烏托邦學習課件

TheMore’sdream《Utopia》IAboututopiaIIToknowMoreIIIcontentsIVResearchinchinaVcommentIAboututopiaThomasMore’sUtopiaisregardasacanon(經(jīng)典)ofUtopianSocialism.Theword‘utopia’enteredtheworldwiththepublicationofMore’slittlebookinDecember1516.

Withinthebook’sfiction,‘Noplace’isanewlydiscoveredislandsomewhereintheNewWorld.Themeaningthat‘utopia’hascometohaveasacommonnounaperfectsociety,oraliteraryaccountofone-seemsauthorizedbythefulltitleofthebook,whichis(translatingfromtheLatin),‘ConcerningtheBestStateofaCommonwealthandtheNewIslandofUtopia’.IIToknowMoreFamilyEducationWorkMarriageMore’sUtopiaFamily

MorewasborninLondonon7February1478,orpossible1477.

More’smotherdiedathisearlyage.HisfatherJohnMoreservedasanRoyal

highcourtjudge,who

isa

frugal(節(jié)儉的）manandtreat

ThomasMore

extremelystrict,

which

havehadaprofoundimpacton

theMohr's

life.EducationThomasspentafewyearsatStAnthony’sSchool（圣安東尼學校）,learningthefundamentalsofLatingrammarandcomposition.

Attheageofabouttwelve,hewasplacedasapage(少年侍衛(wèi))inthehouseholdofHenryVII’SLordChancellor,JohnMorton.AftertwoyearsatMorton’s,MorewassenttoOxford,presumably([pr??zju:m?bli])tosharpentheskillsinrhetoric([?ret?r?k])修辭學)andlogicthatwouldbeimportanttoalegalcareer.Hewasthen,ataboutsixteen,broughtbacktoLondontobegintrainingintheInnsofCourt(法庭).Work1.AfterhisreturntoEnglandin1496,hegaveseveralseriesoflecturesatOxfordontheepistlesofStPaul,lecturesthatconstitutedtheearliestEnglishapplicationofsomeoftheexegeticalandhishistoriographicaltechniquesofItalianhumanism;2.LaterhebecameDeanofStPaul’sCathedral,andfoundedtherethefirstofthehumanistgrammarschoolsinEngland.3.In1504,MorewasamemberoftheParliament,andhealmostcertainlyrepresentedtheCityofLondoninthatof1510.4.Inthesameyear,hebegantoactasscityjudge,havingbeenappointedanUndersheriffofLondon.5.BuAugust1517,andperhapssomewhatearlier,heenteredHenryVIII’scouncil.Hisfirstconciliarassignmentwasasadiplomat,inthetrademissiontoCalais.6.Andthoughhissubsequentassignmentsspannedabroadrangeofactivities,hismainemployment,beforehebecameLordChancellorin1529,wasassecretarytotheking.Marriage

Inlate1504orearly1505,hemarriedJaneColt,andJaneborehimfourchildrenbeforeherdeathin1511.AfterwhichMoremarriedamiddle-agewidow,AliceMiddleton.professionAsgrammarian([gr??me?ri?n]n.文法家，文法教師，文法學者;

)(intheRenaissanceunderstandingoftheterm),hetranslatedGreekpoems,hewroteadeclamationinreplytoLucian’sTyrannicide([英][ta?'r?n?sa?d])誅弒暴君，誅殺暴君者.);(2)Aspoet,hewroteinadditiontoafewEnglishpoems,alargenumberofLatinepigrams([?ep?gr?m]機智的短詩，警句，諷刺詩.)(3)Ashistorian,hepracticedthehumanistgenreofhistoricalbiography,inLatinandEdnglishversionsofhisunfinishedHistofyofKingRichardIII,andinhistranslationofabiographyofthefifteenth-centuryItalianphilosopherPicodellaMirandola([地名][意大利]米蘭多拉).(4)Asmoralandpoliticalphilosopher,hewroteUtopia.More’sandUtopiaUtopiawasconceivedinthesummerof1515;InthethreemonthsfromlateJulytolateOctober,heenjoyedarareperiodofleisure;itwasduringthisperiodthatUtopiabegantotakeshape.ThisfictionalconversationispresumablythetransformationandexpansionofactualconversationsbetweenMoreandGiles.

Inhisbiographicalsketch,ErasmusreportedthatMorewrotethesecondbookofUtopiaearlier,whenatleisure;IIIContents1.Theirofficials2.Theiroccupations3.Socialandbusinessrelations4.ThetravelsoftheUtopians5.Slaves6.Warfare7.Religions1.TheirofficialsByelected:(1)Everygroupofthirtyhouseholdselectsanofficial;(2)Overeverygroupoftensyphograntswiththeirhouseholdsthereisanotherofficial;(3)Allthesyphogrants,twohundredinnumber,arebroughttogethertoelecttheprince,whowasnominatedbythepeopleofthefoursectionsofcity.(4)Throughthetraniborsareelectedannually,theyarenotchangedforlightorcasualreasons.Alltheirotherofficialsholdofficeforasingleyearonly.2.Theiroccupations(1)Farming:Farmingistheonejobatwhicheveryoneworks,menandwomenalike,withnoexception.Theyaretrainedinitfromchildhood,partlyintheschools,wheretheylearntheory,partlythroughfieldtripstonearbyfarms,whichmakesomethinglikeagameofpracticalinstruction.Onthesetripstheynotonlywatchtheworkbeingdone,butfrequentlypitchinandgetaworkoutbydoingthejobsthemselves.(2)Specialization:Eachpersonistaughtaparticulartradeofhisown,suchaswool-working,linen-making,masonery,metal-work,orcarpentry.(3)Sexdivision:Astheweakersex,womenpracticethelightercrafts;theheavierjobsareassignedtothemen.Ordinarily,thesonistrainedtohisfather’scraft.(4)Thechiefandalmosttheonlybusinessofthesyphograntsistomanagematterssothatnoonesitsaroundinidleness,andtomakesurethateveryoneworkshardathistrade.3．Socialandbusinessrelations

