機(jī)構(gòu)和機(jī)器原理外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、中英文翻譯、外文翻譯

PAGEPAGE16外文資料MECHANISMSANDMACHINETHEORY1.IntroductiontoMechanism：Thefunctionofamechanismistotransmitortransformmotionfromonerigidbodytoanotheraspartoftheactionofamachine.Therearethreetypesofcommonmechanicaldevicesthatcanbeusedasbasicelementsofamechanism.1、Gearsystem,inwhichtoothedmembersincontacttransmitmotionbetweenrotatingshafts.2、Camsystem,whereauniformmotionofaninputmemberisconvertedintoanonuniformmotionoftheoutputmember.3、Planeandspatiallinkagesarealsousefulincreatingmechanicalmotionsforapointorrigidbody.Akinematicchainisasystemoflinks,thatis,rigidbodies,whichareeitherjointedtogetherorareincontactwithoneanotherinamannerthatpermitsthemtomoverelativetooneanother.Ifoneofthelinksisfixedandthemovementofanyotherlinktoanewpositionwillcauseeachoftheotherlinkstomovetodefinitepredictableposition,thesystemisaconstrainedkinematicchain.Ifoneofthelinksisheldfixedandthemovementofanyotherlinktoanewpositionwillnotcauseeachoftheotherlinkstomovetoadefinitepredictablepositionthenthesystemisanunconstrainedkinematicchain,Amechanismorlinkageisaconstrainedkinematicchain,andisamechanicaldevicethathasthepurposeoftransferringmotionand/orforcefromasourcetoanoutput.Alinkageconsistsoflinks(orbars),generallyconsideredrigid,whichareconnectedbyjoints,suchaspinCorrevolute)orprismaticjoints,toformopenorclosedchains(orloops).Suchkinematicchains,withatleastonelinkfixed,becomemechanismsifatleasttwootherlinksremainmobility,orstructuresifnomobilityremains.Inotherwords,amechanismpermitsrelativemotionbetweenits"rigidlinks";astructuredoesnot.Sincelinkagesmakesimplemechanismsandcanbedesignedtoperformcomplextasks,suchasnonlinearmotionandforcetransmissiontheywillreceivemuchattentioninmechanismstudy.Mechanismsareusedinagreatvarietyofmachinesanddevices.Thesimplestclosed-looplinkageisthefour-barlinkage,whichhasthreemovinglinks(plusonefixedlink)andfourpinjoints.Thelinkthatisconnectedtothepowersourceorprimemoverandhasonemovingpivotandonegroundpivotiscalledtheinputlink.Theoutputlinkconnectsanothermovingpivottoanothergroundpivot.Thecouplerorfloatinglinkconnectedthetwomovingpivots,thereby"coupling"theinputtotheoutputlink.Thefour-barlinkagehassomespecialconfigurationscreatedbymakingoneormorelinksinfiniteinlength.Theslider-crank(orcrankandslider)mechanismisafour-barchainwithasliderreplacinganinfinitelylongoutputlink.Theinternalcombustionengineisbuiltbasedonthismechanism.Otherformsoffour-linkmechanismsexistinwhichasliderisguidedonamovinglinkratherthanonafixedlink.Thesearecalledinversionsoftheslider-crank,producedwhenanotherlink(thecrank,coupler,orslider)isfixedlink.Althoughthefour-barlinkageandslider-crankmechanismareveryusefulandfoundinthousandsofapplications,wecanseethattheselinkageshavelimitedperformancelevel.Linkageswithmoremembersareoftenusedinmoredemandingcircumstances.Howeveritisoftendifficulttovisualizethemovementofamultilooplinkage,especiallywhenothercomponentsappearinthesamediagram.Thefirststepinthemotionanalysesofmorecomplicatedmechanismsistosketchtheequivalentkinematicorskeletondiagram.Theskeletondiagramservesapurposesimilartothatoftheelectricalschematicorcircuitdiagram.Organizationmovementanalysissecondstep:Drawsagraphicchart,ismustdeterminetheorganizationthenumberofdegreesoffreedom.Basedondegreeoffreedom,butItalyrefersneedscertainindependentinputsthemovementnumber,bydeterminedorganizationallcomponentsareoppositeinthegroundposition.Thepeoplehavethousandsofdifferenttypesconceivablythelinkmotiongear.Youmayimagineabagcontainingmassivelinkmotiongearthecomponent:Twopolegroups,threepolegroups,fourpolegroupsandsoon,aswellascomponents,rotation,motion,camfollower,gear,toothchain,chainwheel,leatherbelt,beltpulleyandsoon.(Spheremovement,screwvice-aswellasthepermissionthreedimensionalrelativemotionotherconnectionsnotyetincludes,here,discussesinparallelplanesmerelyplanemotion).Moreoveryouconceivableputthesecomponentsvarioustypeslinkmotiongearpossibilitywhichformsinthesameplace.Howexistshelpsthepeopletocontrolformstheseorganizationstherule?Infact,themajorityorganizationdutyisrequestsasoleinputtotransmittoasoleoutput.Thereforethesingledegreeoffreedomorganizationusesmostonekindoforganizationtype.Forexample,namelymayseebytheintuition:Fourpoleorganizationsareasingledegreeoffreedomlinkmotiongear.Thepicturemotiondiagramandthedeterminationorganizationdegreeoffreedomprocess,isthemovementanalysisandthesynthesisprocessfirststage.Inthemovementanalysis,addsonitscharacteristicaccordingtotheorganizationgeometryshapewhichpossiblyknew(forexampleinputangle,speed,angleaccelerationandsoon)studiesthedeterminationconcreteorganization.Ontheotherhand,themovementsynthesisisdesignsanorganizationtocompletethedutyprocesswhichaninstituterequests.Inthis,choosestheneworganizationthetypeandthesizeisamovementsynthesispart.Conceivestherelativemotionability,canguessthereasonthatdesignsanorganizationthereasonandmakestheimprovementtoaconcretedesignabilityislikethisasuccessfulorganizationscientist'ssymbol.Althoughtheseabilitiescomefromthecongenitalcreativity,howevermoreisbecausehasgraspedthetechnologywhichenhancesfromthepractice.1.1Themovementanalysis：simpleoneofmostusefulorganizationsisfourpoleorganizations.Inonfollowingelaborationmajorityofcontentcentralismdiscussionlinkmotiongear,butthisprocedureisalsosuitableforthemorecomplexlinkmotiongear.Wealreadyknewfourpoleorganizationshaveadegreeoffreedom.Aboutfourpoleorganizations,hastheusefulmorecontentswhichmustknow?Indeedissome!ThesepulltheXiaohusbandcriterionincludingthestandard,thetransformationconcept,theblindspotposition(divergencepoint),branchoffice,transmissionangle,withtheirsmovementcharacteristic,includingposition,speedandacceleration.Fourpoleorganizationsmayhaveonekindofbeingcalledascrankrockerorganizationform,onekindofdoublerockingleverorganization,onekindofdoublecrank(tensionbar)doestheorganization,whichoneformsendiniscalledastheorganization,isdecidedintwopolemovementscopeswhich(fixedcomponent)connectswiththerack.Thecrankrockerorganizationinputcomponent,thecrankmayrevolvethrough360°andthecontinuousrotation,butoutputsthecomponenttomaketheundulationmerely(i.e.swingmember).Asanexceptionalcase,intheparallelfourpoleorganization,inputsthepolethelengthtobeequaltooutputsthepolethelength,thego-betweenlengthandthefixedlink(rack)length,alsoisequal.Itsinputandtheoutputallmaymakethecompletealternationrotationortransformthebeingcalledasantiparallelquadrangleorganizationtheoverlappingstructure.ThestandardpullstheXiaohusbandcriterion(theorem)toindicatethat,Ifinfourpoleorganizations,betweentwopolescandowillfullyrelativelyrotatescontinuously,that,itslongestpolelengthissmallerthansumofwiththeshortestpolelengthorisequaltosumoftheothertwopolelength.Shouldpayattention:Thesamefourpoleorganization,mayhavethedifferentform,whichpoleisthisdecidedinwasstipulated(i.e.makesfixedlink)astherack.Themovementtransformationprocessisinthefixedorganizationtransmissionchaindifferentmemberhasthedifferentorganizationrateprocess.Besideshasaboutthecomponentrotationscopeknowledge,butalsomusthavehowcausestheorganizationbeforethemanufactureonenergy“therevolution”thegoodmeasure,thatwillbeveryuseful.Hardenbergh(Hartenberg)speaksof:“Therevolution”isterminology,itssignificancepassestooutputsthecomponentthemovementvalidity.Itmeanttherevolutionissteady,inwhichcaninoutputinthecomponenttohaveastrengthorthetorquebiggestforcecomponentiseffective.Notonlyalthoughthefinaloutputstrengthorthetorquearetheconnectingrodgeometricfigurefunctions,moreoveralsoisgenerallythepowerortheforceofinertiaresult,thatisfrequentlybigtolikestaticstrengthseveraltimes.Inordertoanalyzetheidlingorinordertoeasytoobtainhowcancauseanyorganization“therevolution”theindex,thetransmissionangleconceptisextremelyuseful.Inorganizationmovementperiod,thetransmissionanglevalueischanging.Thetransmissionangle0°mayoccurinthespecialposition.Willoutputthepolebutinthisspecialpositionthemovementwithnottoexertinputsonthepolethestrengthmanytohavenothingtodowithgreatly.Infact,asaresultofthemovementvice-frictioninfluence,thegeneralbasispracticalexperience,withthetransmissionangleplanningboardwhichisbiggerthantherating.Theweightlinkmotiongeartransmissionmovementabilitymatrixfoundationdefinitionalreadystudied.Adeterminingfactorvalue(itincludesregardingsomeassignsorganizationgraph,positionoutputmovementvariabletoinputvariablederivative)isathislinkmotiongearinconcretepositionmobilitycriterion.Iftheorganizationhasadegreeoffreedom(e.g.fourpoleorganizations),thenstipulatedalocationparameter,iftheinputangle,completelydeterminedthisorganizationstopsposition(neglectbranchoffice'spossibility).Wemaystudyoneaboutfourpoleorganizationcomponentabsoluteangularpositionanalysisexpression.Whenanalyzescertainpositionsand(or)certaindifferentorganizationtime,thiswillbemustbemuchmoreusefulthanthegeometricfigureanalysisprogram,becausethisexpressionwillcausetheautomatedcomputationeasytoprogram.Therealizationorganizationspeedanalysisrelativevelocitylawisthespeedpolygonisoneofseveraleffectivemethods.Thisend(goesagainst)thespottorepresentontheorganizationallspots,hasthezerospeed.Fromthisthelinewhichstipplesrespectivelytothespeedpolygoninisrepresentingtheabsolutespeedwhichthisorganizationphotographwellshouldselectrespectively.Inalineconnectionspeedpolygonrandomtwopointsrepresentsistakingonthisorganizationtwocorrespondingspotrelativevelocity.Othermethodistheinstantaneouscenterlaw,namelytheinstantaneouscenterlaw,thismethodisextremelyusefulmoreoverisfrequentlywhenthecomplexlinkmotiongearanalysisquickmethod.Theinstantaneouscenterisaspot,thisspotinthatflash,onbetweentheorganizationtwocomponentsdoesnothavetherelativemotion.Inordertodiscoverknownorganizationcertaininstantaneouscenterstheposition,Kennedythe(Kennedy)threecentertheoriesextremelyareuseful.Itissaidthat,Eachotherrelativemotionthreeobjectthreeinstantaneouscentersaresurelyinastraightline.Theorganizationvariouscomponentsaccelerationismakesonebeinterested,becauseitaffectstheforceofinertia,subsequentlyaffectsthemachinepartthestress,thebearingload,thevibrationandthenoise.Becausethefinalgoalisthemachineandtheorganizationforceofinertiaanalysis,theallaccelerationvariouscomponentsallshouldthedisposablepicture--intheorganizationfixedcomponentinertialcoordinatesystemexpressintheidenticalcoordinatesystem.Shouldpayattention:Isoppositeinrotatesonthevice-rotationrigidbodyanaccelerationcomponentusuallytohavetwofixedly.Aforcecomponentdirectioncutsinthispath,itsdirectionissamewiththisobjectangleaccelerationdirection,andiscalledthetangentialacceleration.Itsexistenceiscompletelybecausetheangularspeedrateofchangecauses.Anothercomponent,alwaysaimsattheobjectthecenterofrotation,iscalledthestandardthecentripetalacceleration,becausethiscomponentthevelocityvectordirectionhasthechangetoexist.ThemovementcomprehensiveGanizationisformsmanymechanismsthebasicgeometrystructuralunits,thesemechanismsincludingautomaticpackaging,printer,mechanicaltoy,textilemachineryandothermachineriesandsoon.Thetypicalorganizationmustdesigncausesthemovementwhichtherigidcomponentrelativedatumcomponentproduceshoped.Theorganizationmovementdesignisthemovementsynthesis,firststepfrequentlydesignstheentiremachinefirst.Whenconsiderationstress,mustaskdynamicsaspectquestion,thebearingload,thestress,thelubricationandsoonthesimilarquestion,butthemajorproblemisthemachinestructurequestion..Themovementscientistdefinesthekinematicsas“thedevelopmentfacilitymovementandthefoundationorganizationmethod”.Thisdefinitionfirstpartinvolvesthekinematicanalysis.Theknownorganization,itsconstitutionstateofmotiondeterminedbythekinematicanalysis.Thenarrationmovementanalysisdutycontainstheorganizationbetweenthemaindimension,thecomponentlinksmutuallywiththeinputmovementtechnicalcharacteristicortheactuationmethod.Thegoalismustdiscoverthedisplacement,thespeed,theacceleration,theimpactorthebeat(twostepaccelerations),withvariouscomponentshigherorderaccelerationwhichpossiblyoccursaswellasdescribesthediametermarkandthemovementwhichrealizesbycertaincomponents.Thedefinitionsecondpartofavailablefollowingtwoaspectexplained：1.researchproduceswiththeaidoftheorganizationassignsthemovementthemethod.2.researchconstructiontobeabletoproduceassignsthemotionthemethod,butintwoplans,themovementisassignstheorganizationisthefoundation.Thisisthemovementsynthesisessence.Suchmovementsynthesisinvolvestoforassignstheperformancetheorganizationsystemdesign.Themovementsynthesisaspectmaysumupasfollowingtwokinds:1.typesarecomprehensive.Thestipulationrequeststheperformance,howisonekindoftypeorganizationappropriate?