatchherfancyoftheheroofsomebelovedstory.MariannecompletelyignoredthemorereservedColonelBrandon,andthoughthimaboringoldman.WhenWilloughbywastoleaveforLondon,Marianne,byhergrief,atelittleandslept,shedtears,orwentoutalone,givingfullplaytoherfeelingsofotherinjuries.Sensitive,direct,andemotionallyuninhibited,Mariannehasgonefromnotbelievingshecouldeverfindasoulmatetobecomingobsessedwithtruelove,andattheageof17,shehasfallenfromthecloudstothebottom.Sheiswarmandsincere,richinemotion,cannotevenbearotherswithcalmintonationlongpoemrecitewords,sheknowshowtoappreciatethesubtlebeautyofnature,nevermisertheadmirationforlife,herwordsiswhatshethinks,plainandeasytobeloved.ChapterFiveConclusionSenseandsensibilityisJaneAusten’srepresentativework,butalsoanimportantepitomeofBritishfemaleliterature,recordedthe19thcenturyBritishfemalelifestate,reflectingtheliteratureasanimportantidentityoftherecordofTheTimes.AlthoughthisworkdescribesalovestoryhappenedinBritaininthe19thcentury,italsohasrefe