(1)Consist:Eachcity,then,consistsofhouseholds,thehouseholdsconsistinggenerallyofblood-relations.Whenthewomengrowupandaremarried,theymoveintotheirhusband’shouseholds.Ontheotherhand,malechildrenandtheiroffspringremaininthefamily,andaresubjecttotheoldestmember,unlesshismindhasstartedtofail,inwhichcasethenextoldesttakeshisplace.

(2)Populationcontrol:Ifthepopulationthroughouttheentireislandexceedsthequota,theyenrollcitizensoutofeverycityandplantacolonyundertheirownlawsonthemainlandnearthem,whereverthenativeshaveplentyofunoccupiedanduncultivatedland.Onthecontrary,ifforanyreasonthepopulationofonecityshrinkssosharplythatitcannotbemadeupwithoutdrainingothers,thenumbersarerestoredbybringingpeoplebackfromthecolonies.

3.Socialandbusinessrelations(3)Mannerofliving:Wivesactashelperstotheirhusbands,childrentotheirparents,andgenerallytheyoungertotheirelders.(4)Commercial:Everycityisdividedintofourequaldistricts,andinthemiddleofeachdistrictisamarketforallkindsofcommodities.(5)Thereisplentyofeverything,andnoreasontofearthatanyonewillclaimmorethanheneeds.(6)Inthecountry:Theyarefatherremovedfromneighbours,theyalleatintheirownhomes.4.ThetravelsoftheutopiansAnyonewhowantstovisitfriendsinanothercity,orsimplytoseetheplaceitself,caneasilyobtainpermissionfromhissypograntandtranibor,unlessforsomespecialreasonheisneededathome.Anyonewhotakesuponhimselftoleavehisdistrictwithoutpermission,andiscaughtwithouttheprince’sletter,istreatedwithcontempt,broughtasarunaway,andseverelypunished.5.SlavesTheUtopianskeepasslavesonlyprisonerstakeninwarsfoughtbytheUtopiansthemselves.Thechildrenofslavesarenotbornintoslavery,norareanyslavesimportedfromforeigncountries.Mostareeithertheirowncitizens,enslavedforsomeforeigncountries,orelseforeignerswhohasbeencondemnedtodeathintheirownland:thelattersortpredominate.6.WarfareTheydespisewarasanactivityfitonlyforbeasts,yetpracticedmorebymanthanbyanyotheranimal.Oncertainassigneddaysbothmenandwomencarryonvigorousmilitarytraining,sotheywillbefittofightshouldtheneedarise.

Theygotowarforgoodreasons:toprotecttheirownland,todriveinvadingarmiesfromtheterritoriesoftheirfriends,ortoliberateanoppressedpeopleect.7.Religions

Therearedifferentformsofreligionthroughouttheisland,andinthedifferentcitiesaswell.Someworshipasagodthesun,othersthemoon,stillothersoneoftheplanets.Therearesomewhoworshipamanofpastages,conspicuouseitherforvirtueorglory;theyconsiderhimnotonlyagod,butthesupremegod.ThevastmajorityofUtopians,however,andamongtheseallthewisest,believenothingofthesort:thebelieveinasinglepower,unknown,eternal,infinite,inexplicable,farbeyondthegraspofthehumanmind,anddiffusedthroughouttheuniverse,notphysically,butininfluence.IVResearchinchina

InChina,studiesofThomasMoreandhisUtopia,thoughnotaswidelyknowntothepopulaceasthoseofShakespeare,canbefoundonsomeacademicjournals.Theseessaysfallintothreemaincategories:studiesforthepurposetoexplorethehistoryofthedevelopmentofsocialismandcommunism,studiesonhumanisticideasofMoreandinUtopia,andstudiesofMore’sreligiousthoughts.Vcomments

UtopiavsPlato’sRepublicandLawsandAristotle’sPolitics:More’stitleidentifiesthebookasbelongingtotheoldestgenreofpoliticalwriting,thediscourseontheidealcommonwealthinitiatedbyPlato’sRepublicandLawsandcontinuedinAristotle’spolitics-andsubsequentlyinmanyotherworks.Plato’sandAristotle’sdiscussionsoftheidealcommonwealthare,however,purelyargumentative,whereastheUtopianpartofMore’sbookconsistsofHythloday’sfictionaltravelogue([?tr?v?l?g]游記).Vcomments

ThroughanalyzingtheimportantcontentsofMore'sconceptionofsocialhistory：throughanimadvertingon"thesheepcannibalism"society，

andanalyzingthereasonoftheprivateownershipsystemsocietytoproducevariousevil