(Toothgeartrain,linkmotiongear?Camgear?)Howmanycomponentsbutshouldtheorganizationhave?Howmanydegreesoffreedomneeds?Howoutlinestructureishoped?.Aboutthemembernumberandthedegreeoffreedomconsiderationwasusuallyconsideredisinthetypesynthesisisbeencalledasforaquantitysynthesisbranchdomain.2.sizesarecomprehensive.Themovementsynthesissecondpredominanttypeisthebestmethodwhichdeterminedthroughthegoallaw.Thesizesynthesisattemptstodeterminetheorganizationtheimportantsizeandthestartingposition,thisorganizationisconceivesbeforehandfortherealizationstipulationdutyandtheanticipatedperformance.Oftheso-calledimportantsizemeaningsarereferabouttwopoles,threepolesandsoonbetweenthelengthorthepoleareawayfrom,anglebetweennumberofarticlesandspoolthread,camcontoursize,camfollowerdiameter,eccentricity,gearquotaandsoon.Expectedtheorganizationtypepossiblyisthecrankslideorganization,fourpoleorganizations,thetapereelfromthemovingpartscamgear,butorisnon-hassomekindofstructureshapemorecomplexlinkmotiongearbecausebytheanalysissitusmethodwhichtheinferioranalyticmethoddetermined.Iscomprehensiveregardingthemovement,intheconventionhasthreeduties:Functionproduction,pathproductionandmovementproduction..Inputsandoutputsthecomponentinthefunctionproductionorganizationtherotationorthemigrationmustbetheinterdependence.Regardingarbitraryfunctiony=f(x),amovementsynthesisdutypossiblyisdesignsalinkmotiongeartocausetheinputandtheoutputestablishestherelationsinordertocauseinthexo<x<xn-1scopetoinputaccordingtoxmovement,butoutputsaccordingtothey=f(x)movement.Intheinputandintheoutputgyroscopicmotionsituation,thecornerphiandphirespectivelyisxandtheylinearsimulation.Wheninputsrotatestoanindependencexvalue,inone“blackbox”intheorganization,causestooutputwhichthecomponenttochangetocorrespondsinthevaluewhichbyfunctiony=f(x)decided.Thismayconsideristhemechanicalanalogycomputersimplesituation.Eachkindofdifferentorganizationallmaycontaininthis“theblackbox”in,howeverproducesregardingthearbitraryfunctionnon-error,fourpoleorganizationsarehelpless,possiblymatchesmerelyinthelimitedprecisionwithit.Itwidelyusesintheindustry,becausefourpoleorganizationsintheconstructionandtheserviceallaresimple.Inthepathproductionorganization,in“floatsthewalkingbeam”onaspottohavetodrawonetobeoppositeinafixedcoordinatesystemdeterminationpath.Ifthispathspotisbothmustandhavetoberelatedwiththetimecorrelationwiththeposition,thisdutyiscalleditthepredeterminedcyclicalpathproduction.Apathproductionorganizationexampleisthedesignthrowsthebaseballorthetennisfourpoleorganization.Inthiscase,willselectPthepathwillbethis:Picksaballinthepredeterminedposition,andtransmitsinthepredeterminedtimecyclealongthepredetermineddiametermarktheball,canachievetheappropriatespeedandthedirection.Inthemechanismdesignhasmanysituations,bothmustguidetherigidbodyinthesesituationsthroughaseriesofstipulations,theindependentpositionwhichlimits,andmustlimitinthereductionwhenindependentpositionnumber,tothevehiclespeedand(or)theaccelerationrestrains,thatisnecessary.Movementproductionorrigidbodyguidingorganizationrequest:Acompleteobjectmustguidepassesapredeterminedmovementsequence.Tooktheobjectwhichguidesusuallyis“thefluctuationcomponent”notonlyapart,thatisthetargetpointPpath,alsoisandinsertsinthisobjectthroughthisspotthelinerotation.Forexample,thispossiblyrepresentsintheautomatedmachineryacarrier,butthathasapredeterminedpathinacarrieronspotthiscarrieralsotohaveapredeterminedangleposition.Thepredeterminedwaychargercablewaybucketmovementisthemovementproductionorganizationanotherexample.Thecablewaybucketendpathhasthelimit.Becauseitsportmustrealizetheexcavationpath,isfollowingcloseonthepathwhichmustrealizepromotesandfallsintorrents.Thecablewaybucketanglepositiontoguaranteedfightsthematerialtofallintorrentsfromthecorrectpositionsimilarlyis(butactually)important.ThecamandthegearcamgearischangesonekindofmovementChengLingonekindofmovementtheconvenienceinstallment.Thiskindofmachineparthasthecurvedsurfaceorthetroughsurface,thiscurvedsurfaceorthetroughsurfacewithpassestofromthemovingpartsappropriatematchmergethemovementfromthemovingparts.Thecammovement(usuallyisrotation)istransmittedfordoesfromthemovingpartstheundulationorthemigration,orbothhave.Becausevariousgeometricsolidandthemassivecamswithunifyfromthemovingparts,thereforethecamisonekindofextremelynumerousfunctionmulti-purposemachineparts.Althoughthecamandfromthemovingpartsmayforthemovement,thepathandthefunctionproductiondesigns,butitmainlyisusesinusingthecamandtakesthefunctionproductioncomponentfromthemovingparts.Accordingtothecamshape,themostuniversalcamtypeis:Disctransmissioncam(twodimensional,namelyplane)andcylindricalcam(threedimensional,namelyspace)organization.Mayuseseveralmethodsfromthemovingpartstoclassify:Accordingtofromthemovingpartsmovement,forexamplethemigrationortheundulationclassifies,accordingtothetranslationtype(straightline)fromthemovingpartsmovementisalongtheradialdirectionfromthecamshaftcenterbiasandthebasisfromthemovingpartscontactfaceshape(forinstanceplane,rollarounds,spot--knifepointtype,sphericalsurface,planecurveorspace-likesurface).Regardingonetothehearttranslationrollerfromthemovingpartsdiskcam,maydrawandcamsurfacecontactingalsowiththewheelaxleconcentricmostsmallcircleisthebasecircle.Thefollowerspotproducesthepitchlinerollaroundscenterspot.Theangleofpressureistherollercenterpathcourselineandpassestherollaroundscenterbetweenthepitchlinenormalincludedanglemoreoveristhetransmissionanglecoangle.Theneglectfrictionalinfluence,thisnormaldirectionwiththecamwithfromthemovingpartsthecontactforcedirectionisthesuperpositionconsistent.Inalinkmotiongear,theangleofpressurethechangeispreciselylikelythecamtransmitsinthecirculationgeneratingprocessthemovementactiononekindofmeasurementwhichgoesfromthemovingparts.Thebigangleofpressurewillproduceexertsfromthemovingpartspolesideforce,becauseofthefrictionforceexistence,thatinevitablywilllimitfromthemovingpartsintheguidechannel.Needtheintermittentmotioninautomatedmachinerymanyapplications.Assoonasatypicalexamplewillrequestonetoincludetherisetostandstillareturnsandthepossibleanotheridletimecycle,eachstagewillpassthroughtheanglewhichwillassign,willfollowaninstitutetorequestfromthemovingpartsdisplacement,thisdisplacementorwillmeasurebythecentimeter.Designer'sworkdesignsthiscamcorrespondingly.Firstmustdothedecision-makingismustchoosethecamfromthemovingpartstype.Thestipulationapplicationpossibletorequestthecamandunifiesfromthemovingparts.Transformsincludesforpolicy-makingcertainfactors:Geometryshapecondition,dynamiccondition,environmentalconditionandeconomicagent.Oncethecamwithwasdesignatedfromthemovingpartsmovementvice-type,thensurelydesignatedfromthemovingpartsmovement.Therefore,thespeed,theaccelerationandincertainsituations,reallyaretheextremefromthemovingpartsdisplacementfurtherplantobeimportant.Thegearisdrawssupportingearteethsuccessmeshingtransmitsthemovementthemachinepart.Gearfromagyro-axletoanothergyro-axletransmissionmovementortransmissionmovementtoatransmissionrack.Inthemostapplicationsall(oroftendecidestorquebytheconstantangletransmissionratiotocompare)exists.Intheconstantangletransmissionratioapplicationissurelytheaxialtransmission.Invarioususefulgeartypefoundation,theinputaxisandtheoutputshaftneedorneedparallelmutuallyinastraightlineallnotanylimit.Becauseusesthenon-roundgear,thenon-linearangletransmissionratioalsoisveryuseful.Inordertomaintaintheconstantangularspeed,eachgeartoothprofilemustobeythegearmeshingthebasicrule:Inordertoapairoftoothcantransmittheconstantangletransmissionratio,theycontactthetoothprofiletheshapetohavetobemustlikethis:Thecommonnormalpassesintwogearcentersegmentthefixedpoint.Satisfiesthemeshingbasicruletwomeshingtoothprofiletobecalledtheconjugatetoothprofile.Althoughhasmanysatisfiesmeshesthetoothpossibletoothprofiletobeabletodesign,satisfiesthebasicmeshingrule,butonlyhastwokindstousegenerally:Cycloidtoothprofileandinvolutetoothprofile.Hascertainimportantmeritsinvolute:Butiteasytoprocessbetweenthemanufactureandapairofinvolutegearcenterdistancemaychangedoesnotchangethetransmissionratio,whenusestheinvolutetoothprofile,butdoesnotrequestbetweenthepreciseaxisthecommondifference.Someseveralkindofstandardgearsmaysupplytoselect.Inordertoappliesundertheparallelaxiscondition,usuallyusesthestraighttoothcylindricalgears,parallelaxletiltgearorherringbonetoothgear.Usesthestraightbevelgearorthehelicalgearintheintersectionaxissituation.Regardingthenon-intersectionaxisandthenon-parallelgearshafttransmission,willinterlocktheaxishelicalgear,thewormbearingadjusterwormgear,theendsurfacegear,theskewedtoothbevelgearortheaccuratehyperboloidgearisselected.Regardingthestraighttoothcylindricalgears,thecountergearfestivalcircleiseachothercontacting.Theyrollmutuallydonothavetheglide.Thegearaddendumisthegearteethstretchesoutsurpassesthefestivalcircle(alsoishighlybetweenfestivalcircleandaddendumcircleinradialdirectiondistance).Goesagainstthecrackisassignsthetooththededendum(inthefestivalcirclefollowingtoothdepth)tobebiggerthanthegeargearaddendumquantitywhichmesheswithit(interpolation).Thetooththickisalongthefestivalroundcirculararcinthecrosstoothdistance,butthetoothspacing(socketS)isalongthefestivalroundcirculararcintheneighboringtwospacebetweenteethspacelength.Butthetoothsideclearanceisbiggerthanitscountergearinfestivalcircletooththickinterpolationinthefestivalcirclesocketwidth..中文翻譯機(jī)構(gòu)和機(jī)器原理1.機(jī)構(gòu)介紹：機(jī)構(gòu)的功用是作為機(jī)械作用的一個(gè)部分從一個(gè)剛體到另一個(gè)剛體傳送即傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)。一般能用作機(jī)構(gòu)基本零件的機(jī)械裝置有三種類型：1．齒輪裝置。那是在回轉(zhuǎn)軸之間進(jìn)行接觸傳動(dòng)的嚙合構(gòu)件。2．凸輪裝置。把輸入構(gòu)件的均勻運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換成輸出構(gòu)件的非均勻運(yùn)動(dòng)的裝置。3．平面機(jī)構(gòu)和空間機(jī)構(gòu)也是能使一個(gè)點(diǎn)或一個(gè)剛體產(chǎn)生機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)的有用裝置。運(yùn)動(dòng)鏈?zhǔn)且粋€(gè)構(gòu)件系統(tǒng)裝置即若干個(gè)剛體，它們或者彼此鉸接或者互相接觸，方式上是允許它們彼此間產(chǎn)生相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。如果構(gòu)件中的某一構(gòu)件被固定而使任何其他一個(gè)構(gòu)件運(yùn)動(dòng)到新的位置將會(huì)引起其他各個(gè)構(gòu)件也運(yùn)動(dòng)到確定的預(yù)期的位置上的話，該系統(tǒng)裝置就是一個(gè)可約束的運(yùn)動(dòng)鏈。如果構(gòu)件中的某一構(gòu)件仍保持固定而使任一運(yùn)動(dòng)到達(dá)一新的位置而不會(huì)使其他各個(gè)構(gòu)件運(yùn)動(dòng)到一個(gè)確定的預(yù)期的位置上的話，則該系統(tǒng)裝置是一個(gè)非約束運(yùn)動(dòng)鏈。機(jī)構(gòu)或連桿構(gòu)件是一個(gè)可約束的傳動(dòng)鏈而且是一個(gè)從輸入到輸出以傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)和（或）力為目的的機(jī)械裝置。連桿機(jī)構(gòu)是由通常被認(rèn)為是剛體構(gòu)件或桿組成的，它們是以銷軸鉸接的，例如用柱銷（圓形的）或棱柱體銷軸鉸接，以便成形開(kāi)式或閉式（回環(huán)式）的運(yùn)動(dòng)鏈。這樣的運(yùn)動(dòng)鏈在至少有一個(gè)構(gòu)件被固定的條件下：（1）如果至少有兩個(gè)構(gòu)件能保持運(yùn)動(dòng)，就變?yōu)闄C(jī)構(gòu)，（2）如果沒(méi)有一個(gè)構(gòu)件能夠運(yùn)動(dòng)，則就成為結(jié)構(gòu)。換句話說(shuō)，機(jī)構(gòu)是允許其“剛性構(gòu)件”之間相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)，而結(jié)構(gòu)則不能。由于連桿機(jī)構(gòu)做成一簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)構(gòu)而且能設(shè)定實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)雜的任務(wù)，例如非線性運(yùn)動(dòng)和力的傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)。它們?cè)跈C(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)研究中將受到更多的關(guān)注。機(jī)構(gòu)被用于許多許多的機(jī)器和裝置中。最簡(jiǎn)單的封閉式的連桿機(jī)構(gòu)就是四桿機(jī)構(gòu)，四桿機(jī)構(gòu)有三個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)構(gòu)件（加上一個(gè)固定構(gòu)件）并且有四個(gè)銷軸。連接動(dòng)力源的構(gòu)件即原動(dòng)件，而具有一個(gè)移動(dòng)鉸和一個(gè)固定鉸者叫做輸入構(gòu)件。輸出構(gòu)件將一個(gè)移動(dòng)鉸和另一個(gè)固定鉸連系起來(lái)。連接構(gòu)件即浮動(dòng)構(gòu)件將兩個(gè)移動(dòng)的鉸（回轉(zhuǎn)副）連系起來(lái)，因而連接構(gòu)件就將輸入傳送到輸出。四桿機(jī)構(gòu)若使一個(gè)或幾個(gè)構(gòu)件無(wú)限長(zhǎng)而產(chǎn)生某些特殊的構(gòu)造。曲柄滑塊（即曲柄和滑塊）機(jī)構(gòu)就是一個(gè)四桿機(jī)構(gòu)特例。其以一個(gè)滑塊替換一個(gè)無(wú)限長(zhǎng)的輸出件。內(nèi)燃機(jī)就是建立在這一機(jī)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)上。有著另一種形式的四桿機(jī)構(gòu)，其中滑塊是在一運(yùn)動(dòng)的構(gòu)件上導(dǎo)移運(yùn)動(dòng)而不是在一固定構(gòu)件上。這些就被稱為曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)的變換，它是其中一個(gè)構(gòu)件（曲柄、連桿或滑塊）被固定時(shí)形成的。雖然四桿機(jī)構(gòu)和曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)是非常有用而且在成千上萬(wàn)的應(yīng)用中都可找到。但是我們還看到，這些連桿機(jī)構(gòu)其性能水平的發(fā)揮已經(jīng)受到限制。具有更多構(gòu)件的連桿機(jī)構(gòu)常常用于更多要求的情況中。然而可以設(shè)想多回環(huán)的連桿機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)常常是更為困難的，特別是當(dāng)其他零件出現(xiàn)在同一圖中的時(shí)候，要進(jìn)行更復(fù)雜機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)分析：第一步是繪制一等效運(yùn)動(dòng)圖即示意圖。這示意圖用于電路圖解類似的目的，即僅僅表示機(jī)構(gòu)的主要本質(zhì)的意圖，然而它要體現(xiàn)影響其運(yùn)動(dòng)的關(guān)鍵的尺寸。運(yùn)動(dòng)圖可用兩種形式中的一種：一是草圖（按比例畫(huà)出，但放大比例不精確），二